Evaluation of the blood compatibility of materials, cells, and tissues: Basic concepts, test models, and practical guidelines

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Volumn 734, Issue , 2013, Pages 257-270

  Ekdahl, Kristina N ^a,b   Hong, Jaan ^a   Hamad, Osama A ^a   Larsson, Rolf ^a,c   Nilsson, Bo ^a  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b LINNAEUS UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c Corline Systems AB ^*  (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 12; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 13; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7A INHIBITOR; CD11B ANTIGEN; CHONDROITIN SULFATE; CITRIC ACID; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3B; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3D; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C5; COMPLEMENT INHIBITOR; EDETIC ACID; FIBRINOGEN; HEPARIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; LECTIN; LEPIRUDIN; MANNOSE BINDING LECTIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; PROTEINASE ACTIVATED RECEPTOR 1; THROMBIN; THROMBIN RECEPTOR ACTIVATING PEPTIDE; THROMBOPLASTIN; TITANIUM; ABCIXIMAB; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; BIOMATERIAL; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3B RECEPTOR; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C5A RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; COMPSTATIN; ECULIZUMAB; MELAGATRAN; RO 44; TRYPSIN INHIBITOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADSORPTION; ANTICOAGULATION; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BLOOD COMPATIBILITY; CELL INTERACTION; CHEMOLUMINESCENCE; CONFERENCE PAPER; ENZYME ACTIVE SITE; ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY; ENZYME RELEASE; FIBRINOLYSIS; FLUORESCENCE ACTIVATED CELL SORTING; HUMAN; IMMUNOCHEMISTRY; IMPLANT; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; OPSONIZATION; PANCREAS ISLET TRANSPLANTATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOCYTE FUNCTION; UPREGULATION; BLOOD CLOTTING; CELL TRANSPLANTATION; CELLS; COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; IN VITRO STUDY; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; SIDE EFFECT; TISSUES;

EID: 84934443793     PISSN: 00652598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4118-2_18     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (93)

1. Amara U, Flierl MA, Rittirsch D, Klos A, Chen H, Acker B et al (2010) Molecular intercommunication between the complement and coagulation systems. J Immunol 185(9):5628-56366
2. Andersson J, Ekdahl KN, Larsson R, Nilsson UR, Nilsson B (2002) C3 adsorbed to a polymer surface can form an initiating alternative pathway convertase. J Immunol 168(11):5786-57911
3. Andersson J, Sanchez J, Ekdahl KN, Elgue G, Nilsson B, Larsson R (2003) Optimal heparin surface concentration and antithrombin binding capacity as evaluated with human non-anticoagulated blood in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A 67(2):458-4666
4. Andersson J, Ekdahl KN, Lambris JD, Nilsson B (2005a) Binding of C3 fragments on top of adsorbed plasma proteins during complement activation on a model biomaterial surface. Biomaterials 26(13):1477-14855
5. Andersson M, Andersson J, Sellborn A, Berglin M, Nilsson B, Elwing H (2005b) Quartz crystal microbalance-with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) for real time measurements of blood coagulation density and immune complement activation on artificial surfaces. Biosens Bioelectron 21(1):79-866
6. Arima Y, Toda M, Iwata H (2011) Surface plasmon resonance in monitoring of complement activation on biomaterials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 63:988-9999
7. Attanasio M, Gori AM, Giusti B, Pepe G, Comeglio P, Brunelli T et al (1998) Cytokine gene expression in human LPSand IFN gamma-stimulated mononuclear cells is inhibited by heparin. Thromb Haemost 79(5):959-9622
8. Bäck J, Huber-Lang M, Elgue G, Kalbitz M, Sanchez J, Ekdahl KN et al (2009) Distinctive regulation of contact activation by antithrombin and C1-inhibitor on activated platelets and material surfaces. Biomaterials 30(34):6573-65800
9. Bäck J, Sanchez J, Elgue G, Ekdahl KN, Nilsson B (2010) Activated human platelets induce factor XIIa-mediated contact activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 391(1):11-177
10. Bennet W, Sundberg B, Groth CG, Brendel MD, Brandhorst D, Brandhorst H et al (1999) Incompatibility between human blood and isolated islets of Langerhans: a fi nding with implications for clinical intraportal islet transplantation? Diabetes 48(10):1907-19144
11. Bennet W, Sundberg B, Elgue G, Larsson R, Korsgren O, Nilsson B (2001) A new in vitro model for the study of pigto- human vascular hyperacute rejection. Xenotransplantation 8(3):176-1844
12. Berglin M, Pinori E, Sellborn A, Andersson M, Hulander M, Elwing H (2009) Fibrinogen adsorption and conformational change on model polymers: novel aspects of mutual molecular rearrangement. Langmuir 25(10):5602-56088
13. Bexborn F, Engberg AE, Sandholm K, Mollnes TE, Hong J, Nilsson Ekdahl K (2009) Hirudin versus heparin for use in whole blood in vitro biocompatibility models. J Biomed Mater Res A 89(4):951-9599
14. Bogdanov V, Balasubramanian V, Hathcock J, Vele O, Lieb M, Nemerson Y (2003) Alternatively spliced human tissue factor: a circulating, soluble, thrombogenic protein. Nat Med 9(4):458-4622
15. Cabric S, Sanchez J, Lundgren T, Foss A, Felldin M, Kallen R et al (2007) Islet surface heparinization prevents the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction in islet transplantation. Diabetes 56(8):2008-20155
16. Cabric S, Eich T, Sanchez J, Nilsson B, Korsgren O, Larsson R (2008) A new method for incorporating functional heparin onto the surface of islets of Langerhans. Tissue Eng C Methods 14(2):141-1477
17. Chang JY (1983) The functional domain of hirudin, a thrombin-specific inhibitor. FEBS Lett 164(2):307-3133
18. Christensen K, Larsson R, Emanuelsson H, Elgue G, Larsson A (2001) Heparin coating of the stent graft - effects on platelets, coagulation and complement activation. Biomaterials 22(4):349-3555
19. Christensen K, Larsson R, Emanuelsson H, Elgue G, Larsson A (2006) Effects on blood compatibility in vitro by combining a direct P2Y12 receptor inhibitor and heparin coating of stents. Platelets 17(5):318-3277
20. Distelmaier K, Adlbrecht C, Jakowitsch J, Winkler S, Dunkler D, Gerner C et al (2009) Local complement activation triggers neutrophil recruitment to the site of thrombus formation in acute myocardial infarction. Thromb Haemost 102(3):564-5722
21. Ekdahl KN, Nilsson B, Pekna M, Nilsson UR (1992) Generation of iC3 at the interface between blood and gas. Scand J Immunol 35(1):85-911
22. Ekdahl KN, Lambris JD, Elwing H, Ricklin D, Nilsson PH, Teramura Y et al (2011) Innate immunity activation on biomaterial surfaces: a mechanistic model and coping strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 63(12):1042-10500
23. Engberg AE, Rosengren-Holmberg JP, Chen H, Nilsson B, Lambris JD, Nicholls IA et al (2011) Blood protein-polymer adsorption: implications for understanding complement-mediated hemoincompatibility. J Biomed Mater Res A 94A:74-844
24. Engstad CS, Gutteberg TJ, Osterud B (1997) Modulation of blood cell activation by four commonly used anticoagulants. Thromb Haemost 77(4):690-6966
25. Ettelaie C, Fountain D, Collier M, Elkeeb A, Xiao Y, Maraveyas A (2011) Low molecular weight heparin downregulates tissue factor expression and activity by modulating growth factor receptor-mediated induction of nuclear factor- k B. Biochim Biophys Acta 1812(12):1591-16000
26. Fink H, Hong J, Drotz K, Risberg B, Sanchez J, Sellborn A (2011) An in vitro study of blood compatibility of vascular grafts made of bacterial cellulose in comparison with conventionally-used graft materials. J Biomed Mater Res A [Epub ahead of print]
27. Ghebrehiwet B, Randazzo BP, Dunn JT, Silverberg M, Kaplan AP (1983) Mechanisms of activation of the classical pathway of complement by Hageman factor fragment. J Clin Invest 71(5):1450-14566
28. Gong J, Larsson R, Ekdahl KN, Mollnes TE, Nilsson U, Nilsson B (1996) Tubing loops as a model for cardiopulmonary bypass circuits: both the biomaterial and the blood-gas phase interfaces induce complement activation in an in vitro model. J Clin Immunol 16(4):222-2299
29. Gorbet MB, Sefton MV (2004) Biomaterial-associated thrombosis: roles of coagulation factors, complement, platelets and leukocytes. Biomaterials 25(26):5681-57033
30. Gori AM, Pepe G, Attanasio M, Falciani M, Abbate R, Prisco D et al (1999) Tissue factor reduction and tissue factor pathway inhibitor release after heparin administration. Thromb Haemost 81(4):589-5933
31. Grabowski E (1990) Platelet aggregation in flowing blood at a site of injury to an endothelial cell monolayer: quantitation and real-time imaging with the TAB monoclonal antibody. Blood 75(2):390-3988
32. Grabowski E, Curran M, Van Cott E (2012) Assessment of a cohort of primarily pediatric patients with a presumptive diagnosis of type 1 von Willebrand disease with a novel high shear rate, non-citrated blood flow device. Thromb Res [Epub ahead of print]
33. Gulla K, Gupta K, Krarup A, Gal P, Schwaeble W, Sim R et al (2010) Activation of mannan-binding lectin-associated serine proteases leads to generation of a fi brin clot. Immunology 129(4):482-4955
34. Gustafson EK, Elgue G, Hughes RD, Mitry RR, Sanchez J, Haglund U et al (2011) The instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction characterized in hepatocyte transplantation. Transplantation 91(6):632-6388
35. Hamad OA, Ekdahl KN, Nilsson PH, Andersson J, Magotti P, Lambris JD et al (2008) Complement activation triggered by chondroitin sulfate released by thrombin receptor-activated platelets. J Thromb Haemost 6(8):1413-14211
36. Hamad OA, Nilsson PH, Wouters D, Lambris JD, Ekdahl KN, Nilsson B (2010a) Complement component C3 binds to activated normal platelets without preceding proteolytic activation and promotes binding to complement receptor 1. J Immunol 185(5):2686-26922
37. Hamad O, Nilsson P, Lasaosa M, Ricklin D, Lambris J, Nilsson B et al (2010b) Contribution of chondroitin sulfate A to the binding of complement proteins to activated platelets. PLoS One 5(6):e128899
38. Harboe M, Ulvund G, Vien L, Fung M, Mollnes TE (2004) The quantitative role of alternative pathway ampli fication in classical pathway induced terminal complement activation. Clin Exp Immunol 138(3):439-4466
39. Hess K, Alzahran SH, Mathai M, Schroeder V, Carter A, Howell G et al (2011) A novel mechanism for hypo fi brinolysis in diabetes: the role of complement C3. Diabetologia [Epub ahead of print]
40. Hojima Y, Pierce J, Pisano J (1980) Hageman factor fragment inhibitor in corn seeds: puri fication and characterization. Thromb Res 20:149-1622
41. Hong J, Nilsson Ekdahl K, Reynolds H, Larsson R, Nilsson B (1999a) A new in vitro model to study interaction between whole blood and biomaterials. Studies of platelet and coagulation activation and the effect of aspirin. Biomaterials 20(7):603-6111
42. Hong J, Andersson J, Ekdahl KN, Elgue G, Axen N, Larsson R et al (1999b) Titanium is a highly thrombogenic biomaterial: possible implications for osteogenesis. Thromb Haemost 82(1):58-644
43. Hong J, Larsson A, Ekdahl KN, Elgue G, Larsson R, Nilsson B (2001) Contact between a polymer and whole blood: sequence of events leading to thrombin generation. J Lab Clin Med 138(2):139-1455
44. Hong J, Azens A, Ekdahl K, Granqvist CG, Nilsson B (2005) Material-specific thrombin generation following contact between metal surfaces and whole blood. Biomaterials 26:1397-14033
45. Hong J, Kurt S, Thor A (2011) A hydrophilic dental implant surface exhibit thrombogenic properties in vitro. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res [Epub ahead of print]
46. Howes J, Richardson V, Smith K, Schroeder V, Somani R, Shore A et al (2012) Complement C3 is a novel plasma clot component with anti- fi brinolytic properties. Diab Vasc Dis Res [Epub ahead of print]
47. Huber-Lang M, Sarma JV, Zetoune FS, Rittirsch D, Neff TA, McGuire SR et al (2006) Generation of C5a in the absence of C3: a new complement activation pathway. Nat Med 12(6):682-6877
48. Hussaini B, Treanor P, Healey N, Tilahun D, Srey R, Lu X et al (2009) Evaluation of blood components exposed to coated arterial fi lters in extracorporeal circuits. Perfusion 24(5):317-3233
49. Ikeda K, Nagasawa K, Horiuchi T, Tsuru T, Nishizaka H, Niho Y (1997) C5a induces tissue factor activity on endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 77(2):394-3988
50. Johansson U, Olsson A, Gabrielsson S, Nilsson B, Korsgren O (2003) Inflammatory mediators expressed in human islets of Langerhans: implications for islet transplantation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 308(3):474-4799
51. Johansson H, Lukinius A, Moberg L, Lundgren T, Berne C, Foss A et al (2005) Tissue factor produced by endocrine cells of the islets of Langerhans is associated with a negative outcome of clinical islet transplantation. Diabetes 54(6):1755-17622
52. Johnell M, Larsson R, Siegbahn A (2005) The in fluence of different heparin surface concentrations and antithrombinbinding capacity on in flammation and coagulation. Biomaterials 26(14):1731-17399
53. Jokiranta TS, Westin J, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN, Hellwage J, Gordon DL et al (2001) Complement C3b interactions with its ligands measured by Biacore equipment: a new powerful and informative method. Int Immunopharmacol 1:495-5066
54. Katragadda M, Lambris JD (2006) Expression of compstatin in Escherichia coli : incorporation of unnatural amino acids enhances its activity. Protein Expr Purif 47(1):289-2955
55. Keil L, Jimenez E, Guma M, Reyes M, Liguori C, DeBari V (1995) Biphasic response of complement to heparin: fluidphase generation of neoantigens in human serum and in a reconstituted alternative pathway ampli fication cycle. Am J Hematol 50(4):254-2622
56. Kourtzelis I, Markiewski MM, Doumas M, Rafail S, Kambas K, Mitroulis I et al (2010) Complement anaphylatoxin C5a contributes to hemodialysis-associated thrombosis. Blood 116(4):631-6399
57. Krarup A, Gulla C, Gál P, Hajela K, Sim R (2008) The action of MBL-associated serine protease 1 (MASP1) on factor XIII and fibrinogen. Biochim Biophys Acta 1784:1294-13000
58. Lachmann PJ, Pangburn MK, Oldroyd RG (1982) Breakdown of C3 after complement activation. Identi fication of a new fragment C3g, using monoclonal antibodies. J Exp Med 156(1):205-2166
59. Lappegård K, Fung M, Bergseth G, Riesenfeld J, Lambris J, Videm V et al (2004) Effect of complement inhibition and heparin coating on artificial surface-induced leukocyte and platelet activation. Ann Thorac Surg 77(3):932-9411
60. Lappegård K, Riesenfeld J, Brekke O, Bergseth G, Lambris J, Mollnes T (2005) Differential effect of heparin coating and complement inhibition on artificial surface-induced eicosanoid production. Ann Thorac Surg 79(3):917-9233
61. Lappegård KT, Bergseth G, Riesenfeld J, Pharo A, Magotti P, Lambris JD et al (2008) The artificial surface-induced whole blood inflammatory reaction revealed by increases in a series of chemokines and growth factors is largely complement dependent. J Biomed Mater Res A 87(1):129-1355
62. Larsson R, Elgue G, Larsson A, Ekdahl KN, Nilsson UR, Nilsson B (1997) Inhibition of complement activation by soluble recombinant CR1 under conditions resembling those in a cardiopulmonary circuit: reduced up-regulation of CD11b and complete abrogation of binding of PMNs to the biomaterial surface. Immunopharmacology 38(1-2):119-1277
63. Lindorfer M, Pawluczkowycz A, Peek E, Hickman K, Taylor R, Parker CJ (2010) A novel approach to preventing the hemolysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: both complement-mediated cytolysis and C3 deposition are blocked by a monoclonal antibody specific for the alternative pathway of complement. Blood 115(11):2283-22911
64. Logue GL (1977) Effect of heparin on complement activation and lysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) red cells. Blood 50(2):239-2477
65. Mahoney W, Hermodson M, Jones B, Powers D, Corfman R, Reeck G (1984) Amino acid sequence and secondary structural analysis of the corn inhibitor of trypsin and activated Hageman Factor. J Biol Chem 259(13):8412-84166
66. Mangsbo SM, Sanchez J, Anger K, Lambris JD, Ekdahl KN, Loskog AS et al (2009) Complement activation by CpG in a human whole blood loop system: mechanisms and immunomodulatory effects. J Immunol 183(10):6724-67322
67. Matsushita M, Thiel S, Jensenius J, Terai I, Fujita T (2000) Proteolytic activities of two types of mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease. J Immunol 165:2637-26422
68. Moberg L, Johansson H, Luknius A, Berne C, Foss A, Källen R et al (2002) Production of tissue factor by pancreatic islet cells as a trigger of detrimental thrombotic reactions in clinical islet transplantation. Lancet 360:2039-20455
69. Moberg L, Olsson A, Berne C, Felldin M, Foss A, Kallen R et al (2003) Nicotinamide inhibits tissue factor expression in isolated human pancreatic islets: implications for clinical islet transplantation. Transplantation 76(9):1285-12888
70. Moberg L, Korsgren O, Nilsson B (2005) Neutrophilic granulocytes are the predominant cell type in fi ltrating pancreatic islets in contact with ABO-compatible blood. Clin Exp Immunol 142(1):125-1311
71. Mollnes TE, Riesenfeld J, Garred P, Nordstrom E, Hogasen K, Fosse E et al (1995) A new model for evaluation of biocompatibility: combined determination of neoepitopes in blood and on artificial surfaces demonstrates reduced complement activation by immobilization of heparin. Artif Organs 19(9):909-9177
72. Mollnes TE, Brekke OL, Fung M, Fure H, Christiansen D, Bergseth G et al (2002) Essential role of the C5a receptor in E. coli -induced oxidative burst and phagocytosis revealed by a novel lepirudin-based human whole blood model of in flammation. Blood 100(5):1869-18777
73. Nilsson B, Larsson R, Hong J, Elgue G, Ekdahl KN, Sahu A et al (1998) Compstatin inhibits complement and cellular activation in whole blood in two models of extracorporeal circulation. Blood 92(5):1661-16677
74. Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN, Mollnes TE, Lambris JD (2007) The role of complement in biomaterial-induced in flammation. Mol Immunol 44(1-3):82-944
75. Nilsson P, Engberg A, Bäck J, Faxälv L, Lindahl T, Nilsson B et al (2010) The creation of an antithrombotic surface by apyrase immobilization. Biomaterials 31(16):4484-44911
76. Nilsson B, Nilsson Ekdahl K, Korsgren O (2011) Control of IBMIR (Instant Blood-Mediated Inflammatory Reaction) to improve islets of Langerhans engraftment. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 16(6):620-6266
77. Ozmen L, Ekdahl KN, Elgue G, Larsson R, Korsgren O, Nilsson B (2002) Inhibition of thrombin abrogates the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction triggered by isolated human islets: possible application of the thrombin inhibitor melagatran in clinical islet transplantation. Diabetes 51(6):1779-17844
78. Patston P, Gettins P, Beechem J, Schapira M (1991) Mechanism of serpin action: evidence that C1inhibitor functions as a suicide substrate. Biochemistry 30(36):8876-88822
79. Ratner BD (2007) The catastrophe revisited: blood compatibility in the 21st century. Biomaterials 28(34):5144-51477
80. Ritis K, Doumas M, Mastellos D, Micheli A, Giaglis S, Magotti P et al (2006) A novel C5a receptor-tissue factor crosstalk in neutrophils links innate immunity to coagulation pathways. J Immunol 177(7):4794-48022
81. Schousboe I, Nystrøm BT, Hansen GH (2008) Differential binding of factor XII and activated factor XII to soluble and immobilized fibronectin-localization of the Hep-1/Fib-1 binding site for activated factor XII. FEBS J 275(20):5161-51722
82. Selborn A, Andersson M, Fant C, Gretzer C, Elwing H (2003) Methods for research on immune complement activation on modi fied sensor surfaces. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 27:295-3011
83. Seyfert UT, Biehl V, Schenk J (2002) In vitro hemocompatibility testing of biomaterials according to the ISO 10993-4. Biomol Eng 19(2-6):91-966
84. Shankar R, de la Motte CA, Poptic EJ, DiCorleto PE (1994) Thrombin receptor-activating peptides differentially stimulate platelet-derived growth factor production, monocytic cell adhesion, and E-selectin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 269(19):13936-139411
85. Sinn S, Scheuermann T, Deichelbohrer S, Ziemer G, Wendel HP (2011) A novel in vitro model for preclinical testing of the hemocompatibility of intravascular stents according to ISO 10993-4. J Mater Sci Mater Med 22(6):1521-15288
86. Strey CW, Markiewski M, Mastellos D, Tudoran R, Spruce LA, Greenbaum LE et al (2003) The proinflammatory mediators C3a and C5a are essential for liver regeneration. J Exp Med 198(6):913-9233
87. Taylor F, Müller-Eberhard H (1970) Qualitative description of factors involved in the retraction and lysis of dilute whole blood clots and in the aggregation and retraction of platelets. J Clin Invest 49(1):2068-20855
88. Tengvall P, Askendal A, Lundstrom I (2001) Ellipsometric in vitro studies on the activation of complement by human immunoglobulins M and G after adsorption to methylated silicon. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 20(1):51-622
89. Thoman ML, Meuth JL, Morgan EL, Weigle WO, Hugli TE (1984) C3d-K, a kallikrein cleavage fragment of iC3b is a potent inhibitor of cellular proliferation. J Immunol 133(5):2629-26333
90. Thor A, Rasmusson L, Wennerberg A, Thomsen P, Hirsch JM, Nilsson B et al (2007) The role of whole blood in thrombin generation in contact with various titanium surfaces. Biomaterials 28(6):966-9744
91. Wettero J, Bengtsson T, Tengvall P (2001) C1q-independent activation of neutrophils by immunoglobulin M-coated surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res 57(4):550-5588
92. Wouters D, Wiessenberg H, Hart M, Bruins P, Voskuyl A, Daha M et al (2005) Complexes between C1q and C3 or C4: novel and specific markers for classical complement pathway activation. J Immunol Methods 298:35-455
93. Wu Y, Simonovsky FI, Ratner BD, Horbett TA (2005) The role of adsorbed fibrinogen in platelet adhesion to polyurethane surfaces: a comparison of surface hydrophobicity, protein adsorption, monoclonal antibody binding, and platelet adhesion. J Biomed Mater Res A 74(4):722-7388