United states environmental protection agency insect resistance management programs for plant-incorporated protectants and use of simulation modeling

Regulation of Agricultural Biotechnology: The United States and Canada

Volumn 9789400721562, Issue , 2014, Pages 175-267

  Matten, Sharlene R ^a   Frederick, Robert J ^a   Reynolds, Alan H ^a  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bacillus thuringiensis; Bt resistance; Corn; Cotton; Cry toxins; Insect resistance management; Plant incorporated protectants; Refuge strategy; Simulation modeling

Indexed keywords

BACTERIOLOGY; CROP PROTECTION; ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS; ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY; PESTICIDES; PLANTS (BOTANY); RISK ASSESSMENT;

BACILLUS THURINGIENSI RESISTANCE; BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS; CORN; CRY TOXIN; INSECT RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT; MANAGEMENT PROJECTS; PLANT-INCORPORATED PROTECTANT; REFUGE STRATEGY; SIMULATION-MODELLING;

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY;

EID: 84933508018     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2156-2_11     Document Type: Chapter

References (317)

1. Abel CA, Adamczyk JJ Jr (2004) Relative concentration of Cry1a in maize leaves and cotton bolls with diverse chlorophyll content and corresponding larval development of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and southwestern corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on maize whorl leaf pro fi les. J Econ Entomol 97(5):1737-1744
2. Abney MR, Sorenson CE, Bradley JJR (2004) Alternate crop hosts as resistance management refuges for tobacco budworm in NC. In: Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, Texas. National Cotton Council, pp 1413-1416
3. Adamczyk JJ Jr, Gore J (2004) Development of bollworms, Helicoverpa zea, on two commercial Bollgard ® cultivars that differ in overall Cry1Ac levels. J Insect Sci 4:32-36
4. Adamczyk JJ Jr, Meredith WR Jr (2004) Genetic basis for variability of cry1ac expression among commercial transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton cultivars in the united states. J Cotton Sci 8:17-23
5. Adamczyk JJ Jr, Sumerford DV (2001) Potential factors impacting season-long expression of Cry1Ac in 13 commercial varieties of Bollgard ® cotton. J Insect Sci 1:13-18
6. Adamczyk JJ Jr, Hardee DE, Adams LC et al (2001) Correlating differences in larval survival and development of bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to differential expression of Cry1A(c) d-endotoxin in various plant parts among commercial cultivars of transgenic cotton. J Econ Entomol 94(1):284-290
7. Agi AL, Mahaffey JS, Bradley JR Jr et al (2001) Ef fi cacy of seed mixes of transgenic bt and nontransgenic cotton against bollworm, helicoverpa zea boddie. J Cotton Sci 5:74-80
8. Akhurst RJ, James W, Bird LJ, Beard C (2003) Resistance to the Cry1Ac d-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis in the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol 96(4):1290-1299
9. Ali MI, Luttrell RG (2007) Susceptibility of bollworm and tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Cry2Ab2 insecticidal protein. J Econ Entomol 100(3):921-931
10. Ali MI, Luttrell RG, Young SY III (2006) Susceptibilities of Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations to Cry1Ac insecticidal protein. J Econ Entomol 99(1):164-175
11. Alphey N, Bonsall MB, Alphey L (2009) Combining pest control and resistance management: synergy of engineered insects with Bt crops. J Econ Entomol 102(2):717-732
12. Alstad DN, Andow DA (1995) Managing the evolution of insect resistance to transgenic plants. Science 268(5219):1894-1896
13. Andersen JA, Matten SR (2002) Monitoring case study: insect resistance management in Bt crops (Bt Crop IRM) In: Roseland CR (ed) LMOs and the environment. Proceedings of an international conference held 27-30 November 2001, Raleigh-Durham, NC. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris. http://www. oecd. org/dataoecd/40/56/31526579. pdf. Accessed 10 Nov 2011
14. Andow D (2002) Resisting resistance to Bt-corn. In: Letourneau DK, Burrows BE (eds) Genetically engineered organisms: Assessing environmental and human health effects. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 99-124
15. Andow DA, Alstad DN (1998) F2 screen for rare resistance alleles. J Econ Entomol 91:572-578
16. Andow DA, Alstad DN, Pang YH, et al (1998) Using an F2 Screen to Search for Resistance Alleles to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin in European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) J Econ Entomol 91(3):579-584
17. Andow DA, Hutchison WD (1998) Bt corn resistance management. In: Mellon M, Rissler J (eds) Now or never: serious new plans to save a natural pest control. Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA, pp 18-64
18. Andow D, Ives AR (2002) Monitoring and adaptive resistance management. Ecol Appl 12(5):1378-1390
19. Andow DA, Olson DM, Hellmich RL et al (2000) Frequency of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab in an Iowa population of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J Econ Entomol 93:26-30
20. Anilkumar KJ, Pusztai M, Moar WJ (2008a) Fitness costs associated with Cry1Ac-resistant Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): A factor countering selection for resistance to Bt cotton? J Econ Entomol 101(4):1421-1431
21. Anilkumar KJ, Rodrigo-Simon A, Ferré J et al (2008b) Production and characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac-resistant cotton bollworm Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). Appl Environ Microbiol 74(2):462-469
22. Bates SL, Zhao JZ, Roush RT et al (2005) Insect resistance management in GM crops: past, present and future. Nat Biotechnol 23(1):57-62
23. Berwald D, Matten S, Widawsky D (2006) Economic analysis and regulating pesticide biotechnology at the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. In: Just RE, Alston J, Zilberman D (eds) Regulating agricultural biotechnology: economics and policy. Springer, New York, pp 21-35
24. Bird LJ, Akhurst RJ (2004) Relative fi tness of cry1a-resistant and-susceptible Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on conventional and transgenic cotton. J Econ Entomol 97(5):1699-1709
25. Bird LJ, Akhurst RJ (2005) Fitness of Cry1A-resistant and-susceptible Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on transgenic cotton with reduced levels of Cry1Ac. J Econ Entomol 98(4):1311-1319
26. Blanco CA, Andow DA, Abel CA et al (2009) Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac resistance frequency in tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol 102(1):381-387
27. Bolin PC, Hutchison WD, Andow DA (1999) Long-term selection for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac Endotoxin in a Minnesota population of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J Econ Entomol 92(5):1021-1030
28. Bourguet D, Genissel A, Raymond M (2000) Insecticide resistance and dominance levels. J Econ Entomol 93(6):1588-1595
29. Bourguet D, Chaufaux J, Séguin M et al (2003) Frequency of alleles conferring resistance to Bt maize in French and US corn belt populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. Theor Appl Genet 106(7):1225-1233
30. Bravo A, Gomez I, Conde J et al (2004) Oligomerization triggers binding of a Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab pore-forming toxin to aminopeptidase N receptor leading to insertion into membrane microdomains. Biochim Biophys Acta 1667:38-46
31. Bravo A, Gill SS, Mario Soberón M (2007) Mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry and Cyt toxins and their potential for insect control. Toxicon 49(4):423-435
32. Bravo A, Likitvivatanavong S, Gill SS, et al (2011) Bacillus thuringiensis: A story of a successful bioinsecticide. Insect Biochem Molec Biol 41(7):423-431
33. Brookes G, Barfoot P (2008) Global Impact of Biotech Crops: Socio-economic and environmental effects in the first ten years of commercial use. AgBioForum 9(3):139-151
34. Burd AD, Gould F, Bradley JR et al (2003) Estimated frequency of nonrecessive Bt resistance genes in bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in eastern North Carolina. J Econ Entomol 96(1):137-142
35. Caccia S, Hernández-Rodríguez CS, Mahon RJ et al (2010) Binding site alteration is responsible for field-isolated resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2a insecticidal proteins in two Helicoverpa species. PLoS One 5(4):e9975. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0009975
36. Candas M, Loseva O, Oppert B, et al (2003) Insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis, alterations in the Indianmeal moth larval gut proteome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2:19-28
37. Caprio MA (1998a) Evaluating resistance management strategies for multiple toxins in the presence of external refuges. J Econ Entomol 91(5):1021-1031
38. Caprio MA (1998b) Insecticide resistance simulation model. http://www. msstate. edu/entomology/Pgjava/ILSImodel. html
39. Caprio M (2001) Source-sink dynamics between transgenic and non-transgenic habitats and their role in the evolution of resistance. J Econ Entomol 94(3):698-705
40. Caprio MA, Faver MK, Hankins G (2004) Evaluating the impacts of refuge width on source-sink dynamics between transgenic and non-transgenic cotton. J Insect Sci 4:3. Available online http://www. insectscience. org/4. 3
41. Caprio MA, Storer NP, Sisterson MS et al (2008) Assessing the risk of the evolution of resistance to pesticides using spatially complex simulations models, Chapter 4. In: Whalon ME, Mota-Sanchez D, Hollingworth RM (eds) Global pesticide resistance in athropods. CABI International, Oxfordshire
42. Carpenter J, Felsot A, Goode T et al (2002) Comparative environmental impacts of biotechnologyderived and traditional soybean, corn, and cotton crops. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa. www. cast-science. org.
43. Carrière Y, Tabashnik BE (2001) Reversing insect adaptation to transgenic insecticidal plants. Proc Biol Sci 268(1475):1475-1480
44. Carrière Y, Dennehy TJ, Pedersen B et al (2001a) Large-scale management of insect resistance to transgenic cotton in Arizona: can transgenic insecticidal crops be sustained? J Econ Entomol 94(2):310-325
45. Carrière Y, Ellers-Kirk C, Liu Y et al (2001b) Fitness costs and maternal effects associated with resistance to transgenic cotton in the pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J Econ Entomol 94(6):1571-1576
46. Carrière Y, Ellers-Kirk C, Patin A et al (2001c) Overwintering cost associated with resistance to transgenic cotton in the pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J Econ Entomol 94(4):935-941
47. Carrière Y, Ellers-Kirk C, Pedersen B et al (2001d) Predicting spring moth emergence in the pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): implications for managing resistance to transgenic cotton. J Econ Entomol 94(5):1012-1021
48. Carrière Y, Ellers-Kirk C, Sisterson M et al (2003) Long-term regional suppression of pink bollworm by Bacillus thuringiensis cotton. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(4):1519-1523
49. Carrière Y, Ellers-Kirk C, Biggs R et al (2004a) Effects of gossypol on fi tness costs associated with resistance to Bt cotton in pink bollworm. J Econ Entomol 97(5):1710-1718
50. Carrière Y, Sisterson M, Tabashnik BE (2004b) Resistance management for sustainable use of Bacillus thuringiensis crops in integrated pest management. In: Horowitz AR, Ishaaya I (eds) Insect pest management. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 65-95
51. Carrière Y, Ellers-Kirk C, Biggs R et al (2005) Effects of cotton cultivar on fi tness costs associated with resistance of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) to Bt cotton. J Econ Entomol 98(3):947-954
52. Carrière Y, Ellers-Kirk C, Biggs R et al (2006) Cadherin-based resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis cotton in hybrid strains of pink bollworm: fi tness costs and incomplete resistance. J Econ Entomol 99(6):1925-1935
53. Cattaneo MG, Yafuso C, Schmidt C et al (2006) Farm-scale evaluation of the impacts of transgenic cotton on biodiversity, pesticide use and yield. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(20):7571-7576
54. Cerda H, Wright DJ (2004) Modeling the spatial and temporal location of refugia to manage resistance in Bt transgenic crops. Agric Ecosyst Environ 102(2):163-174
55. Chandrashekar K, Kumari A, Kalia V et al (2005) Baseline susceptibility of the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hüber) to Bacillus thuringiensis Berl var. kurstaki and its endotoxins in India. Curr Sci 88(1):167-175
56. Clark TL, Hibbard BE (2004) Comparison of non-maize hosts to support western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larval biology. Environ Entomol 33(3):681-689
57. Comins HN (1977) The development of insecticide resistance in the presence of migration. J Theor Biol 64:177-197
58. Council of Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) (2004) Management of pest resistance: strategies using crop management, biotechnology, and pesticides. Special Publications-SP24-June 2004
59. Crowder DW, Onstad DW (2005) Using generational time-step model to simulate dynamics of adaptation to transgenic corn and crop rotation by Western corn rootworm (Coleoptra: Chrysomelidae). J Econ Entomol 95(2):518-533
60. Crowder DW, Onstad DW, Gray ME et al (2005) Economic analysis of dynamic management strategies utilizing. Transgenic corn for control of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J Econ Entomol 98(3):961-975
61. Cullen E, DiFonzo C (2011) Handy BT trait table. Michigan State University and University of Wisconsin Extension Services. CDD #028. Updated Oct 2011. http://www. entomology. wisc. edu/cullenlab/extension/xtras/PDFs/Handy-Bt-Trait-Table. pdf. Accessed 24 Oct 2011
62. Dalecky A, Ponsard S, Bailey RI et al (2006) Resistance evolution to Bt crops: predispersal mating of European corn borers. PLoS Biol 4(6):e181. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 0040181
63. Davis PM, Onstad DW (2000) Seed mixtures as a resistance management strategy for European corn borers (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) infesting transgenic corn expressing Cry1Ab protein. J Econ Entomol 93(3):937-948
64. Dennehy TJ, Unnithan GC, Brink SA et al (2004) Update on pink bollworm resistance to Bt cotton in the Southwest (University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, Tucson), Publ. No. P-138; http:-cals. arizona. edu
65. Dennehy TJ, Head GP, Moar W, Greenplate J et al (2010) Status of PBW resistance to Bollgard cotton in India. Abstracts from the 58th ESA meeting 2010, 12-15 Dec 2010
66. Denolf P, Jansens S, Peferoen, M et al (1993) Two different Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin receptors in the midgut brush border membrane of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J Appl Environ Microbiol 59(6):1828-1837
67. DeRozari MB, Showers WB, Shaw RH (1977) Environment and the sexual activity of the European corn borer. Environ Entomol 6:657-665
68. Dhurua S, Gujar GT (2011) Field-evolved resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), from India. Pest Manag Sci 67:898-903. doi: 10. 1002/ps. 2127
69. Dong HA, Li WJ (2007) Variability of endotoxin expression in Bt transgenic cotton. J Agron Crop Sci 193:21-29
70. Downes S, Mahon R, Olsen K (2007) Monitoring and adaptive resistance management in Australia for Bt-cotton: current status and future challenges. J Invert Pathol 95(3):208-213
71. Downes S, Parker TL, Mahon RJ (2009) Frequency of alleles conferring resistance to the Bacillus thuringiensis toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab in Australian populations of Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from 2002 to 2006. J Econ Entomol 102(2):733-742
72. Dutton A, D'Alessandro M, Romeis J et al (2004) Assessing expression of Bt-toxin (Cry1Ab) in transgenic maize under different environmental conditions. Bull OILB/SROP 27(3):49-55
73. ERS (Economic Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture) (2010) Adoption of genetically engineered crops in the U. S.: extent of adoption. Available at: http://ers. usda. gov/data/biotechcrops/adoption. htm
74. Fernandez-Cornejo J, Caswell ME (2006) The first decade of genetically engineered crops in the United States. USDA-ERS Economic Information Bulletin 11, April 2006 Available at SSRN: http://ssrn. com/abstract=899582
75. Ferré J, Van Rie J (2002) Biochemistry and genetics of insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis. Annu Rev Entomol 47:501-533
76. Ferré J, Van Rie J, MacIntosh SC (2008) Insecticidal genetically modi fied crops and insect resistance management (IRM). In: Romeis J, Shelton AM, Kennedy GG (eds) Integration of insect resistant genetically modi fied crops within IPM programs. Springer, New York, pp 41-85
77. Frisvold GB (2006) Bt resistance management: the economics of refuges. In: Just RE, Alston JM, Zilberman D (eds) Regulating agricultural biotechnology: economics and policy. Springer, New York, pp 535-557
78. Frisvold G, Tronstad R (2002) Economic effects of Bt cotton adoption and the impact of government programs. In: Kalaitsandonakes N (ed) Economic and environmental impacts of agbiotech: A global perspective. Kluwer-Plenum Academic, New York
79. Frutos R, Rang C, Royer M (1999) Managing insect resistance to plants producing Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. Crit Rev Biotechnol 19(3):227-276
80. Gahan LJ, Gould F, Heckel DG (2001) Identification of a gene associated with Bt resistance in Heliothis virescens. Science 293(5531):857-859
81. Gahan LJ, Ma YT, Cobble MLM et al (2005) Genetic basis of resistance to Cry 1Ac and Cry 2Aa in Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol 98:1357-1368
82. Gahan LJ, Gould F, Lopez JD Jr et al (2007) A polymerase chain reaction screen of field populations of Heliothis virescens for a retrotransposon insertion conferring resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin. J Econ Entomol 100(1):187-194
83. Gassmann AJ, Carrière Y, Tabashnik BE (2009) Fitness costs of insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis. Annu Rev Entomol 54:147-163
84. Gassmann AJ, Petzold-Maxwell JL, Keweshan RS, Dunbar MW (2011) Field-evolved resistance to Bt maize by Western corn rootworm. PLoS One 6(7):e22629. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0022629
85. Georghiou GP, Taylor CE (1977) Genetic and biological in fl uences in the evolution of insecticide resistance. J Econ Entomol 70(3):319-323
86. Glaser JA, Matten SR (2003) Sustainability of insect resistance management strategies for transgenic Bt corn. Biotechnol Adv 22(1-2):45-69
87. Glaum PR, Ives AR, Andow DA (2012) Contamination and management of resistance evolution to high-dose transgenic insecticidal crops. Theor Ecol 5:195-209
88. Goldberger J, Merrill J, Hurley T (2005) Bt corn farmer compliance with insect resistance management requirements in Minnesota and Wisconsin. AgBioForum 8(2&3):151-160
89. Gore J, Leonard BB, Adamczyk JJ (2001) Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) survival on 'Bollgard' and 'Bollgard II' cotton fl ower bud and fl ower components. J Econ Entomol 94(6):1445-1451
90. Gore J, Leonard BR, Church GE et al (2002) Behavior of bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae on genetically engineered cotton. J Econ Entomol 95(4):763-769
91. Gould F (1998) Sustainability of transgenic insecticidal cultivars: integrating pest genetics and ecology. Annu Rev Entomol 43:701-726
92. Gould F, Tabashnik B (1998) Bt-cotton resistance management. In: Mellon M, Rissler J (eds) Now or never: serious new plans to save a natural pest control. Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA, pp 67-105
93. Gould F, Martinez-Ramirez A, Anderson A et al (1992) Broad-spectrum resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in Heliothis virescens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:7986-7990
94. Gould F, Anderson A, Reynolds A et al (1995) Selection and genetic analysis of a Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) strain with high levels of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. J Econ Entomol 88:1545-1559
95. Gould F, Anderson A, Jones A et al (1997) Initial frequency of alleles for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in field populations of Heliothis virescens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:3519-3523
96. Gould F, Blair N, Reid M et al (2002) Bacillus thuringiensis-toxin resistance management: Stable isotope assessment of alternate host use by Helicoverpa zea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(26):16581-16586
97. Gould F, Cohen MB, Bentur JS et al (2006) Impact of small fi tness costs on pest adaptation to crop varieties with multiple toxins: A heuristic model. J Econ Entomol 99(6):2091-2099
98. Greenplate JT (1999) Quanti fi cation of Bacillus thuringiensis insect control protein cry1ac over time in bollgard cotton fruit and terminals. J Econ Entomol 92(6):1377-1383
99. Greenplate JT (2004) Report on studies to assess supplemental pyrethroid spray effects on Helicoverpa zea populations in Bollgard® cotton. Monsanto Company, Report number MSL-19252, MRID 46222402. St. Louis, Missouri
100. Greenplate JT, Mullins JW, Penn SR et al (2003) Partial characterization of cotton plants expressing two toxin proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis: relative toxin contribution, toxin interaction, and resistance management. J Appl Entomol 127(6):340-347
101. Grefenstette B, Osama El-Lissy O, Staten RT (2008) Pink bollworm eradication plan in the U. S. http://www. aphis. usda. gov/plant-health/plant-pest-info/cotton-pests/downloads/pbwerad-plan2-08. pdf. Updated Feb 2008
102. Gressel J (2005) Problems in qualifying and quantifying assumptions in plant protection models: resultant simulations can be mistaken by a factor of a million. Crop Prot 24(11):1007-1015
103. Grif fi tts JS, Aroian RV (2005) Many roads to resistance: how invertebrates adapt to Bt toxins. Bioessays 27(6):614-624
104. Grif fi tts JS, Whitacre JL, Stevens DE, Aroian RV (2001) Bt toxin resistance from loss of a putative carbohydrate-modifying enzyme. Science 293:860-864
105. Groeters FR, Tabashnik BE, Finson N et al (1994) Fitness costs of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). Evolution 48(1):197-201
106. Gujar GT, Mittal A, Kumari A et al (2004) Host crop in fl uence on the susceptibility of the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, to Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki HD-73. Entomol Exp Appl 113(3):165-172
107. Gujar GT, Kalia V, Kumari A et al (2007) Helicoverpa armigera baseline susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins and resistance management for Bt cotton in India. J Inverte Pathol 95:214-219
108. Gunning RV, Dang HT, Kemp FC et al (2005) New resistance mechanism in Helicoverpa armigera threatens transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin. Appl Environ Microbiol 71(5):2558-2563
109. Guse CA, Onstad DW, Buschman LL et al (2002) Modeling the development of resistance by stalk-boring Lepidoptera (Crambidae) in areas with irrigated transgenic corn. Environ Entomol 31(4):676-685
110. Gustafson DI, Head GP, Caprio MA (2006) Modeling the impact of alternative hosts on Helicoverpa zea adaptation to bollgard cotton. J Econ Entomol 99(6):2116-2124
111. Gutierrez AP, Ponsard S (2006) Physiologically based demographics of Bt cotton-pest interactions I. Pink bollworm resistance, refuge and risk. Ecol Model 191(3-4):346-359
112. Gutierrez AP, Adamczyk JJ, Ponsard S et al (2006) Physiologically based demographics of Bt cotton-pest interactions II. Temporal refuges, natural enemy interactions. Ecol Model 191(3-4):360-382
113. Hardee DD, Van Duyn JW, Layton MB, Bagwell RD (2001) Bt cotton and management of tobacco budworm and bollworm complex. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, ARS-154. 37pp
114. Hawkins LS (1986) The role of regulatory agencies in dealing with pesticide resistance. In: Pesticide resistance: strategies and tactics for management. United States National Research Council's (NRC) Committee on Strategies for the Management of Pesticide Resistant Pest Populations. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp 393-403
115. He K, Wang A, Bai S et al (2006) Ef fi cacy of transgenic Bt cotton for resistance to the Asian corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambiae). Crop Prot 25:167-173
116. Head G, Jackson RE, Adamczyk J et al (2010) Spatial and temporal variability in host use by Helicoverpa zea as measured by analyses of stable carbon isotope ratios and gossypol residues. J Appl Ecology 47(3):583-592
117. Heckel DG, Gahan LJ, Gould F et al (1997) Genetics of Heliothis and Helicoverpa resistance to chemical insecticides and to Bacillus thuringiensis. Pestic Sci 51:251-258
118. Heckel DG, Gahan LJ, Baxter SW et al (2007) The diversity of Bt resistance genes in species of Lepidoptera. J Invertebr Pathol 95(3):192-197
119. Heimpel GE, Neuhauser C, Andow DA (2005) Natural enemies and the evolution of resistance to transgenic insecticidal crops by pest insects: the role of egg mortality. Environ Entomol 34(3):512-526
120. Hellmich RL, Pingel R, Hansen WR (1998) In fl uencing European corn borer (Lepidoptera Crambidae) aggregation sites in small grain crops. Environ Entomol 27:253-259
121. Hernández CS, Ferré J (2005) Common receptor for Bacillus thuringiensis toxins Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, and Cry1Ja in Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa zea, and Spodoptera exigua. Appl Environ Microbiol 71(9):5627-5629
122. Heuberger S, Yafuso C, Degrandi-Hoffman G et al (2008) Outcrossed cottonseed and adventitious Bt plants in Arizona refuges. Environ Biosafety Res 7:87-96
123. Heuberger S, Crowder DW, Brévault T, Tabashnik BE, Carrière Y (2011) Modeling the effects of plant-to-plant gene fl ow, larval behavior, and refuge size on pest resistance to Bt cotton. Environ Entomol 40(2):484-495. doi: 10. 1603/EN10247
124. Hibbard BE, Duran DP, Ellersieck MR et al (2003) Post-establishment movement of western corn rootworm larvae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Central Missouri corn. J Econ Entomol 96(3):599-608
125. Hibbard BE, Higdon ML, Duran DP et al (2004) Role of egg density on establishment and plantto-plant movement by western corn rootworm larvae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J Econ Entomol 97(3):871-882
126. Hibbard BE, Vaughn TT, Oyediran IO et al (2005) Effect of Cry3Bb1expressing transgenic corn on plant-to-plant movement by western corn rootworm larvae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J Econ Entomol 98(4):1126-1138
127. Hibbard BE, Clark TL, Ellersieck MR et al (2010) Mortality of western corn rootworm larvae on MIR604 transgenic maize roots: field survivorship has no signi fi cant impact on survivorship of F1 progeny on MIR604. J Econ Entomol 103(6):2187-2196. doi: 10. 1603/EC10179
128. Hu Y, Andow DA (2011) Field observations of Ostrinia nubilalis eclosion and post-eclosion activity of females around their natal plants. Insect Sci 18(6):712-718
129. Hua G, Masson L, Jurat-Fuentes JL et al (2001) Binding analyses of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry d-Endotoxins using brush border membrane vesicles of Ostrinia nubilalis. Appl Environ Microbiol 67(2):872-879
130. Huang F, Leonard BR, Moore SH et al (2008) Allele frequency of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab corn in Lousiana populations of sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J Econ Entomol 101(2):492-498
131. Huang F, Parker R, Leonard R et al (2009) Frequency of resistance alleles to Bacillus thuringiensiscorn in Texas populations of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Crop Prot 28(2):174-180
132. Huang F, Andow DA, Buschman LL (2011) Success of the high-dose/refuge resistance management strategy after 15 years of Bt crop use in North America. Entomol Exp Appl 140:1-16. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1570-7458. 2011. 01138. x
133. Hunt TE, Higley LG, Witkowski JF et al (2001) Dispersal of adult European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) within and proximal to irrigated and non-irrigated corn. J Econ Entomol 94(6):1369-1377
134. Hurley TM (2000) Report: A bioeconomic evaluation of the gradual introduction of multiple toxin Bt Corn. prepared for Monsanto
135. Hurley TM, Babcock BA, Hellmich RL (2001) Bt corn and insect resistance: An economic assessment of refuges. J Agric Resour Econ 26(1):176-194
136. Hurley TM, Mitchell PD, Rice ME (2004) Risk and the value of Bt corn. Am J Agric Econ 86(2):345-358
137. Hutchinson WD, Burkness EC, Moon R et al (2007) Evidence of regional suppression of European corn borer populations in transgenic maize in the Midwestern USA: Analysis of long-term time series data from three states. In: Proceedings of the XVI international plant protection congress 2007, pp 512-513
138. Hutchison WD, Burkness EC, Mitchell PD et al (2010) Areawide suppression of European corn borer with Bt maize reaps savings to non-Bt maize growers. Science 330:222-225
139. ILSI (International Life Sciences Institute) (1999) An evaluation of insect resistance management in Bt field corn: A science-based framework for risk assessment and risk management. Report of an expert panel. ILSI Press, Washington, DC. Available online at http://www. ilsi. org/fi le/h5-IRM. pdf
140. Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) (2011) De fi nition of resistance. http://www. iraconline. org/about/resistance/. Accessed 18 Nov 2011
141. Ives AR, Andow DA (2002) Evolution of resistance to Bt crops: directional selection in structured environments. Ecol Lett 5:792-801
142. Ives AR, Glaum PR, Ziebarth NL et al (2010) The evolution of resistance to two-toxin pyramid transgenic crops. Ecol Appl 21(2):503-515. doi: 10. 1890/09-1869. 1
143. Jackson RE, Bradley JR Jr, van Duyn JW (2003) Field performance of transgenic cottons expressing one or two Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins against bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). J Cotton Sci 7(3):57-64
144. Jackson RE, Bradley JR Jr, Van Duyn JW et al (2004) Comparative production of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from transgenic cotton expressing either one or two Bacillus thuringiensis proteins with and without insecticide oversprays. J Econ Entomol 97(5):1719-1725
145. Jackson RE, Bradley JR, Van Duyn JW (2005) Comparative ef fi cacy of Bt technologies against bollworm in North Carolina. In: Proceedings of the Beltwide cotton conference, 4-7 January 2005, New Orleans, LA. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN, pp 1373-1378
146. Jackson RE, Gould F, Bradley JR Jr et al (2006) Genetic variation for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in eastern North Carolina. J Econ Entomol 99(5):1790-1797
147. Jackson RE, Bradley J, Van Duyn J et al (2008) Regional assessment of Helicoverpa zea populations on cotton and non-cotton crop hosts. Entomol Exp Appl 126:89-106
148. Johnson KL, Raybould AF, Hudson MD, Poppy GM (2007) How does Scientific risk assessment of GM crops fi t within the wider risk analysis?, Trends Plant Sci 12(1):1-5, ISSN 1360-1385, 10. 1016/j. tplants. 2006. 11. 004
149. Jurat-Fuentes JL, Adang MJ (2001) Importance of Cry1 d-endotoxin domain II loops for binding speci fi city in Heliothis virescens (L.). Appl Environ Microbiol 67(1):323-329
150. Jurat-Fuentes JL, Adang MJ (2006) Cry toxin mode of action in susceptible and resistant Heliothis virescens larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 92(3):166-171
151. Karihaloo JL, Kumar PA (2009) Bt cotton in India-a status report, 2nd edn. Asia-Paci fi c Consortium on Agricultural Biotechnology (APCoAB), New Delhi, India. p. 56. http://www. apcoab. org/uploads/fi les/1276753800bt-cotton2. pdf
152. Kennedy GG, Storer NP (2000) Life systems of polyphagous arthropod pests in temporally unstable cropping systems. Annu Rev Entomol 45:467-493
153. Knowles BH, Ellar DJ (1987) Colloid-osmotic lysis is a general feature of the mechanism of action of Bacillus thuringiensis-endotoxins with different insect speci fi city. Biochim Biophys Acta 924:507-518
154. Knox OGG, Gupta VVSR, Nehl DB, Stiller WN (2007) Constitutive expression of Cry proteins in roots and border cells of transgenic cotton. Euphytica 154:83-90
155. Kranthi KR, Naidu S, Dhawad CS et al (2005) Temporal and intra-plant variability of Cry1Ac expression in Bt-cotton and its in fl uence on the survival of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). Curr Sci 89(2):291-298
156. Kranthi KR, Dhawad CS, Naidu SR et al (2006) Inheritance of resistance in Indian Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) to Cry 1Ac toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis. Crop Prot 25(2):119-124
157. Kranthi S, Dhawad CS, Naidu S et al (2009) Susceptibility of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry2Ab before and after the introduction of Bollgard II. Crop Prot 28:371-375
158. Kruger M, Van Rensburg JRJ, Van Den Berg J (2011) Resistance to Bt Maize in Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Vaalharts, South Africa. Environ Entomol 40(2):477-483. doi: 10. 1603/EN09220
159. Langrock I, Hurley TM (2006) Farmer demand for corn rootworm Bt corn: do insect resistance management guidelines really matter? In: Just RE, Alston J, Zilberman D (eds) Regulating agricultural biotechnology: economics and policy. Springer, New York, pp 579-597
160. Li G-P, Wu K-M, Gould F et al (2007) Increasing tolerance to Cry1Ac cotton from cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, was con fi rmed in Bt cotton farming area of China. Ecol Entomol 32(4):366-375
161. Linacre NA, Thompson CJ (2003) Dynamics of insect resistance in Bt-corn. Ecol Model 171(3):271-278
162. Liu YB, Tabashnik BE (1997) Experimental evidence that refuges delay insect adaptation to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1C in diamondback moth. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:2218-2223
163. Liu YB, Tabashnik BE, Dennehy TJ et al (1999) Development time and resistance to Bt crops. Nature 400(6744):519
164. Liu YB, Tabashnik BE, Dennehy TJ et al (2001a) Effects of Bt cotton and Cry1Ac toxin on survival and development of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J Econ Entomol 94(5):1237-1242
165. Livingston MJ, Carlson GA, Fackler PL (2004) Managing resistance evolution in two pests to two toxins with refugia. Am J Agric Econ 86(1):1-13
166. Maçon PCRG, Young LJ, Steffey KL et al (1999) Baseline susceptibility of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. J Econ Entomol 92(2):279-285
167. Mahon RJ, Olsen KM (2009) Limited survival of a Cry2Ab-resistant strain of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctudae). J Econ Entomol 102(2):708-716
168. Mahon RJ, Olsen KM, Garsia KA, Young SR (2007a) Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry2Ab in a Strain of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia. J Econ Entomol 100(3):894-902
169. Mahon RJ, Olsen KM, Downes S, Addison S (2007b) Frequency of alleles conferring resistance to the Bt Toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab in Australian populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol 100(6):1844-1853
170. Mallet J, Porter P (1992) Preventing insect adaptation to insect-resistant crops: Are seed mixtures or refugia the best strategy? Proc R Soc Lond B 250:165-169
171. Mani GS (1985) Evolution of resistance in the presence of two insecticides. Genetics 109: 761-783
172. Martins CM, Geyene G, Hofs J-L et al (2008) Effect of water-de fi cit stress on cotton plants expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis tosin. Ann Appl Biol 152:255-262
173. Mason CE, Rice ME, Calvin DD, et al (1996) European Corn Borer: Ecology and Management. North Central Regional Publication No. 327. Iowa State University. Ames, Iowa. 57 pp
174. Matten SR (2006) Technical review of materials supporting Arizona's 24(c) Applications [AZ05009 and AZ050010] to replace structured Non-Bt cotton refuges with sterile insect technology and 100% bollgard and bollgard II cotton (EPA Reg. No. 524-478 and 524-522) to meet their special need for their pink bollworm eradication program [submission dated 3 Aug 2006, MRID#s 469048-00 to?05], 26 Sept 2006. Available at http://www. epa. gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/2006/october/arizonanonbtcottontechreview-2006no fi g1-4. pdf
175. Matten SM, Reynolds AH (2003) Current resistance management requirements for Bt cotton in the United States. J New Seeds 5(2-3):137-178
176. Matten SR, Reynolds AH (2006) BPPD review of data and support materials submitted by Monsanto to amend the insect resistance management requirements for Bollgard II Bt cotton. EPA Reg. No. 524-522. DP Barcode: 327258 Decision: 363974 MRID#: 467172-01,-02,-03. Available at http://www. epa. gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/2006/june/bppd-rev1a. pdf
177. Matten SR, Hellmich RL, Reynolds AH (2004) Current resistance management strategies for Bt corn in the United States. In: Koul O, Dhaliwal GS (eds) Transgenic crop production: concepts and strategies. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, pp 261-288
178. Matten SR, Head G, Quemada H (2008) How governmental regulation can help or hinder the integration into IPM programs. In: Romeis J, Shelton T, Kennedy G (eds) Integration of insectresistant genetically modi fied crops within IPM programs. Springer, New York, pp 27-40
179. McGaughey WH, Johnson DE (1992) Indianmeal moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) resistance to different stains and mixtures of Bacillus thuringiensis. J Econ Entomol 85:1594-1600
180. Mellon M, Rissler J (eds) (1998) Now or Never: Serious New Plans to Save a Natural Pest Control. Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA
181. Mitchell PD, Hurley TM (2006) Adverse selection, moral hazard, and grower compliance with Bt corn refuge. In: Just RE, Alston JM, Zilberman D (eds) Regulating agricultural biotechnology: economics and policy. Springer, New York, pp 599-623
182. Mitchell PD, Onstad DW (2005) Effect of extended diapause on evolution of resistance to transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn by northern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J Econ Entomol 98(6):2220-2234
183. Moar WJ, Pusztai-Carey M, Van Faassen H, et al (1995) Development of Bacillus thuringiensis CryIC Resistance by Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Appl Environ Microbiol 61(6):2086-2092
184. Moar W, Roush R, Shelton A et al (2008) Field-evolved resistance to Bt toxins. Nat Biotechnol 26(10):1072-1074
185. Mohammed-Awel J, Kopecky K, Ringland J (2007) A situation in which a local nontoxic refuge promotes pest resistance to toxic crops. Theor Popul Biol 71(2):131-146
186. Morin S, Biggs RW, Sisterson MS et al (2003) Three cadherin alleles associated with resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in pink bollworm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(9):5004-5009
187. NC-205 (North Central Regional Research Committee, NC 205) (1998) Supplement to: Bt Corn & European Corn Borer: Long-Term Success Through Resistance Management, North Central Regional Publication 602. Available at http://www. biotech-info. net/NCR-602-supplement. pdf. October 1998
188. Nguyen HT, Rehle JA, Rheinpfalz DLR (2007) Quantitative analysis of the seasonal and tissuespeci fi c expression Cry1Ab in transgenic maize MON810. J Plant Dis Prot 114(2):82-87
189. Nowatzki T, Lefko SA, Binning RR, Thompson SD, Spencer TA, Siegfried BD (2008) Validation of a novel resistance monitoring technique for corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and event DAS-59122-7 maize. J Appl Entomol 132:177-188
190. NRC (National Research Council) (1986) Pesticide resistance: strategies and tactics for management. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 486 pp
191. Olsen KM, Daly JC (2000) Plant-toxin interactions in transgenic Bt cotton and their effect on mortality of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol 93(4):193-1299
192. Olsen KM, Daly JC, Holt HE et al (2005) Season-long variation in expression of Cry1Ac gene and ef fi cacy of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin in transgenic cotton against Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol 98(3):1007-1017
193. Onstad DW (2006) Modeling larval survival and movement to evaluate seed mixtures of transgenic corn for control of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J Econ Entomol 99(4):1407-1414
194. Onstad DW (2008) Modeling for prediction and management. In: Onstad DW (ed) Insect resistance management: biology, economics and prediction. Academic, London, pp 255-268
195. Onstad DW, Gould F (1998a) Modeling the dynamics of adaptation to transgenic maize by European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J Econ Entomol 91:585-593
196. Onstad DW, Gould F (1998b) Do dynamics of crop maturation and herbivorous insect life cycle in fl uence the risk of adaptation to toxins in transgenic host plants? Environ Entomol 27:517-522
197. Onstad DW, Guse CA, Spencer JL et al (2001) Modeling the dynamics of adaptation to transgenic corn by western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J Econ Entomol 94:529-540
198. Onstad DW, Meinke LJ (2010) Modeling evolution of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to transgenic corn with two insecticidal traits. J Econ Entomol 103(3):849-860
199. Onstad DW, Guse CA, Porter P et al (2002) Modeling the development of resistance by stalkboring lepidopteran insects (Crambidae) in areas with transgenic corn and frequent insecticide use. J Econ Entomol 95(5):1033-1043
200. Onstad DW, Crowder DW, Mitchell PD et al (2003) Economics versus alleles: balancing integrated pest management and insect resistance management for rotation-resistant western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J Econ Entomol 96(6):1872-1885
201. Oppert B, Kramer KJ, Johnson D, Upton S, McGaughey WH (1996) Luminal proteinases from Plodia interpunctella and the hydrolysis of Bacillus thuringiensis CryIA(c) protoxin. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 26:571-583
202. Oreskes N (2003) The role of quantitative models in science. In: Canham CE, Cole JL, Lauenroth WK (eds) Models in ecosystem science. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 13-31
203. Orth RG, Head G, Mierkowski M (2007) Determining larval host plant use by a polyphagous lepidopteran through analysis of adult moths for plant secondary metabolites. J Chem Ecol 33:1131-1148
204. Ostlie KR, Hutchinson WD, Hellmich RL (1997) B. t. corn & European corn borer: long term success through resistance management, North Central Regional Extension Publication NCR 602
205. Oyediran IO, Hibbard BE, Clark TL (2004) Prairie grasses as alternate hosts of the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ Entomol 33(3):740-747
206. Parker CD Jr (2000) Temporal distribution of Heliothines in corn-cotton cropping systems of the Mississippi Delta and relationship to yield and population growth. Ph. D dissertation, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
207. Parker CD Jr, Luttrell RG (1999) Interplant movement of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in pure and mixed plantings of cotton with and without expression of the Cry1Ac d-Endotoxin protein of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. J Econ Entomol 92(4):837-845
208. Peck SL (2000) A tutorial for understanding ecological modeling papers for the nonmodeler. Am Entomol 46(1):40-49
209. Peck SL, Gould F, Ellner SP (1999) Spread of resistance in spatially extended regions of transgenic cotton: implications for management of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol 92:1-16
210. Pereira EJ, Siqueira HA, Zhuang M et al (2010) Measurements of Cry1F binding and activity of luminal gut proteases in susceptible and Cry1F resistant Ostrinia nubilalis larvae (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J Invertebr Pathol 103:1-7
211. Pesticide Program Dialogue Committee (PPDC) (1996) Pesticide Program Dialogue Committee Meeting Summary. Available at http://www. epa. gov/oppfead1/cb/ppdc/
212. Pielke RA Jr (2003) The role of models in prediction for decision. In: Canham CE, Cole JL, Lauenroth WK (eds) Models in ecosystem science. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 111-138
213. Pigott CR, Ellar DJ (2007) Role of receptors in Bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxin activity. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 71(2):255-281
214. Price JL, Hyde J, Calvin DD (2006) Insect resistance management for Bt corn: An assessment of community refuge schemes. AgBioForum 9(3):129-138
215. Qureshi JA, Buschman LL, Throne JE et al (2005) Adult dispersal of Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and its implications for resistance management in Bt-maize. J Appl Entomol 129(6):281-292
216. Qureshi JA, Buschman LL, Throne JE et al (2006) Dispersal of adult Diatraea grandiosella (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and its implications for corn borer resistance management in Bacillus thuringiensis Maize. Annu Entom Soc Am 99(2):279-291
217. Ravi KC, Mohan KS, Manjunath TM et al (2005) Relative abundance of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different host crops in India and the role of these crops as natural refuge for Bacillus thuringiensis cotton. Environ Entomol 34(1):59-69
218. Reed JP, Halliday WR (2001) Establishment of Cry9C susceptibility baselines for European corn borer and southwestern corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J Econ Entomol 94(2):397-402
219. Roush RT (1994) Managing Pests and Their Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis: Can Transgenic Crops be Better Than Sprays? Biocontrol Sci Technol 4:501-516
220. Roush RT (1997) Bt-transgenic crops: just another pretty insecticide or a chance for a new start in resistance management? Pestic Sci 51:328-334
221. Roush RT (1998) Two-toxin strategies for management of insecticidal transgenic crops: can pyramiding succeed where pesticide mixtures have not? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 353(1376): 1777-1786
222. Ru L, Zhao J, Rui C (2002) A simulation model for adaptation of cotton bollworm to transgenic Bt cotton in northern China. Acta Entomol Sin 45(2):153-159
223. Sachs ES, Benedict JH, Taylor JF et al (1996) Pyramiding CryIA(b) insecticidal protein and terpenoids in cotton to resist tobacco bud worm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environ Entomol 25(6):1257-1266
224. Sachs ES, Benedict JH, Stelly DM et al (1998) Expression and segregation of genes encoding Cry1A insecticidal proteins in cotton. Crop Sci 38:1-11
225. SAP (FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel) (1998) Transmittal of the final report of the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel meeting held 9-10 Feb 1998, Meeting on Scientific issues concerning: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) plant-pesticides and resistance management. (Docket Number: OPPTS-00231). Available online at http://www. epa. gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/1998/february/finalfeb. pdf
226. SAP (2001) Transmittal of the final report of the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel meeting held 18-20 Oct 2000, meeting on Scientific issues concerning: Bt plant-pesticides risk and bene fi t assessments. SAP report number 2000-7a. Available online at http://www. epa. gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/2000/october/october final. pdf
227. SAP (2002) Transmittal of the final report of the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel meeting held 27-29 Aug 2002. Meeting on Scientific issues concerning: A rootworm plant-incorporated protectant: non-target insect and insect resistance management issues. Available online at http://www. epa. gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/2002/august/august2002 final. pdf 27-29 Aug 2002
228. SAP (2004) Transmittal of the final report of the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel meeting held on 8-10 June 2004, meeting on Scientific issues concerning: product characterization, human health risk, ecological risk, and insect resistance management for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton products. SAP Report No. 2004-05
229. SAP (2006) Transmittal of the final report of the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel meeting held 14-15 June 2006, meeting on Scientific issues concerning: Analysis of a natural refuge of noncotton hosts for Monsanto's Bollgard II cotton. SAP Minutes No. 2006-03. Available online at http://www. epa. gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/2006/june/june2006 finalmeetingminutes. pdf
230. SAP (2007) Transmittal of the final report of the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel meeting held 24-26 Oct 2006, meeting on Scientific issues concerning: evaluation of the resistance risks from using 100% Bollgard and Bollgard II cotton as part of a pink bollworm eradication program in the State of Arizona. SAP Minutes No. 2007-01. Available online at http://www. epa. gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/2006/october/october2006 finalmeetingminutes. pdf
231. SAP (2009) Transmittal of the final report of the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel meeting held 23-24 Feb 2009, meeting on Scientific issues concerning: evaluation of the resistance risks from using a seed mix refuge with Pioneer's Optimum ® AcreMax1 corn rootwormprotected corn. Available online at http://www. epa. gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/2009/february/232009 finalreport. pdf
232. SAP (2011) Transmittal of the final report of the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel meeting held 8-9 Dec 2010, meeting on Scientific issues concerning: insect resistance management for SmartStax Refuge-in-the-Bag, a plant-incorporated protectant (PIP) corn seed blend. Available online at http://www. epa. gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/2010/december/120810minutes. pdf
233. Sawicki RM (1987) De fi nition, detection and documentation of insecticide resistance. In: Ford MG, Holloman DW, Khambay BPS, Sawicki RM (eds) Combating resistance to xenobiotics; biological and chemical approaches. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, England, pp 105-117
234. Sayyed AH, Schuler TH, Wright DJ (2003) Inheritance of resistance to Bt canola in a field-derived population of Plutella xylostella. Pest Manag Sci 59(11):1197-1202
235. Sayyed AH, Gatsi R, Ibiza-Palacios MS et al (2005) Common, but complex, mode of resistance of Plutella sylostella to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac. Appl Environ Microbiol 71(11):6863-6869
236. Schnepf E, Crickmore N, Van Rie J, Lereclus D, Baum J, Feitelson J, Zeigler DR, Dean DH (1998) Bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal crystal proteins. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62:775-806
237. Secchi S, Hurley TM, Babcock BA, Hellmich RL (2006) Managing European corn borer resistance to Bt corn with dynamic refuges. In: Just RE, Alston JM, Zilberman D (eds) Regulating agricultural biotechnology: economics and policy. Springer, New York, pp 559-577
238. Shelton AM, Zhao J-Z (2008) Resistance management to transgenic plants. In: Radcliffe EB, Hutchinson WD (eds) Integrated pest management. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
239. Shelton AM, Tang JD, Roush RT et al (2000) Field tests on managing resistance to Bt-engineered plants. Nat Biotechnol 18(3):339-342
240. Showers WB, Hellmich RL, Derrick-Robinson ME et al (2001) Aggregation and dispersal behavior of marked and released European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) adults. Environ Entomol 30(4):700-710
241. Siegfried BD, Spencer T, Nearman J (2000) Baseline susceptibility of the corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to the Cry1Ab toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis. J Econ Entomol 93(4):1265-1268
242. Siegfried BD, Vaughn TT, Spencer T (2005) Baseline susceptibility of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Crysomelidae) to Cry3Bb1 Bacillus thuringiensis toxin. J Econ Entomol 98(4):1320-1324
243. Siqueira HAA, Moellenbeck D, Spencer T, Siegfried BD (2004) Cross-resistance of CrylAbselected Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis d-endotoxins. J Econ Entomol 97:1049-1057
244. Sisterson MS, Antilla L, Carrière Y et al (2004) Effects of insect population size on evolution of resistance to transgenic crops. J Econ Entomol 97(4):1413-1424
245. Sivasupramaniam S, Moar WJ, Ruschke LG et al (2008) Toxicity and characterization of cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 proteins for control of lepidopteran pests. J Econ Entomol 101(2):546-554
246. Stadelbacher EA (1979) Geranium dissectum: An unreported host of the tobacco budworm and bollworm and its role in their seasonal and long term population dynamics in the delta of Mississippi. Environ Entomol 8:1153-1156
247. Stewart SD, Adamczyk JJ, Knighten KS et al (2001) Impact of Bt cottons expressing one or two insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on growth and survival of Noctuid (Lepidoptera) larvae. J Econ Entomol 94(3):752-760
248. Stodola TJ, Andow DA, Hyden AR et al (2006) Frequency of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ab in southern United States corn belt population of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J Econ Entomol 99(2):502-507
249. Stone TB, Sims SB (1993) Geographic susceptibility of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis. J Econ Entomol 86:989-994
250. Storer NP (2003) A spatially explicit model simulating western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adaption to insect resistant maize. J Econ Entomol 96(5):1530-1547
251. Storer NP, Babcock JM, Edwards JM (2006) Field measures of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) mortality caused by Cry34/35Ab1 proteins expressed in maize event 59122 and implications for trait durability. J Econ Entomol 99(4):1381-1387
252. Storer NP, Babcock JM, Schlenz M, et al (2010) Discovery and characterization of field resistance to Bt maize: Spodoptera frugiperda in Puerto Rico. J Econ Entomol 103:1031-1038
253. Storer NP, Van Duyn JW, Kennedy GG (2001) Life history traits of helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on non-Bt and Bt transgenic corn hybrids in eastern North Carolina. J Econ Entomol 94(5):1265-1279
254. Storer NP, Peck SL, Gould F et al (2003a) Spatial processes in the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bt transgenic corn and cotton in a mixed agroecosystem: A biology-rich stochastic simulation model. J Econ Entomol 96(1):156-172
255. Storer NP, Peck SL, Gould F et al (2003b) Sensitivity analysis of a spatially-explicit stochastic simulation model of the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bt transgenic corn and cotton. J Econ Entomol 96(1):173-187
256. Tabashnik BE (1986) Computer simulation as a tool for pesticide resistance management. In: Pesticide resistance: strategies and tactics for management. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp 194-206
257. Tabashnik BE (1994a) Evolution of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis. Annu Rev Entomol 39:47-79
258. Tabashnik BE (1994b) Delaying insect adaptation to transgenic plants: seed mixtures and refugiareconsidered. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol 255:7-12
259. Tabashnik BE, Carrière Y (2007) Evolution of insect resistance to transgenic plants. In: Tilmon KJ (ed) Specialization, speciation, and radiation: the evolutionary biology of herbivorous insects. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 267-279
260. Tabashnik BE, Finson N, Groeters FR et al (1994) Reversal of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in Plutella xylostella. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:4120-4124
261. Tabashnik BE, Liu YB, Finson N et al (1997a) One gene in diamondback moth confers resistance to four Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:1640-1644
262. Tabashnik BE, Liu Y, Malvar T et al (1997b) Global variation in the genetic and biochemical basis of diamondback moth resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:12780-12785
263. Tabashnik BE, Malvar T, Liu YB (1996) Cross-Resistance of the Diamondback Moth Indicates Altered Interactions with Domain II of Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins. Appl Environ Microbiol 62(8):2839-2844
264. Tabashnik BE, Patin AL, Dennehy TJ et al (2000a) Frequency of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in field populations of pink bollworm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(24):12980-12984
265. Tabashnik BE, Liu YB, de Maagd RA, Dennehy TJ (2000b) Cross-resistance of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiell a) to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:4582-4584
266. Tabashnik BE, Liu YB, Dennehy TJ et al (2002a) Inheritance of resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in a field-derived strain of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J Econ Entomol 95(5): 1018-1026
267. Tabashnik BE, Dennehy TJ, Sims MA et al (2002b) Control of resistant pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) by transgenic cotton that produces Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry2Ab. Appl Environ Microbiol 68(8):3790-3794
268. Tabashnik BE, Carrière Y, Dennehy TJ et al (2003a) Insect resistance to transgenic Bt Crops: lessons from the laboratory and field. J Econ Entomol 96(4):1031-1038
269. Tabashnik BE, Dennehy TJ, Carrière Y et al (2003b) Resistance management: slowing pest adaptation to transgenic crops. Acta Agric Scand B 53(Suppl 1):51-56
270. Tabashnik BE, Gould F, Carrière Y (2004) Delaying evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops by decreasing dominance and heritability. J Evol Biol 17:904-912
271. Tabashnik BE, Biggs RW, Higginson DM et al (2005a) Association between resistance to Bt cotton and cadherin genotype in pink bollworm. J Econ Entomol 98(3):635-644
272. Tabashnik BE, Dennehy TJ, Carrière Y (2005b) Delayed resistance to transgenic cotton in pink bollworm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(43):15389-15393
273. Tabashnik BE, Fabrick JA, Henderson S et al (2006) DNA screening reveals pink bollworm resistance to Bt cotton remains rare after a decade of exposure. J Econ Entomol 99(5):1525-1530
274. Tabashnik BE, Gassmann AJ, Crowder DW et al (2008) Insect resistance to Bt crops: evidence versus theory. Nat Biotechnol 26(2):199-202
275. Tabashnik BE, Unnithan GC, Masson L et al (2009a) Asymmetrical cross-resistance between Bacillus thuringiensis toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2A in pink bollworm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:11889-11984
276. Tabashnik BE, Van Rensburg JBJ, Carriere Y (2009b) Field-evolved insect resistance to Bt crops: de fi nition, theory, and data. J Econ Entomol 102(6):2011-2025
277. Tabashnik BE, Huang F, Ghimire MN et al (2011) Ef fi cacy of genetically modi fied Bt toxins against insects with different genetic mechanisms of resistance. Nat Biotechnol. doi: 10. 1038/nbt. 1988, Published online 9 Oct 2011
278. Tang JD, Collins HL, Metz TD et al (2001) Greenhouse tests on resistance management of Bt transgenic plants using refuge strategies. J Econ Entomol 94:240-247
279. Tate CD, Hellmich RL, Lewis LC (2006) Evaluation of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) neonate preferences for corn and weeds in corn. J Econ Entomol 99(6):1987-1993
280. Taylor CE (1983) Evolution of resistance to insecticides: the role of mathematical models and computer simulations. In: Georghiou BP, Saito T (eds) Pest resistance to pesticides. Plenum Press, New York, pp 163-173
281. Thompson GD, Head G (2001) Implication of regulating insect resistance management. Am Entomol (Spring) 47:6-10
282. Thompson GD, Matten S, Denholm I et al (2008) The politics of resistance management: working towards pesticide resistance management globally. In: Whalon ME, Mota-Sanchez D, Hollingworth RM (eds) Global pesticide resistance in arthropods. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 146-165
283. Torres JB, Ruberson JR Jr (2006) Spatial and temporal dynamics of oviposition behavior of bollworm and three of its predators in Bt and non-Bt cotton fields. Entomol Exp Appl 120(1):11-22
284. Trisyono YA, Chippendale GM (2002) Susceptibility of field-collected populations of the Southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, to Bacillus thuringiensis. Pest Manag Sci 58:1022-1028
285. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (1998) The Environmental Protection Agency's white paper on Bt plant-pesticide resistance management. Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division, Washington, DC; EPA/739/S-98/001. Available online at http://www. epa. gov/EPAPEST/1998/January/Day-14/paper. pdf
286. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (1999) EPA and USDA position paper on insect resistance management in Bt crops May 27, 1999 (minor revisions December 7, 1999). Available at: http://www. epa. gov/pesticides/biopesticides/otherdocs/bt-position-paper-618. htm
287. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (2000) Response of the Environmental Protection Agency to petition for rulemaking and collateral relief concerning the registration and use of genetically engineered plants expressing Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins, submitted by petitioners Greenpeace International, International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, International Center For Technology Assessment, et al. April 19, 2000. Available at: http://www. epa. gov/opp00001/biopesticides/pips/greenpeace-petition. pdf
288. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (2001) Biopesticides registration action document: Bacillus thuringiensis plant-incorporated protectants (16 Oct 2001). Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division, Washington, DC. Available online at http://www. epa. gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/pips/bt-brad. htm
289. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (2010a). Biopesticides registration action document: Cry1Ab and Cry1F Bt plant-incorporated protectants, 10 Sept 2010. Available at http://www. epa. gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/pips/cry1f-cry1ab-brad. pdf
290. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (2010b) Biopesticides registration action document: Bacillus thuringiensis Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 proteins and the genetic material necessary for their production (PHP17662 T-DNA) in Event DAS-59122-7 Corn (OECD Unique Identifier: DAS-59122-7), 10 Sept 2010. Available at http://www. epa. gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/pips/cry3435ab1-brad. pdf
291. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (2010c) Biopesticides registration action document: Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Bb1 protein and the genetic material necessary for its production (Vector PV-ZMIR13L) in MON 863 Corn (OECD Unique Identi fi er: MON-ØØ863-5) and Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Bb1 protein and the genetic material necessary for its production (Vector PV-ZMIR39) in MON 88017 Corn (OECD Unique Identi fi er: MON-88Ø17-3). Available at http://www. epa. gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/pips/cry3bb1-brad. pdf
292. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (2010d) Biopesticides registration action document: modi fied Cry3A protein and the genetic material necessary for its production (Via Elements of pZM26) in Event MIR604 Corn SYN-IR604-8, 10 Sept 2010. Available at http://www. epa. gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/pips/mcry3a-brad. pdf. fs
293. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (2010e) Biopesticides registration action document: Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A. 105 and Cry2Ab2 insecticidal proteins and the genetic material necessary for their production in corn, 10 Sept 2010. Available at http://www. epa. gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/pips/mon-89034-brad. pdf
294. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (2010f) Terms and conditions for Bt corn registrations 30Sept 2010 Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC. Available online at http://www. epa. gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/pips/bt-corn-terms-conditions. pdf Sept 2010. Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC. Available online at http://www. epa. gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/pips/bt-corn-terms-conditions. pdf
295. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (2011) Insect Resistance Management Fact Sheet for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cotton Products. Available online at: http://www. epa. gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/pips/bt-cotton-refuge-2006. htm, Updated February 16, 2011.
296. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of the Science Advisor, Council for Regulatory Environmental Modeling (2009) Guidance on the development, evaluation, and application of regulatory environmental models. U. S. EPA Council for Regulatory Environmental Modeling. EPA/100/K-09/003 March 2009, Available online at http://www. epa. gov/crem/library/cred-guidance-0309. pdf
297. Vacher D, Bourguet D, Rousset F et al (2003) Modelling the spatial con fi guration of refuges for a sustainable control of pests: A case study of Bt cotton. J Evol Biol 16:378-387
298. Vacher D, Bourguet D, Rousset F et al (2004) High dose refuge strategies and genetically modi fied crops-reply to Tabashnik et al. J Evol Biol 17(4):913-918
299. Vacher D, Bourguet D, Desquilbet M et al (2006) Fees or refuges: which is better for the sustainable management of insect resistance to transgenic Bt corn. Biol Lett 2:198-202
300. van Rensburg JBJ (2007) First report of field resistance by the stem borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) to Bt-transgenic maize. S Afr J Plant Soil 24(3):147-151
301. Venette RC, Hutchison WD, Andow DA (2000) An In-Field Screen for Early Detection and Monitoring of Insect Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in Transgenic Crops. J Econ Entomol 93(4):1055-1064
302. Walker K, Mendelsohn M, Matten S et al (2003) The role of microbial Bt products in US crop protection. In: Metz M (ed) Bacillus thuringiensis: A cornerstone of modern agriculture. Food Products Press, Binghamton, pp 31-51
303. Wan P, Zhang Y, Wu K et al (2005) Seasonal expression pro fi les of insecticidal protein and control ef fi cacy against Helicoverpa armigera for Bt cotton in the Yangtze River Valley of China. J Econ Entomol 98(1):195-201
304. Wenes A-L, Bourguet D, Andow DA et al (2006) Frequency and fi tness cost of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in Chrysomela tremulae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Heredity 97:127-134
305. Whalon ME, Mota-Sanchez D, Hollingworth RM (2008) Analysis of global pesticide resistance. In: Whalon ME, Mota-Sanchez D, Hollingworth RM (eds) Global pesticide resistance in arthropods. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 5-31
306. Wilson TA, Hibbard BE (2004) Host suitability of nonmaize agroecosystem grasses for the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ Entomol 33(4):1102-1108
307. World Health Organization (WHO) (1957) Expert committee on malaria, seventh report. WHO technical report series No. 125. World Health Organization, Geneva
308. Wu K (2007) Monitoring and management strategy for Helicoverpa armigera resistance to Bt cotton in China. J Invertebr Pathol 95(3):220-223
309. Wu KM, Guo YY (2005) The evolution of cotton pest management practices in China. Annu Rev Entomol 50:31-52
310. Wu K, Guo Y, Head G (2006) Resistance Monitoring of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bt Insecticidal Protein During 2001-2004 in China. J Econ Entomol 99(3): 893-898
311. Wu K, Goa S, Guo Y (2002) Evaluation of the natural refuge function for Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) within Bacillus thuringiensis transgenic cotton growing areas in north China. J Econ Entomol 95(4):832-837
312. Wu K, Guo Y, Lu N et al (2003) Ef fi cacy of transgenic cotton containing a cry1Ac gene from Bacillus thuringiensis against Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Northern China. J Econ Entomol 96(4):1322-1328
313. Wu KM, Lu YH, Feng HQ et al (2008) Suppression of cotton bollworm in multiple crops in China in areas with Bt toxin-containing cotton. Science 321:1676-1678
314. Xu X, Yu L, Wu Y (2005) Disruption of a cadherin gene associated with resistance to Cry1Ac d-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis in Helicoverpa armigera. Appl Environ Microbiol 71(2):945-954
315. Zhang X, Candas M, Griko NB, Taussig R, Bulla LA Jr (2006) A mechanism of cell death involving an adenylyl cyclase/PKA signaling pathway is induced by the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:9897-9902
316. Zhao J-Z, Cao J, Li Y et al (2003) Transgenic plants expressing two Bacillus thuringiensis toxins delay insect resistance evolution. Nat Biotechnol 21(12):1493-1497
317. Zhao J, Cao J, Collins HC et al (2005) Concurrent use of transgenic plants expressing a single and two Bt genes speed insect adaptation to pyramided plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:8426-8430