MicroRNA as New Tools for Prostate Cancer Risk Assessment and Therapeutic Intervention: Results from Clinical Data Set and Patients' Samples

BioMed Research International

Volumn 2014, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Cannistraci, Alessio ^a   Di Pace, Anna Laura ^a   De Maria, Ruggero ^b   Bonci, Désirée ^a,b  

^a ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

^b REGINA ELENA NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MICRORNA;

BODY FLUID; BONE METASTASIS; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER RISK; CASTRATION RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; HUMAN; MALE; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; DISEASE COURSE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC DATABASE; GENETICS; PATHOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS;

DATABASES, GENETIC; DISEASE PROGRESSION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; HUMANS; MALE; MICRORNAS; PROGNOSIS; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 84935836838     PISSN: 23146133     EISSN: 23146141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2014/146170     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. A. Jemal, M. M. Center, C. DeSantis, and E. M. Ward, "Global patterns of cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends, " Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 1893-1907, 2010.
2. C. J. Keto and S. J. Freedland, "A risk-stratified approach to prostate-specific antigen screening, " European Urology, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 506-508, 2011.
3. R. M. Hoffman, "Screening for prostate cancer, " New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 365, no. 21, pp. 2013-2019, 2011.
4. S. Loeb, M. A. Bjurlin, J. Nicholson et al., "Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of prostate cancer, " European Urology, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 1046-1055, 2014.
5. L. Klotz and M. Emberton, "Management of low risk prostate cancer-active surveillance and focal therapy, " Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 324-334, 2014.
6. A. Bill-Axelson, L. Holmberg, M. Ruutu et al., "Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in early prostate cancer, " The New England Journal ofMedicine, vol. 364, no. 18, pp. 1708-1717, 2011.
7. D. E. Morris, B. Emami, P. M. Mauch et al., "Evidencebased review of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: an ASTRO outcomes initiative, " International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 3-19, 2005.
8. S. A. Boorjian, R. H. Thompson, M. K. Tollefson et al., "Longterm risk of clinical progression after biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy: the impact of time from surgery to recurrence, " EuropeanUrology, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 893-899, 2011.
9. M. Kirby, C. Hirst, and E. D. Crawford, "Characterising the castration-resistant prostate cancer population: a systematic review, " International Journal of Clinical Practice, vol. 65, no. 11, pp. 1180-1192, 2011.
10. R. W. Carthew and E. J. Sontheimer, "Origins and mechanisms of miRNAs and siRNAs, " Cell, vol. 136, no. 4, pp. 642-655, 2009.
11. J. R. Lytle, T. A. Yario, and J. A. Steitz, "Target mRNAs are repressed as efficiently by microRNA-binding sites in the 5′ UTR as in the 3′ UTR, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 104, no. 23, pp. 9667-9672, 2007.
12. Y. Tay, J. Zhang, A. M. Thomson, B. Lim, and I. Rigoutsos, "MicroRNAs to Nanog, Oct4 and Sox2 coding regions modulate embryonic stem cell differentiation, " Nature, vol. 455, no. 7216, pp. 1124-1128, 2008.
13. U. A. Orom, F. C. Nielsen, and A. H. Lund, "MicroRNA-10a binds the 5′UTR of ribosomal protein mRNAs and enhances their translation, " Molecular Cell, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 460-471, 2008.
14. G. A. Calin, C. D. Dumitru, M. Shimizu et al., "Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 99, no. 24, pp. 15524-15529, 2002.
15. A. Sita-Lumsden, D. A. Dart, J. Waxman, and C. L. Bevan, "Circulating microRNAs as potential new biomarkers for prostate cancer, " British Journal of Cancer, vol. 108, no. 10, pp. 1925-1930, 2013.
16. J. Wang, S. K. Huang, M. Zhao et al., "Identification of a circulating MicroRNA signature for colorectal cancer detection, " PloS ONE, vol. 9, no. 4, Article ID e87451, p. 9, 2014.
17. M. T. Weigel and M. Dowsett, "Current and emerging biomarkers in breast cancer: prognosis and prediction, " Endocrine-Related Cancer, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. R245-R262, 2010.
18. M. Fabbri, "MiRNAs as molecular biomarkers of cancer, " Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 435-444, 2010.
19. P. S. Mitchell, R. K. Parkin, E. M. Kroh et al., "Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 105, no. 30, pp. 10513-10518, 2008.
20. J. D. Arroyo, J. R. Chevillet, E. M. Kroh et al., "Argonaute2 complexes carry a population of circulating microRNAs independent of vesicles in human plasma, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 108, no. 12, pp. 5003-5008, 2011.
21. M. A. Cortez, C. Bueso-Ramos, J. Ferdin, G. Lopez-Berestein, A. K. Sood, and G. A. Calin, "MicroRNAs in body fluids-the mix of hormones and biomarkers, " Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 467-477, 2011.
22. W. Zhou, M. Y. Fong, Y. Min et al., "Cancer-secreted miR-105 destroys vascular endothelial barriers to promote metastasis, " Cancer Cell, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 501-515, 2014.
23. H. Schwarzenbach, N. Nishida, G. A. Calin, and K. Pantel, "Clinical relevance of circulating cell-free microRNAs in cancer, " Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 145-156, 2014.
24. B. S. Taylor, N. Schultz, H. Hieronymus et al., "Integrative genomic profiling of human prostate cancer, " Cancer Cell, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 11-22, 2010.
25. C. W. Brennan, R. G. Verhaak, A. McKenna et al., "The somatic genomic landscape of glioblastoma, " Cell, vol. 155, no. 2, pp. 462-477, 2013.
26. J. Tosoian and S. Loeb, "PSA and beyond: the past, present, and future of investigative biomarkers for prostate cancer, " TheScientificWorldJournal, vol. 10, pp. 1919-1931, 2010.
27. J. Lu, G. Getz, E. A. Miska et al., "MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers, " Nature, vol. 435, no. 7043, pp. 834-838, 2005.
28. V. Coppola, R. de Maria, and D. Bonci, "MicroRNAs and prostate cancer, " Endocrine-Related Cancer, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. F1-F17, 2010.
29. Y.-X. Fang and W.-Q. Gao, "Roles of microRNAs during prostatic tumorigenesis and tumor progression, " Oncogene, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 135-147, 2014.
30. I. Casanova-Salas, J. Rubio-Briones, A. Fernandez-Serra, and J. A. Lopez-Guerrero, "miRNAs as biomarkers in prostate cancer, " Clinical and Translational Oncology, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 803-811, 2012.
31. S. Volinia, G. A. Calin, C.-G. Liu et al., "A microRNA expression signature of human solid tumors defines cancer gene targets, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 103, no. 7, pp. 2257-2261, 2006.
32. S. Ambs, R. L. Prueitt, M. Yi et al., "Genomic profiling of microRNA and messenger RNA reveals deregulated microRNA expression in prostate cancer, " Cancer Research, vol. 68, no. 15, pp. 6162-6170, 2008.
33. A. Parikh, C. Lee, and P. Joseph, "microRNA-181a has a critical role in ovarian cancer progression through the regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, " Nature Communications, vol. 5, article 2977, 2014.
34. J. Brockhausen, S. S. Tay, C. A. Grzelak et al., "miR-181a mediates TGF-β-induced hepatocyte EMT and is dysregulated in cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer, " Liver International, 2014.
35. Z. Wei, L. Cui, Z. Mei, M. Liu, and D. Zhang, "miR-181amediates metabolic shift in colon cancer cells via the PTEN/AKT pathway, " FEBS Letters, vol. 588, no. 9, pp. 1773-1779, 2014.
36. T. Hou, J. Ou, X. Zhao, X. Huang, Y. Huang, and Y. Zhang, "MicroRNA-196a promotes cervical cancer proliferation through the regulation of FOXO1 and p27Kip1, " British Journal of Cancer, vol. 110, no. 5, pp. 1260-1268, 2014.
37. F. Huang, J. Tang, X. Zhuang et al., "MiR-196a promotes pancreatic cancer progression by targeting nuclear factor kappa-Binhibitor alpha, " PLoSONE, vol. 9, no. 2, Article IDe87897, 2014.
38. K. P. Porkka, M. J. Pfeiffer, K. K. Waltering, R. L. Vessella, T. L. J. Tammela, and T. Visakorpi, "MicroRNA expression profiling in prostate cancer, " Cancer Research, vol. 67, no. 13, pp. 6130-6135, 2007.
39. R. I. Aqeilan, G. A. Calin, and C. M. Croce, "miR-15a and miR-16-1 in cancer: discovery, function and future perspectives, " Cell Death and Differentiation, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 215-220, 2010.
40. B. Boyerinas, S.-M. Park, A. Hau, A. E. Murmann, and M. E. Peter, "The role of let-7 in cell differentiation and cancer, " Endocrine-Related Cancer, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. F19-F36, 2010.
41. A. C. Mueller, D. Sun, and A. Dutta, "The miR-99 family regulates the DNA damage response through its target SNF2H, " Oncogene, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1164-1172, 2013.
42. D. Sun, Y. S. Lee, A. Malhotra et al., "miR-99 family of microRNAs suppresses the expression of prostate-specific antigen and prostate cancer cell proliferation, " Cancer Research, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1313-1324, 2011.
43. M. Ozen, C. J. Creighton, M. Ozdemir, and M. Ittmann, "Widespread deregulation of microRNA expression in human prostate cancer, " Oncogene, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 1788-1793, 2008.
44. E. S. Martens-Uzunova, S. E. Jalava, N. F. Dits et al., "Diagnostic and prognostic signatures from the small non-coding RNA transcriptome in prostate cancer, " Oncogene, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 978-991, 2012.
45. O. Larne, E. Martens-Uzunova, Z. Hagman et al., "MiQ-a novel microRNA based diagnostic and prognostic tool for prostate cancer, " International Journal of Cancer, vol. 132, no. 12, pp. 2867-2875, 2013.
46. F. Moltzahn, A. B. Olshen, L. Baehner et al., "Microfluidicbased multiplex qRT-PCR identifies diagnostic and prognostic microRNA signatures in the sera of prostate cancer patients, " Cancer Research, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 550-560, 2011.
47. M. R. Cooperberg, J. M. Broering, and P. R. Carroll, "Risk assessment for prostate cancer metastasis and mortality at the time of diagnosis, " Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 101, no. 12, pp. 878-887, 2009.
48. R. J. Bryant, T. Pawlowski, J. W. F. Catto et al., "Changes in circulating microRNA levels associated with prostate cancer, " British Journal of Cancer, vol. 106, no. 4, pp. 768-774, 2012.
49. A. Srivastava, H. Goldberger, A. Dimtchev et al., "MicroRNA profiling in prostate cancer-the diagnostic potential of urinary miR-205 and miR-214, " Plos One, vol. 8, no. 10, Article ID e76994, 2013.
50. T. A. Haj-Ahmad, M. A. K. Abdalla, and Y. Haj-Ahmad, "Potential urinary miRNA biomarker candidates for the accurate detection of prostate cancer among benign prostatic hyperplasia patients, " Journal of Cancer, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 182-191, 2014.
51. J. Li, P. Smyth, R. Flavin et al., "Comparison of miRNA expression patterns using total RNA extracted from matched samples of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cells and snap frozen cells, " BMC Biotechnology, vol. 7, article 36, 2007.
52. A. J. Stephenson, M. W. Kattan, J. A. Eastham et al., "Defining biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: a proposal for a standardized definition, " Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 24, no. 24, pp. 3973-3978, 2006.
53. A. W. Tong, P. Fulgham, C. Jay et al., "MicroRNAprofile analysis of human prostate cancers, " Cancer GeneTherapy, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 206-216, 2009.
54. A. Schaefer, M. Jung, H.-J. Mollenkopf et al., "Diagnostic and prognostic implications of microRNA profiling in prostate carcinoma, " International Journal of Cancer, vol. 126, no. 5, pp. 1166-1176, 2010.
55. T. Hulf, T. Sibbritt, E. D. Wiklund et al., "Epigenetic-induced repression of microRNA-205 is associated with MED1 activation and a poorer prognosis in localized prostate cancer, " Oncogene, vol. 32, no. 23, pp. 2891-2899, 2013.
56. Z. Chen, C. Zhang, D. Wu et al., "Phospho-MED1-enhanced UBE2C locus looping drives castration-resistant prostate cancer growth, " The EMBO Journal, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 2405-2419, 2011.
57. Z. Hagman, B. S. Haflidadottir, J. A. Ceder et al., "MiR-205 negatively regulates the androgen receptor and is associated with adverse outcome of prostate cancer patients, " British Journal of Cancer, vol. 108, no. 8, pp. 1668-1676, 2013.
58. K. Boll, K. Reiche, K. Kasack et al., "MiR-130a, miR-203 and miR-205 jointly repress key oncogenic pathways and are downregulated in prostate carcinoma, " Oncogene, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 277-285, 2013.
59. N. Wang, Q. Li, N. H. Feng et al., "miR-205 is frequently downregulated in prostate cancer and acts as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting tumor growth, " Asian Journal of Andrology, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 735-741, 2013.
60. B. Verdoodt, M. Neid, M. Vogt et al., "MicroRNA-205, a novel regulator of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2, is downregulated in prostate cancer, " International Journal of Oncology, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 307-314, 2013.
61. A. Mittal, D. Chitkara, S. W. Behrman, and R. Mahato, "Efficacy of gemcitabine conjugated and miRNA-205 complexed micelles for treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer, " Biomaterials, vol. 35, no. 25, pp. 7077-7087, 2014.
62. M. Schubert, M. Spahn, S. Kneitz et al., "Distinct microRNA expression profile in prostate cancer patients with early clinical failure and the impact of let-7 as prognostic marker in highrisk prostate cancer, " PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 6, Article IDe65064, 2013.
63. N. Nadiminty, R. Tummala, W. Lou et al., "MicroRNA let-7c suppresses androgen receptor expression and activity via regulation of myc expression in prostate cancer cells, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 287, no. 2, pp. 1527-1537, 2012.
64. C. A. Gebeshuber and J. Martinez, "MiR-100 suppresses IGF2 and inhibits breast tumorigenesis by interfering with proliferation and survival signaling, " Oncogene, vol. 32, no. 27, pp. 3306-3310, 2013.
65. C. Xu, Q. Zeng, W. Xu et al., "miRNA-100 inhibits human bladder urothelial carcinogenesis by directly targeting mTOR, " Molecular CancerTherapeutics, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 207-219, 2013.
66. K. R. M. Leite, A. Tomiyama, S. T. Reis et al., "MicroRNA-100 expression is independently related to biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer, " Journal of Urology, vol. 185, no. 3, pp. 1118-1122, 2011.
67. M. Garofalo, C. Quintavalle, G. Romano, C. M. Croce, and G. Condorelli, "miR221/222 in cancer: their role in tumor progression and response to therapy, " Current Molecular Medicine, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 27-33, 2012.
68. S. Galardi, N. Mercatelli, E. Giorda et al., "miR-221 and miR expression affects the proliferation potential of human prostate carcinoma cell lines by targeting p27Kip1, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 282, no. 32, pp. 23716-23724, 2007.
69. F. Fornari, L. Gramantieri, M. Ferracin et al., "MiR-221 controls CDKN1C/p57 and CDKN1B/p27 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma, " Oncogene, vol. 27, no. 43, pp. 5651-5661, 2008.
70. T. Sun, Q. Wang, S. Balk, M. Brown, G.-S. M. Lee, and P. Kantoff, "The role of microrna-221 and microrna-222 in Androgenindependent prostate cancer cell lines, " Cancer Research, vol. 69, no. 8, pp. 3356-3363, 2009.
71. M. Spahn, S. Kneitz, C.-J. Scholz et al., "Expression of microRNA-221 is progressively reduced in aggressive prostate cancer and metastasis and predicts clinical recurrence, " International Journal of Cancer, vol. 127, no. 2, pp. 394-403, 2010.
72. O. F. Karatas, E. Guzel, I. Suer et al., "miR-1 and miR-133b are differentially expressed in patients with recurrent prostate cancer, " PloS ONE, vol. 9, p. 6, 2014.
73. M. B. Stope, A. Behr, B. Limbacker, and C. Kruger, "Heatshock protein HSPB1 attenuates microRNA miR-1 expression thereby restoring oncogenic pathways in prostate cancer cells, " Anticancer Research, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 3475-3480, 2014.
74. W. Mo, J. Zhang, X. Li et al., "Identification of novel ARtargeted microRNAs mediating androgen signalling through critical pathways to regulate cell viability in prostate cancer, " PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 2, Article ID e56592, 2013.
75. X. Li, C. Lee, P. Joseph, and et al, "Identification of miR-133b and RB1CC1 as independent predictors for biochemical recurrence and potential therapeutic targets for prostate cancer, " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 2312-2325, 2014.
76. C. Huggins and C. V. Hodges, "Studies on prostatic cancer. I: the effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serumphosphatases inmetastatic carcinoma of the prostate, " Journal of Urology, vol. 167, part 2, no. 2, pp. 948-952, 2002.
77. A. M. Krichevsky and G. Gabriely, "miR-21: a small multifaceted RNA, " Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 39-53, 2009.
78. I. A. Asangani, S. A. K. Rasheed, D. A. Nikolova et al., "MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) post-transcriptionally downregulates tumor suppressor Pdcd4 and stimulates invasion, intravasation and metastasis in colorectal cancer, " Oncogene, vol. 27, no. 15, pp. 2128-2136, 2008.
79. L. B. Frankel, N. R. Christoffersen, A. Jacobsen, M. Lindow, A. Krogh, and A. H. Lund, "Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is an important functional target of the microRNA miR-21 in breast cancer cells, "The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 283, no. 2, pp. 1026-1033, 2008.
80. F. Meng, R. Henson, H. Wehbe-Janek, K. Ghoshal, S. T. Jacob, and T. Patel, "MicroRNA-21 regulates expression of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocellular cancer, " Gastroenterology, vol. 133, no. 2, pp. 647-658, 2007.
81. S. Zhu, M.-L. Si, H. Wu, and Y.-Y. Mo, "MicroRNA-21 targets the tumor suppressor gene tropomyosin 1 (TPM1), " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 282, no. 19, pp. 14328-14336, 2007.
82. D. Sayed, S. Rane, J. Lypowy et al., "MicroRNA-21 targets Sprouty2 and promotes cellular outgrowths, " Molecular Biology of the Cell, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 3272-3282, 2008.
83. G. Gabriely, T. Wurdinger, S. Kesari et al., "MicroRNA 21 promotes glioma invasion by targeting matrix metalloproteinase regulators, " Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 28, no. 17, pp. 5369-5380, 2008.
84. T. Li, R.-S. Li, Y.-H. Li et al., "MiR-21 as an independent biochemical recurrence predictor and potential therapeutic target for prostate cancer, " The Journal of Urology, vol. 187, no. 4, pp. 1466-1472, 2012.
85. J. Ribas, X. Ni, M. Haffner et al., "miR-21: an androgen receptor-regulated microRNA that promotes hormonedependent and hormone-independent prostate cancer growth, " Cancer Research, vol. 69, no. 18, pp. 7165-7169, 2009.
86. A. V. DAmico, R. Whittington, S. B. Malkowicz et al., "Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy or external beam radiation therapy for patients with clinically localized prostate carcinoma in the prostate specific antigen era, " Cancer, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 281-286, 2002.
87. J. Shen, G. W. Hruby, J. M. McKiernan et al., "Dysregulation of circulating microRNAs and prediction of aggressive prostate cancer, " Prostate, vol. 72, no. 13, pp. 1469-1477, 2012.
88. H.-L. Zhang, L.-F. Yang, Y. Zhu et al., "Serum miRNA-21: elevated levels in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer and potential predictive factor for the efficacy of docetaxel-based chemotherapy, " Prostate, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 326-331, 2011.
89. V. Coppola, M. Musumeci, M. Patrizii et al., "BTG2 loss and miR-21 upregulation contribute to prostate cell transformation by inducing luminal markers expression and epithelialmesenchymal transition, " Oncogene, vol. 32, no. 14, pp. 1843-1853, 2013.
90. S. E. Jalava, A. Urbanucci, L. Latonen et al., "Androgenregulated miR-32 targets BTG2 and is overexpressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer, " Oncogene, vol. 31, no. 41, pp. 4460-4471, 2012.
91. C.-J. Kao, A. Martiniez, X.-B. Shi et al., "miR-30 as a tumor suppressor connects EGF/Src signal to ERG and EMT, " Oncogene, vol. 33, no. 19, pp. 2495-24503, 2014.
92. P. A. Gregory, A. G. Bert, E. L. Paterson et al., "The miR family and miR-205 regulate epithelial to mese transition by targeting ZEB1 and SIP1, " Nature Cell Biology, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 593-601, 2008.
93. P. Gandellini, E. Giannoni, A. Casamichele et al., "miR-205 hinders the malignant interplay between prostate cancer cells and associated fibroblasts, " Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 1045-1059, 2014.
94. X. Peng, W. Guo, T. Liu et al., "Identification of miRs-143 and -145 that is associated with bone metastasis of prostate cancer and involved in the regulation of EMT, " PLoS ONE, vol. 6, no. 5, Article ID e20341, 2011.
95. S. Saini, S. Majid, S. Yamamura et al., "Regulatory role of mir in prostate cancer progression and metastasis, " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 17, no. 16, pp. 5287-5298, 2011.
96. X. Yu, X. Jiang, H. Li, L. Guo, and S. H. Lu, "miR-203 inhibits the proliferation and self-renewal of esophageal cancer stemlike cells by suppressing stem renewal factor Bmi-1, " Stem Cells and Development, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 576-585, 2014.
97. D. Bonci, V. Coppola, M. Musumeci et al., "The miR-15amiR-16-1 cluster controls prostate cancer by targeting multiple oncogenic activities, " Nature Medicine, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 1271-1277, 2008.
98. M. Musumeci, V. Coppola, A. Addario et al., "Control of tumor and microenvironment cross-talk by miR-15a and miR-16 in prostate cancer, " Oncogene, vol. 30, no. 41, pp. 4231-4242, 2011.
99. F. Takeshita, L. Patrawala, M. Osaki et al., "Systemic delivery of synthetic microRNA-16 inhibits the growth of metastatic prostate tumors via downregulation of multiple cell-cycle genes, " MolecularTherapy, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 181-187, 2010.
100. J. C. Brase, M. Johannes, T. Schlomm et al., "Circulating miRNAs are correlated with tumor progression in prostate cancer, " International Journal of Cancer, vol. 128, no. 3, pp. 608-616, 2011.
101. H.-L. Zhang, X.-J. Qin, D.-L. Cao et al., "An elevated serum miR-141 level in patients with bone-metastatic prostate cancer is correlated with more bone lesions, " Asian Journal of Andrology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 231-235, 2013.
102. L. A. Selth, S. L. Townley, A. G. Bert et al., "Circulating microRNAs predict biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer patients, " British Journal of Cancer, vol. 109, no. 3, pp. 641-650, 2013.
103. H. C. Nguyen, W. Xie, M. Yang et al., "Expression differences of circulating microRNAs in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer and low-risk, localized prostate cancer, " Prostate, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 346-354, 2013.
104. C. Parker, S. Nilsson, D. Heinrich et al., "Alpha emitter radium and survival in metastatic prostate cancer, "TheNewEngland Journal of Medicine, vol. 369, no. 3, pp. 213-223, 2013.
105. R. P. Smith, D. E. Heron, M. S. Huq, and N. J. Yue, "Modern radiation treatment planning and delivery-from Rontgen to real time, " Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 45-62, 2006.
106. S. A. Bhide and C. M. Nutting, "Recent advances in radiotherapy, " BMC Medicine, vol. 8, article 25, 2010.
107. S. Josson, S.-Y. Sung, K. Lao, L. W. K. Chung, and P. A. S. Johnstone, "Radiation modulation of microRNA in prostate cancer cell lines, " Prostate, vol. 68, no. 15, pp. 1599-1606, 2008.
108. B. Li, X.-B. Shi, D. Nori et al., "Down-regulation of microRNA 106b is involved in p21-mediated cell cycle arrest in response to radiation in prostate cancer cells, " Prostate, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 567-574, 2011.
109. I. Ivanovska, A. S. Ball, R. L. Diaz et al., "MicroRNAs in the miR-106b family regulate p21/CDKN1A and promote cell cycle progression, " Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 2167-2174, 2008.
110. X. Huang, S. Taeb, S. Jahangiri et al., "miRNA-95 mediates radioresistance in tumors by targeting the sphingolipid phosphatase SGPP1, " Cancer Research, vol. 73, no. 23, pp. 6972-6986, 2013.
111. M. R. Epis, K. M. Giles, A. Barker, T. S. Kendrick, and P. J. Leedman, "miR-331-3p regulates ERBB-2 expression and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 284, no. 37, pp. 24696-24704, 2009.
112. S. Isharwal, M. C. Miller, J. I. Epstein et al., "Prognostic value of Her-2/neu and DNA index for progression, metastasis and prostate cancer-specific death inmen with long-termfollow-up after radical prostatectomy, " International Journal of Cancer, vol. 123, no. 11, pp. 2636-2643, 2008.
113. R. Ottman, C. Nguyen, R. Lorch, and R. Chakrabarti, "MicroRNA expressions associated with progression of prostate cancer cells to antiandrogen therapy resistance, " Molecular Cancer, vol. 13, article 1, 2014.
114. S. Lehmusvaara, T. Erkkila, A. Urbanucci et al., "Goserelin and bicalutamide treatments alter the expression of microRNAs in the prostate, " Prostate, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 101-112, 2013.
115. K. McKeage, "Docetaxel: a review of its use for the firstline treatment of advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer, " Drugs, vol. 72, no. 11, pp. 1559-1577, 2012.
116. M. Puhr, J. Hoefer, G. Schafer et al., "Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition leads to docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer and is mediated by reduced expression of miR-200c and miR-205, " TheAmerican Journal of Pathology, vol. 181, no. 6, pp. 2188-2201, 2012.
117. M. Pennati, A. Lopergolo, V. Profumo et al., "miR-205 impairs the autophagic flux and enhances cisplatin cytotoxicity in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells, " Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 579-597, 2014.
118. H. M. Lin, L. Castillo, K. L. Mahon et al., "Circulating microRNAs are associated with docetaxel chemotherapy outcome in castration-resistant prostate cancer, " British Journal of Cancer, vol. 110, no. 10, pp. 2462-2471, 2014.
119. K. Kojima, Y. Fujita, Y. Nozawa, T. Deguchi, and M. Ito, "MiR-34a attenuates paclitaxel-resistance of hormone-refractory prostate cancer PC3 cells through direct and indirect mechanisms, " Prostate, vol. 70, no. 14, pp. 1501-1512, 2010.
120. O. W. Rokhlin, V. S. Scheinker, A. F. Taghiyev, D. Bumcrot, R. A. Glover, and M. B. Cohen, "MicroRNA-34 mediates ARdependent p53-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer, " Cancer Biology & Therapy, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 1288-1296, 2008.
121. Y. Fujita, K. Kojima, R. Ohhashi et al., "MiR-148a attenuates paclitaxel resistance of hormone-refractory, drug-resistant prostate cancer PC3 cells by regulating MSK1 expression, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 285, no. 25, pp. 19076-19084, 2010.
122. D. Kong, S. Banerjee, A. Ahmad et al., "Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is mechanistically linked with stem cell signatures in prostate cancer cells, " PLoS ONE, vol. 5, no. 8, Article ID e12445, 2010.
123. M. Maugeri-Sacca, A. Zeuner, and R. De Maria, "Therapeutic targeting of cancer stem cells, " Frontiers in Oncology, vol. 1, p. 17, 2011.
124. A. Zeuner and R. DeMaria, "Not so lonely at the top for cancer stem cells, " Cell Stem Cell, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 289-290, 2011.
125. C. Liu, K. Kelnar, A. V. Vlassov, D. Brown, J. Wang, and D. G. Tang, "Distinct microRNA expression profiles in prostate cancer stem/progenitor cells and tumor-suppressive functions of let-7, " Cancer Research, vol. 72, no. 13, pp. 3393-3404, 2012.
126. S. Saini, S. Majid, V. Shahryari et al., "miRNA-708 control of CD44+ prostate cancer-initiating cells, " Cancer Research, vol. 72, no. 14, pp. 3618-3630, 2012.
127. S. Huang, W. Guo, Y. Tang, D. Ren, X. Zou, and X. Peng, "miR-143 and miR-145 inhibit stem cell characteristics of PC-3 prostate cancer cells, " Oncology Reports, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 1831-1837, 2012.
128. X. Fan, X. Chen, W. Deng, G. Zhong, Q. Cai, and T. Lin, "Up-regulated microRNA-143 in cancer stem cells differentiation promotes prostate cancer cells metastasis by modulating FNDC3B expression, " BMC Cancer, vol. 13, article 61, 2013.
129. I.-S. Hsieh, K.-C. Chang, Y.-T. Tsai et al., "MicroRNA-320 suppresses the stem cell-like characteristics of prostate cancer cells by downregulating the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, " Carcinogenesis, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 530-538, 2013.
130. A. G. Bader, D. Brown, J. Stoudemire, and P. Lammers, "Developing therapeutic microRNAs for cancer, " GeneTherapy, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 1121-1126, 2011.
131. E. van Rooij, A. L. Purcell, and A. A. Levin, "Developing MicroRNA therapeutics, " Circulation Research, vol. 110, no. 3, pp. 496-507, 2012.
132. F. Qu, X. Cui, Y. Hong et al., "MicroRNA-185 suppresses proliferation, invasion, migration, and tumorigenicity of human prostate cancer cells through targeting androgen receptor, " Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 377, no. 1-2, pp. 121-130, 2013.
133. P. C. Lin, Y. L. Chiu, S. Banerjee et al., "Epigenetic repression of miR-31 disrupts androgen receptor homeostasis and contributes to prostate cancer progression, " Cancer Research, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 1232-1244, 2013.
134. K. Sikand, J. E. Slaibi, R. Singh, S. D. Slane, and G. C. Shukla, "miR 488∗ inhibits androgen receptor expression in prostate carcinoma cells, " International Journal of Cancer, vol. 129, no. 4, pp. 810-819, 2011.
135. P. Ostling, S.-K. Leivonen, A. Aakula et al., "Systematic analysis of microRNAs targeting the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells, " Cancer Research, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 1956-1967, 2011.