Error awareness and the insula: Links to neurological and psychiatric diseases

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

Volumn , Issue JAN, 2013, Pages

  Klein, Tilmann A ^a,b   Ullsperger, Markus ^c,d   Danielmeier, Claudia ^c  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN COGNITIVE AND BRAIN SCIENCES   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL LEIPZIG   (Germany)

^c RADBOUD UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^d OTTO VON GUERICKE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Anosognosia; Conscious error perception; Error awareness; Error positivity (Pe); Error related negativity (ERN); Insula; Lack of insight

Indexed keywords

CATECHOL METHYLTRANSFERASE; METHYLPHENIDATE; NORADRENALIN; OREXIN;

ANOSOGNOSIA; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; AWARENESS; BRAIN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; CONCEPT FORMATION; CYTOARCHITECTURE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; ERROR; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HEMIPLEGIA; HUMAN; INSULA; MENTAL DISEASE; MIDDLE FRONTAL GYRUS; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; THALAMUS;

EID: 84933675277     PISSN: 16625161     EISSN: 16625161     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00014     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Adamantidis, A.R., Zhang, F., Aravanis, A.M., Deisseroth, K., and De Lecea, L. (2007). Neural substrates of awakening probed with optogenetic control of hypocretin neurons. Nature 450, 420-424.
2. Allman, J.M., Tetreault, N.A., Hakeem, A.Y., Manaye, K.F., Semendeferi, K., Erwin, J.M., Park, S., Goubert, V., and Hof, P.R. (2010). The von Economo neurons in frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortex in great apes and humans. Brain Struct Funct 214, 495-517.
3. Aston-Jones, G., and Cohen, J.D. (2005). An integrative theory of locus coeruleusnorepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance. Annu Rev Neurosci 28, 403-450.
4. Augustine, J.R. (1996). Circuitry and functional aspects of the insular lobe in primates including humans. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 22, 229-244.
5. Baier, B., Karnath, H.-O. (2008). Tight Link Between Our Sense of Limb Ownership and Self-Awareness of Actions. Stroke 39, 486-488.
6. Berti, A., Bottini, G., Gandola, M., Pia, L., Smania, N., Stracciari, A., Castiglioni, I., G. Vallar, Paulesu, E. (2005). Shared Cortical Anatomy for Motor Awareness and Motor Control. Science 309, 488-491.
7. Bilder, R.M., Volavka, J., Lachman, H.M., and Grace, A.A. (2004). The catechol-Omethyltransferase polymorphism: relations to the tonic-phasic dopamine hypothesis and neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Neuropsychopharmacology 29, 1943-1961.
8. Cauda, F., D'agata, F., Sacco, K., Duca, S., Geminiani, G., and Vercelli, A. (2011). Functional connectivity of the insula in the resting brain. Neuroimage 55, 8-23.
9. Cerliani, L., Thomas, R.M., Jbabdi, S., Siero, J.C., Nanetti, L., Crippa, A., Gazzola, V., D'arceuil, H., and Keysers, C. (2011). Probabilistic tractography recovers a rostrocaudal trajectory of connectivity variability in the human insular cortex. Hum Brain Mapp.
10. Chee, M.W., Tan, J.C., Zheng, H., Parimal, S., Weissman, D.H., Zagorodnov, V., and Dinges, D.F. (2008). Lapsing during sleep deprivation is associated with distributed changes in brain activation. J Neurosci 28, 5519-5528.
11. Cohen, M.X., Van Gaal, S., Ridderinkhof, K.R., and Lamme, V.A. (2009). Unconscious errors enhance prefrontal-occipital oscillatory synchrony. Front Hum Neurosci 3, 54.
12. Cools, R. (2011). Dopaminergic control of the striatum for high-level cognition. Curr Opin Neurobiol 21, 402-407.
13. Craig, A.D. (2009). How do you feel--now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat Rev Neurosci 10, 59-70.
14. Craig, A.D. (2010). The Insular Cortex and Subjective Awareness, in The study of Anosognosia, ed. G.P. Prigatano. (New York: Oxford University Press).
15. Craig, A.D. (2011). Significance of the insula for the evolution of human awareness of feelings from the body. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1225, 72-82.
16. Crespo-Facorro, B., Kim, J., Andreasen, N.C., O'leary, D.S., Bockholt, H.J., and Magnotta, V. (2000). Insular cortex abnormalities in schizophrenia: a structural magnetic resonance imaging study of first-episode patients. Schizophr Res 46, 35-43.
17. Critchley, H.D., Wiens, S., Rotshtein, P., Ohman, A., and Dolan, R.J. (2004). Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness. Nature Neuroscience 7, 189-195.
18. Croxson, P.L., Walton, M.E., O'Reilly, J.X., Behrens, T.E., Rushworth, M.F. (2009). Effort-based cost-benefit valuation and the human brain. J Neurosci 29, 4531-4541.
19. Danielmeier, C., Eichele, T., Forstmann, B.U., Tittgemeyer, M., and Ullsperger, M. (2011). Posterior medial frontal cortex activity predicts post-error adaptations in task-related visual and motor areas. J Neurosci 31, 1780-1789.
20. Danielmeier, C., and Ullsperger, M. (2011). Post-error adjustments. Front Psychol 2, 233.
21. De Bruijn ERA, Mars RB, Hulstijn W (2004) It wasn't me...or was it? How false feedback affects performance. In: Errors, conflicts, and the brain. Current opinions on performance monitoring. (Ullsperger M, Falkenstein M, eds), pp 118-124. Leipzig: MPI for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences.
22. De Bruijn, E.R., Sabbe, B.G., Hulstijn, W., Ruigt, G.S., and Verkes, R.J. (2006). Effects of antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs on action monitoring in healthy volunteers. Brain Res 1105, 122-129.
23. De Witte, L., Brouns, R., Kavadias, D., Engelborghs, S., De Deyn, P.P., and Marien, P. (2011). Cognitive, affective and behavioural disturbances following vascular thalamic lesions: a review. Cortex 47, 273-319.
24. Deen, B., Pitskel, N.B., and Pelphrey, K.A. (2011). Three systems of insular functional connectivity identified with cluster analysis. Cereb Cortex 21, 1498-1506.
25. Desmurget, M., and Grafton, S. (2000). Forward modeling allows feedback control for fast reaching movements. Trends Cogn Sci 4, 423-431.
26. Di Martino, A., Ross, K., Uddin, L.Q., Sklar, A.B., Castellanos, F.X., Milham, M.P. (2009). Functional Brain Correlates of Social and Nonsocial Processes in Autism Spectrum Disorders: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis. Biological Psychiatry 65, 63-74.
27. Dosenbach, N.U., Fair, D.A., Miezin, F.M., Cohen, A.L., Wenger, K.K., Dosenbach, R.A., Fox, M.D., Snyder, A.Z., Vincent, J.L., Raichle, M.E., Schlaggar, B.L., and Petersen, S.E. (2007). Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104, 11073-11078.
28. Ebisch, S.J., Gallese, V., Willems, R.M., Mantini, D., Groen, W.B., Romani, G.L., Buitelaar, J.K., and Bekkering, H. (2011). Altered intrinsic functional connectivity of anterior and posterior insula regions in high-functioning participants with autism spectrum disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 32, 1013-1028.
29. Egan, M.F., Goldberg, T.E., Kolachana, B.S., Callicott, J.H., Mazzanti, C.M., Straub, R.E., Goldman, D., and Weinberger, D.R. (2001). Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98, 6917-6922.
30. Eichele, T., Debener, S., Calhoun, V.D., Specht, K., Engel, A.K., Hugdahl, K., Von Cramon, D.Y., and Ullsperger, M. (2008). Prediction of human errors by maladaptive changes in event-related brain networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105, 6173-6178.
31. Endrass, T., Reuter, B., and Kathmann, N. (2007). ERP correlates of conscious error recognition: aware and unaware errors in an antisaccade task. Eur J Neurosci 26, 1714-1720.
32. Evrard, H.C., Forro, T., and Logothetis, N.K. (2012). Von Economo neurons in the anterior insula of the macaque monkey. Neuron 74, 482-489.
33. Falkenstein, M., Hohnsbein, J., Hoormann, J., and Blanke, L. (1990). Effects of errors in choice reaction tasks on the ERP under focused and divided attention, in Psychophysiological Brain Research, eds. C.H.M. Brunia, A.W.K. Gaillard & A. Kok. Tilburg University Press), 192-195.
34. Ford, J.M., Mathalon, D.H., Heinks, T., Kalba, S., Faustman, W.O., and Roth, W.T. (2001). Neurophysiological evidence of corollary discharge dysfunction in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 158, 2069-2071.
35. Forman, S.D., Dougherty, G.G., Casey, B.J., Siegle, G.J., Braver, T.S., Barch, D.M., Stenger, V.A., Wick-Hull, C., Pisarov, L.A., and Lorensen, E. (2004). Opiate addicts lack error-dependent activation of rostral anterior cingulate. Biol Psychiatry 55, 531-537.
36. Frank, M.J., D'lauro, C., and Curran, T. (2007). Cross-task individual differences in error processing: neural, electrophysiological, and genetic components. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 7, 297-308.
37. Friston, K.J., Daunizeau, J., Kilner, J., and Kiebel, S.J. (2010). Action and behavior: a free-energy formulation. Biol Cybern 102, 227-260.
38. Frith, C.D. (1987). The positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia reflect impairments in the perception and initiation of action. Psychol Med 17, 631-648.
39. Garavan, H. (2010). Insula and drug cravings. Brain Struct Funct 214, 593-601.
40. Garavan, H., Kaufman, J.N., and Hester, R. (2008). Acute effects of cocaine on the neurobiology of cognitive control. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 363, 3267-3276.
41. Gehring, W.J., Goss, B., Coles, M.G.H., Meyer, D.E., and Donchin, E. (1993). A Neural System for Error-Detection and Compensation. Psychological Science 4, 385-390.
42. Gentsch A, Ullsperger P, Ullsperger M (2009) Dissociable medial frontal negativities from a common monitoring system for selfand externally caused failure of goal achievement. NeuroImage 47, 2023-2030.
43. Glahn, D.C., Laird, A.R., Ellison-Wright, I., Thelen, S.M., Robinson, J.L., Lancaster, J.L., Bullmore, E., and Fox, P.T. (2008). Meta-analysis of gray matter anomalies in schizophrenia: application of anatomic likelihood estimation and network analysis. Biol Psychiatry 64, 774-781.
44. Hester, R., Foxe, J.J., Molholm, S., Shpaner, M., and Garavan, H. (2005). Neural mechanisms involved in error processing: a comparison of errors made with and without awareness. Neuroimage 27, 602-608.
45. Hester, R., Nandam, L.S., O'connell, R.G., Wagner, J., Strudwick, M., Nathan, P.J., Mattingley, J.B., and Bellgrove, M.A. (2012). Neurochemical Enhancement of Conscious Error Awareness. J Neurosci 32, 2619-2627.
46. Hester, R., Nestor, L., and Garavan, H. (2009). Impaired error awareness and anterior cingulate cortex hypoactivity in chronic cannabis users. Neuropsychopharmacology 34, 2450-2458.
47. Hester, R., Simoes-Franklin, C., and Garavan, H. (2007). Post-error behavior in active cocaine users: poor awareness of errors in the presence of intact performance adjustments. Neuropsychopharmacology 32, 1974-1984.
48. Jakob, H., and Beckmann, H. (1986). Prenatal developmental disturbances in the limbic allocortex in schizophrenics. J Neural Transm 65, 303-326.
49. Jehkonen, M., Laihosalo, M., and Kettunen, J. (2006). Anosognosia after stroke: assessment, occurrence, subtypes and impact on functional outcome reviewed. Acta Neurol Scand 114, 293-306.
50. Jocham, G., Lauber, A.C., Muller, C.P., Huston, J.P., and De Souza Silva, M.A. (2007). Neurokinin 3 receptor activation potentiates the psychomotor and nucleus accumbens dopamine response to cocaine, but not its place conditioning effects. Eur J Neurosci 25, 2457-2472.
51. Jocham, G., and Ullsperger, M. (2009). Neuropharmacology of performance monitoring. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33, 48-60.
52. Karnath, H.O., and Baier, B. (2010). Right insula for our sense of limb ownership and self-awareness of actions. Brain Struct Funct 214, 411-417.
53. Karnath, H.O., Baier, B., and Nagele, T. (2005). Awareness of the functioning of one's own limbs mediated by the insular cortex? J Neurosci 25, 7134-7138.
54. Kasai, K., Shenton, M.E., Salisbury, D.F., Onitsuka, T., Toner, S.K., Yurgelun-Todd, D., Kikinis, R., Jolesz, F.A., and Mccarley, R.W. (2003). Differences and similarities in insular and temporal pole MRI gray matter volume abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia and affective psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60, 1069-1077.
55. Kaufman, J.N., Ross, T.J., Stein, E.A., and Garavan, H. (2003). Cingulate hypoactivity in cocaine users during a GO-NOGO task as revealed by eventrelated functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci 23, 7839-7843.
56. Kelly, C., Toro, R., Di Martino, A., Cox, C.L., Bellec, P., Castellanos, F.X., and Milham, M.P. (2012). A convergent functional architecture of the insula emerges across imaging modalities. Neuroimage 61, 1129-1142.
57. Kenny, P.J. (2011). Tobacco dependence, the insular cortex and the hypocretin connection. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 97, 700-707.
58. Kim, J.J., Youn, T., Lee, J.M., Kim, I.Y., Kim, S.I., and Kwon, J.S. (2003). Morphometric abnormality of the insula in schizophrenia: a comparison with obsessive-compulsive disorder and normal control using MRI. Schizophr Res 60, 191-198.
59. Klein, T.A., Endrass, T., Kathmann, N., Neumann, J., Von Cramon, D.Y., and Ullsperger, M. (2007a). Neural correlates of error awareness. NeuroImage 34, 1774-1781.
60. Klein, T.A., Neumann, J., Reuter, M., Hennig, J., Von Cramon, D.Y., and Ullsperger, M. (2007b). Genetically determined differences in learning from errors. Science 318, 1642-1645.
61. Kuhar, M.J., Ritz, M.C., and Boja, J.W. (1991). The dopamine hypothesis of the reinforcing properties of cocaine. Trends Neurosci 14, 299-302.
62. Kurth, F., Zilles, K., Fox, P.T., Laird, A.R., and Eickhoff, S.B. (2010). A link between the systems: functional differentiation and integration within the human insula revealed by meta-analysis. Brain Struct Funct 214, 519-534.
63. Logan, G.D., and Crump, M.J. (2010). Cognitive illusions of authorship reveal hierarchical error detection in skilled typists. Science 330, 683-686.
64. Maier, M., Steinhauser, M., and Hubner, R. (2008). Is the error-related negativity amplitude related to error detectability? Evidence from effects of different error types. J Cogn Neurosci 20, 2263-2273.
65. Mathalon, D.H., Fedor, M., Faustman, W.O., Gray, M., Askari, N., and Ford, J.M. (2002). Response-monitoring dysfunction in schizophrenia: an event-related brain potential study. J Abnorm Psychol 111, 22-41.
66. Menon, V., and Uddin, L.Q. (2010). Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function. Brain Struct Funct 214, 655-667.
67. Mesulam, M.M., and Mufson, E.J. (1982a). Insula of the old world monkey. I. Architectonics in the insulo-orbito-temporal component of the paralimbic brain. J Comp Neurol 212, 1-22.
68. Mesulam, M.M., and Mufson, E.J. (1982b). Insula of the old world monkey. III: Efferent cortical output and comments on function. J Comp Neurol 212, 38-52.
69. Modirrousta, M., and Fellows, L.K. (2008). Dorsal medial prefrontal cortex plays a necessary role in rapid error prediction in humans. J Neurosci 28, 14000-14005.
70. Morecraft, R.J., Stilwell-Morecraft, K.S., Cipolloni, P.B., Ge, J., Mcneal, D.W., and Pandya, D.N. (2012). Cytoarchitecture and cortical connections of the anterior cingulate and adjacent somatomotor fields in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res Bull.
71. Mufson, E.J., and Mesulam, M.M. (1982). Insula of the old world monkey. II: Afferent cortical input and comments on the claustrum. J Comp Neurol 212, 23-37.
72. Murphy, P.R., Robertson, I.H., Allen, D., Hester, R., and O'connell, R.G. (2012). An electrophysiological signal that precisely tracks the emergence of error awareness. Front Hum Neurosci 6, 65.
73. Mutschler, I., Wieckhorst, B., Kowalevski, S., Derix, J., Wentlandt, J., Schulze-Bonhage, A., and Ball, T. (2009). Functional organization of the human anterior insular cortex. Neurosci Lett 457, 66-70.
74. Nieuwenhuis, S., Aston-Jones, G., and Cohen, J.D. (2005). Decision making, the P3, and the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system. Psychol Bull 131, 510-532.
75. Nieuwenhuis, S., Ridderinkhof, K.R., Blom, J., Band, G.P., and Kok, A. (2001). Errorrelated brain potentials are differentially related to awareness of response errors: evidence from an antisaccade task. Psychophysiology 38, 752-760.
76. Notebaert, W., Houtman, F., Opstal, F.V., Gevers, W., Fias, W., and Verguts, T. (2009). Post-error slowing: an orienting account. Cognition 111, 275-279.
77. O'Connell, R.G., Bellgrove, M.A., Dockree, P.M., Lau, A., Hester, R., Garavan, H., Fitzgerald, M., Foxe, J.J., and Robertson, I.H. (2009). The neural correlates of deficient error awareness in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuropsychologia 47, 1149-1159.
78. O'Connell, R.G., Dockree, P.M., Bellgrove, M.A., Kelly, S.P., Hester, R., Garavan, H., Robertson, I.H., and Foxe, J.J. (2007). The role of cingulate cortex in the detection of errors with and without awareness: a high-density electrical mapping study. Eur J Neurosci 25, 2571-2579.
79. O'Keeffe, F.M., Dockree, P.M., and Robertson, I.H. (2004). Poor insight in traumatic brain injury mediated by impaired error processing? Evidence from electrodermal activity. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 22, 101-112.
80. Oppenheimer, S.M., Gelb, A., Girvin, J.P., and Hachinski, V.C. (1992). Cardiovascular effects of human insular cortex stimulation. Neurology 42, 1727-1732.
81. Orr, C., and Hester, R. (2012). Error-related anterior cingulate cortex activity and the prediction of conscious error awareness. Front Hum Neurosci 6, 177.
82. Palaniyappan, L., Mallikarjun, P., Joseph, V., and Liddle, P.F. (2011). Appreciating symptoms and deficits in schizophrenia: right posterior insula and poor insight. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35, 523-527.
83. Paulus, M.P., Tapert, S.F., and Schulteis, G. (2009). The role of interoception and alliesthesia in addiction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 94, 1-7.
84. Peterburs, J., Pergola, G., Koch, B., Schwarz, M., Hoffmann, K.P., Daum, I., and Bellebaum, C. (2011). Altered error processing following vascular thalamic damage: evidence from an antisaccade task. PLoS One 6, e21517
85. Pia, L., and Tamietto, M. (2006). Unawareness in schizophrenia: neuropsychological and neuroanatomical findings. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 60, 531-537.
86. Prevost, C., Pessiglione, M., Metereau, E., Clery-Melin, M.L., Dreher, J.C. (2010). Separate valuation subsystems for delay and effort decision costs. J Neurosci 30, 14080-14090.
87. Prigatano, G.P. (2009). Anosognosia: clinical and ethical considerations. Curr Opin Neurol 22, 606-611.
88. Prigatano, G.P. (2010). Historical Observations Relevant to the Study of Anosognosia, in The study of Anosognosia, ed. G.P. Prigatano. (New York: Oxford University Press).
89. Prigatano, G.P., and Shacter, D.L. (1991). Awareness of deficit after brain injury: Clinical and theoretical issues. New York: Oxford University Press.
90. Rabbitt, P.M. (1968). Three kinds of error-signalling responses in a serial choice task. Q J Exp Psychol 20, 179-188.
91. Reason, J. (1990). Human error. Cambridge: Cambidge University Press.
92. Ridderinkhof, K.R., De Vlugt, Y., Bramlage, A., Spaan, M., Elton, M., Snel, J., and Band, G.P. (2002). Alcohol consumption impairs detection of performance errors in mediofrontal cortex. Science 298, 2209-2211.
93. Santos, M., Uppal, N., Butti, C., Wicinski, B., Schmeidler, J., Giannakopoulos, P., Heinsen, H., Schmitz, C., Hof, P.R. (2011) von Economo neurons in autism: A stereologic study of the frontoinsular cortex in children. Brain Research 1380, 206-217.
94. Schachar, R.J., Chen, S., Logan, G.D., Ornstein, T.J., Crosbie, J., Ickowicz, A., and Pakulak, A. (2004). Evidence for an error monitoring deficit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 32, 285-293.
95. Scheffers, M.K., and Coles, M.G. (2000). Performance monitoring in a confusing world: error-related brain activity, judgments of response accuracy, and types of errors. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 26, 141-151.
96. Scheffers, M.K., Humphrey, D.G., Stanny, R.R., Kramer, A.F., and Coles, M.G. (1999). Error-related processing during a period of extended wakefulness. Psychophysiology 36, 149-157.
97. Seeley, W.W., Merkle, F.T., Gaus, S.E., Craig, A.D., Allman, J.M., Hof, P.R., and Economo, C.V. (2012). Distinctive neurons of the anterior cingulate and frontoinsular cortex: a historical perspective. Cereb Cortex 22, 245-250.
98. Seifert, S., Von Cramon, D.Y., Imperati, D., Tittgemeyer, M., and Ullsperger, M. (2011). Thalamocingulate interactions in performance monitoring. J Neurosci 31, 3375-3383.
99. Seth, A.K., Suzuki, K., and Critchley, H.D. (2011). An interoceptive predictive coding model of conscious presence. Front Psychol 2, 395.
100. Shalgi, S., and Deouell, L.Y. (2012). Is any awareness necessary for an Ne? Front Hum Neurosci 6, 124.
101. Shalgi, S., O'connell, R.G., Deouell, L.Y., and Robertson, I.H. (2007). Absent minded but accurate: delaying responses increases accuracy but decreases error awareness. Exp Brain Res 182, 119-124.
102. Simmons, W.K., Avery, J.A., Barcalow, J.C., Bodurka, J., Drevets, W.C., and Bellgowan, P. (2012). Keeping the body in mind: Insula functional organization and functional connectivity integrate interoceptive, exteroceptive, and emotional awareness. Hum Brain Mapp.
103. Sokhadze, E., Baruth, J., El-Baz, A., Horrell, T., Sokhadze, G., Carroll, T., Tasman, A., Sears, L., and Casanova, M.F. (2010). Impaired Error Monitoring and Correction Function in Autism. J Neurother 14, 79-95.
104. Spinazzola, L., Pia, L., Folegatti, A., Marchetti, C., and Berti, A. (2008). Modular structure of awareness for sensorimotor disorders: evidence from anosognosia for hemiplegia and anosognosia for hemianaesthesia. Neuropsychologia 46, 915-926.
105. Sridharan, D., Levitin, D.J., and Menon, V. (2008). A critical role for the right frontoinsular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105, 12569-12574.
106. Steinhauser, M., and Yeung, N. (2010). Decision processes in human performance monitoring. J Neurosci 30, 15643-15653.
107. Swick, D., and Turken, A.U. (2004). Focusing on the anterior cingulate cortex: Effects of focal lesions on cognitive performance, in Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention, ed. M.I. Posner. (New York: Guilford Press), 393-406.
108. Ullsperger, M. (2006). Performance monitoring in neurological and psychiatric patients. Int J Psychophysiol 59, 59-69.
109. Ullsperger, M., Harsay, H.A., Wessel, J.R., and Ridderinkhof, K.R. (2010). Conscious perception of errors and its relation to the anterior insula. Brain Struct Funct 214, 629-643.
110. Ullsperger, M., and Von Cramon, D.Y. (2006). How does error correction differ from error signaling? An event-related potential study. Brain Res 1105, 102-109.
111. Vlamings, P.H., Jonkman, L.M., Hoeksma, M.R., Van Engeland, H., and Kemner, C. (2008). Reduced error monitoring in children with autism spectrum disorder: an ERP study. Eur J Neurosci 28, 399-406.
112. Vocat, R., Staub, F., Stroppini, T., and Vuilleumier, P. (2010). Anosognosia for hemiplegia: a clinical-anatomical prospective study. Brain 133, 3578-3597.
113. Vocat, R., and Vuilleumier, P. (2010). Neuroanatomy of impaired body awareness in anosognosia and hysteria: a multicomponent account, in The study of anosognosia, ed. G.P. Prigatano. (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
114. Vogt, B.A. (2005). Pain and emotion interactions in subregions of the cingulate gyrus. Nat Rev Neurosci 6, 533-544.
115. Volkow, N.D., Fowler, J.S., Wolf, A.P., Schlyer, D., Shiue, C.Y., Alpert, R., Dewey, S.L., Logan, J., Bendriem, B., Christman, D., and Et Al. (1990). Effects of chronic cocaine abuse on postsynaptic dopamine receptors. Am J Psychiatry 147, 719-724.
116. Von Economo, C. (1926). Eine neue Art Spezialzellen des Lobus cinguli und Lobus insulae. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 100, 706-712.
117. Von Economo, C., and Koskinas, G.N. (1925). Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen. Wien: Springer.
118. Vuilleumier, P. (2004). Anosognosia: the neurology of beliefs and uncertainties. Cortex 40, 9-17.
119. Wessel, J.R. (2012). Error awareness and the error-related negativity: evaluating the first decade of evidence. Front Hum Neurosci 6, 88.
120. Wessel, J.R., Danielmeier, C., Morton, J.B., and Ullsperger, M. (2012). Surprise and error: common neuronal architecture for the processing of errors and novelty. J Neurosci 32, 7528-7537.
121. Wessel, J.R., Danielmeier, C., and Ullsperger, M. (2011). Error awareness revisited: accumulation of multimodal evidence from central and autonomic nervous systems. J Cogn Neurosci 23, 3021-3036.
122. Wiersema, J.R., Van Der Meere, J.J., and Roeyers, H. (2005). ERP correlates of impaired error monitoring in children with ADHD. J Neural Transm 112, 1417-1430.
123. Wiersema, J.R., Van Der Meere, J.J., and Roeyers, H. (2009). ERP correlates of error monitoring in adult ADHD. J Neural Transm 116, 371-379.
124. Williamson, P.C., Allman, J.M. (2012). A framework for interpreting functional networks in schizophrenia. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 6, 1-14.
125. Willmott, C., and Ponsford, J. (2009). Efficacy of methylphenidate in the rehabilitation of attention following traumatic brain injury: a randomised, crossover, double blind, placebo controlled inpatient trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 80, 552-557.
126. Wylie, K.P., and Tregellas, J.R. (2010). The role of the insula in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 123, 93-104.
127. Yeung, N., Cohen, J.D., and Botvinick, M.M. (2004). The neural basis of error detection: conflict monitoring and the error-related negativity. Psychol Rev 111, 931-959.
128. Zhang, J.S., Wang, Y., Cai, R.G., and Yan, C.H. (2009). The brain regulation mechanism of error monitoring in impulsive children with ADHD--an analysis of error related potentials. Neurosci Lett 460, 11-15.
129. Zirnheld, P.J., Carroll, C.A., Kieffaber, P.D., O'Donnell, B.F., Shekhar, A., and Hetrick, W.P. (2004). Haloperidol impairs learning and error-related negativity in humans. J Cogn Neurosci 16, 1098-1112.