Finding meaning in the mirror: The existential pursuits of narcissists

The Experience of Meaning in Life: Classical Perspectives, Emerging Themes, and Controversies

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 189-200

  Sedikides, Constantine ^a   Hart, Claire M ^a   Cisek, Sylwia Z ^a   Routledge, Clay ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84931409305     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6527-6_15     Document Type: Chapter

References (87)

1. Arndt J, Solomon S, Kasser T, Sheldon KM (2004) The urge to splurge: a terror management account of materialism and consumer behavior. J Consum Psychol 14:198-212
2. Back MD, Schmukle SC, Egloff B (2010) Why are narcissists so charming at first sight? Decoding the narcissism-popularity link at zero acquaintance. J Pers Soc Psychol 98:132-145
3. Bartels DM, Urminsky O (2011) On intertemporal selfishness: how the perceived instability of identity underlies impatient consumption. J Consum Res 38(1):182-198
4. Becker E (1971) The birth and death of meaning, 2nd edn. The Free Press, New York
5. Belk RW (1985) Materialism: trait aspects of living in the material world. J Consum Res 13:265-280
6. Bogart LM, Benotsch EG, Pavlovic JD (2004) Feeling superior but threatened: the relationship of narcissism to social comparison. Basic Appl Soc Psychol 26:35-44
7. Boldero J, Hulbert C, Lim CMJ, Wright B, Aytekin S, Meaklim H (2007) The contributions of personality and self-esteem to overt and covert narcissism. Paper presented at the 10th annual conference of international society for the study of personality disorders, The Hague, the Netherlands
8. Bosson JK, Prewitt-Freilino JL (2007) Overvalued and ashamed: considering the roles of selfesteem and self-conscious emotions in covert narcissism. In: Tracy JL, Robins RW, Tangney JP (eds) The self-conscious emotions: theory and research, 2nd edn. Guilford, New York, pp 407-425
9. Bradlee PM, Emmons RA (1992) Locating narcissism within the interpersonal circumplex and the five-factor model. Personal Individ Differ 13:821-830
10. Braun OL, Wicklund RA (1989) Psychological antecedents of conspicuous consumption. J Econ Psychol 10:161-187
11. Brunell AB, Gentry WA, Campbell WK, Hoffman BJ, Kuhnert KW, DeMaree KG (2008) Leader emergence: the case of the narcissistic leader. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 34:1663-1676
12. Bushman BJ, Moeller SJ, Crocker J (2011) Sweets, sex, or self-esteem? Comparing the value of self-esteem boosts with other pleasant rewards. J Pers 99:78-106
13. Campbell WK (1999) Narcissism and romantic attraction. J Pers Soc Psychol 77:1254-1270
14. Campbell WK, Foster JD (2007) The narcissistic self: background, an extended agency model, and ongoing controversies. In: Sedikides C, Spencer S (eds) The self: frontiers in social psychology. Psychology Press, New York, pp 115-138
15. Campbell WK, Reeder G, Sedikides C, Elliot AJ (2000) Narcissism and comparative self-enhancement strategies. J Res Personal 34:329-347
16. Campbell WK, Rudich E, Sedikides C (2002) Narcissism, self-esteem, and the positivity of self-views: two portraits of self-love. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 28:358-368
17. Campbell WK, Bush CP, Brunell AB, Shelton J (2005) Understanding the social costs of narcissism: the case of the tragedy of the commons. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 31:1358-1368
18. Campbell WK, Bosson JK, Goheen TW, Lakey CE, Kernis MH (2007) Do narcissists dislike themselves deep down inside? Psychol Sci 18:227-229
19. Chang L, Arkin RM (2002) Materialism as an attempt to cope with uncertainty. Psychol Mark 19:389-406
20. Christopher AN, Schlenker BR (2000) The impact of perceived material wealth and perceiver personality on first impressions. J Econ Psychol 21:1-19
21. Cisek SZ, Hart CM, Sedikides C (2008) Do narcissists use material possessions as a primary buffer against pain? Psychol Inq 19:205-220
22. Cohen P, Cohen J (1996) Life values and adolescent mental health. Erlbaum, Mahwah
23. Corr PJ, Matthews G (eds) (2009) Cambridge University Press handbook of personality. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
24. Cryder CE, Lerner JS, Cross JJ, Dahl RE (2008) Misery is not miserly: sad and self-focused individuals spend more. Psychol Sci 19:525-530
25. Debats DL (1996) Meaning in life: clinical relevance and predictive power. Br J Clin Psychol 35:503-516
26. Denissen JJA, Geenen R, Selfhout M, Van Arken MAG (2008) Single-item Big Five ratings in a social network design. Eur J Personal 22:37-44
27. Dutton KA, Brown JD (1997) Global self-esteem and specific self-views as determinants of people's reactions to success and failure. J Pers Soc Psychol 73:139-148
28. Emmons RA (1981) Relationship between narcissism and sensation seeking. Psychol Rep 48:247-250
29. Farwell L, Wohlwend-Lloyd R (1998) Narcissistic processes: optimistic expectations, favorable self-evaluations, and self-enhancing attributions. J Pers 66:65-83
30. Finkel EJ, Campbell WK, Kumashiro M, Rusbult CE (2009) The metamorphosis of narcissus: communal activation promotes relationship commitment among narcissists. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 35:1271-1284
31. Foster JD, Trimm RF IV (2008) On being eager and uninhibited: narcissism and approach-avoidance motivation. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 34:1004-1017
32. Foster JD, Misra TA, Reidy DE (2009) Narcissists are approach-oriented toward their money and their friends. J Res Personal 43:764-769
33. Frankl VE (1959) Man's search for meaning. Washington Square Press, New York
34. Gabriel MT, Critelli JW, Ee JS (1994) Narcissistic illusions in self-evaluations of intelligence and attractiveness. J Pers 62:143-155
35. Gregg AP, Sedikides C (2010) Narcissistic fragility: rethinking its links to explicit and implicit self-esteem. Self Identity 9:142-161
36. Hart CM, Sedikides C, Wildschut T, Arndt J, Routledge C, Vingerhoets AJJM (2011) Nostalgic recollections of high and low narcissists. J Res Personal 45:238-242
37. Hepper EG, Gramzow RH, Sedikides C (2010) Individual differences in self-enhancement and self-protection strategies: an integrative analysis. J Pers 78:781-814
38. Horvath S, Morf CC (2009) Narcissistic defensiveness: hyperviligance and avoidance of worthlessness. J Exp Soc Psychol 45:1252-1258
39. John OP, Robins RW (1994) Accuracy and bias in self-perception: individual differences in self-enhancement and the role of narcissism. J Pers Soc Psychol 66:206-219
40. Jordan CH, Spencer SJ, Zanna MP, Hoshino-Browne E, Correll J (2003) Implicit self-esteem, explicit self-esteem and defensiveness. J Pers Soc Psychol 85:969-978
41. Kasser T (2002) The high price of materialism. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
42. Kasser T, Kasser VG (2001) The dreams of people high and low in materialism. J Econ Psychol 22:693-719
43. Kasser T, Ryan RM (1996) Further examining American dream: differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 22:280-287
44. Kasser T, Sheldon KM (2000) Of wealth and death: materialism, mortality salience, and consumption behaviour. Psychol Sci 11:352-355
45. Kernberg O (1975) Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. Jason Aronson, New York
46. Kernis MH, Sun C-R (1994) Narcissism and reactions to interpersonal feedback. J Res Personal 28:4-13
47. Konrath S, Bushman BJ, Campbell WK (2006) Attenuating the link between threatened egotism and aggression. Psychol Sci 17:995-1001
48. Kressman F, Sirgy JM, Herman A, Huber S, Lee DJ (2006) Direct and indirect effects of self-image congruence on brand loyalty. J Bus Res 59:955-964
49. Maio GR, Pakizeh A, Cheung W-Y, Rees KJ (2009) Changing, priming, and acting on values: effects via motivational relations in a circular model. J Pers Soc Psychol 97:699-715
50. McAdams DP, Hoffman BJ, Mansfield ED, Day R (1996) Themes of agency and communion in significant autobiographical scenes. J Pers 64:339-377
51. Miller JD, Campbell WK, Young DL, Lakey CE, Reidy DE, Zeichner A, Goodie AS (2009) Examining the relations among narcissism, impulsivity, and self-defeating behaviors. J Pers 77:761-793
52. Miller JD, Dir A, Gentile B, Wilson L, Pryor LR, Campbell WK (2010) Searching for a vulnerable dark triad: comparing factor 2 psychopathology, vulnerable narcissism, and borderline personality disorder. J Pers 78(5):1529-1564
53. Morf CC, Rhodewalt F (2001) Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: a dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychol Inq 12:177-196
54. Morf CC, Weir C, Davidov M (2000) Narcissism and intrinsic motivation: the role of goal congruence. J Exp Soc Psychol 36:424-438
55. Morf CC, Davidov M, Ansara D (2010) Strategic regulation of desired identity images in response to opportunities and threats: effects of audience characteristics on narcissistic self-presentation (Unpublished manuscript, University of Bern, Switzerland)
56. Morf CC, Horvath S, Torchetti L (2011) Narcissism and self-enhancement: tales of (successful?) self-portrayal. In: Alicke MD, Sedikides C (eds) Handbook of self-enhancement and selfprotection. Guilford, New York, pp 399-424
57. O'Shaughnessy J, O'Shaughnessy NJ (2002) Marketing, the consumer society and hedonism. Eur J Mark 36:524-547
58. Pennebaker JW, King LA (1999) Linguistic styles: language use as an individual difference. J Pers Soc Psychol 77:1296-1312
59. Pyszczynski T, Greenberg J, Solomon S, Arndt J, Schimel J (2004) Why do people need selfesteem?: a theoretical and empirical review. Psychol Bull 130:435-468
60. Raskin RN, Novacek J (1991) Narcissism and the use of fantasy. J Clin Psychol 47:490-499
61. Rhodewalt F, Eddings SK (2002) Narcissus reflects: memory distortion in response to ego-relevant feedback among high-and low-narcissistic men. J Res Personal 36:97-116
62. Rhodewalt F, Madrian JC, Cheney S (1998) Narcissism, self-knowledge organization, and emotional reactivity: the effect of daily experiences on self-esteem and affect. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 24:75-87
63. Rhodewalt F, Tragakis MW, Finnerty J (2006) Narcissism and self-handicapping: linking selfaggrandizement to behavior. J Res Personal 40:573-597
64. Richins ML (1994) Special possessions and the expression of material values. J Consum Res 21:522-533
65. Roberts BW, Robins RW (2000) Broad dispositions, broad aspirations: the intersection of the Big Five dimensions and major life goals. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 26:1284-1296
66. Rose P (2007) Mediators of the association between narcissism and compulsive buying: the roles of materialism and impulse control. Psychol Addict Behav 21:576-581
67. Rosenthal SA (2005) The fine line between confidence and arrogance: investigating the relationship of self-esteem to narcissism. Dissert Abstr Int 66(05):2868B (UMI No. 3174022)
68. Routledge C, Arndt J, Wildschut T, Sedikides C, Hart CM, Juhl J, Vingerhoets AJJ, Schlotz W (2011) The past makes the present meaningful: Nostalgia as an existential resource. J Pers Soc Psychol 101(3):638-652
69. Ryff CD (1989) Happiness is everything or is it? Explorations of the meaning of psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol 57:1069-1081
70. Schwartz SH, Rubel T (2005) Sex differences in value priorities: cross-cultural and multimethod studies. J Pers Soc Psychol 89:1010-1028
71. Sedikides C, Gregg AP, Cisek S, Hart CM (2007) The I that buys: narcissists as consumers. J Consum Psychol 17:254-257
72. Sedikides C, Cisek S, Hart CM (2011) Narcissism and brand name consumerism. In: Campbell WK, Miller J (eds) The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatment. Wiley, Hoboken
73. Sivanathan N, Pettit NC (2010) Protecting the self through consumption: status goods as affirmational commodities. J Exp Soc Psychol 46:564-570
74. Solomon S, Greenberg J, Pyszczynski T (1991) Terror management theory of self-esteem. In: Snyder CR, Forsyth D (eds) Handbook of social and clinical psychology: the health perspective. Pergamon Press, New York, pp 21-40
75. Steger MF, Frazier P (2005) Meaning in life: one link in the chain from religion to well-being. J Couns Psychol 4:574-582
76. Stucke TS, Sporer SL (2002) When a grandiose self-image is threatened: narcissism and self-concept clarity as predictors of negative emotions and aggression toward ego threat. J Pers 70:509-532
77. Thomaes S, Bushman BJ, de Castro BO, Cohen GL, Denissen JJA (2009) Reducing narcissistic aggression by buttressing self-esteem. Psychol Sci 20:1536-1542
78. Tuan Y-F (1980) The significance of the artifact. Geogr Rev 70:462-472
79. Updegraff JA, Cohen Silver R, Holman EA (2008) Searching for and finding meaning in collective trauma: results from a national longitudinal study of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. J Pers Soc Psychol 95:709-722
80. Vazire S, Funder DC (2006) Impulsivity and the self-defeating behavior of narcissists. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 10:154-165
81. Vigneron F, Johnson LW (1999) A review and a conceptual framework of prestige-seeking consumer behavior. Acad Mark Sci Rev 1:1-23
82. Vohs KD, Mead NL, Goode MR (2006) The psychological consequences of money. Science 314:1154-1161
83. Wallace HM, Baumeister RF (2002) The performance of narcissists rises and falls with perceived opportunity for glory. J Pers Soc Psychol 82:819-834
84. Wallace HM, Ready CB, Weitenhagen E (2009) Narcissism and task persistence. Self Identity 8:78-93
85. Zeigler-Hill V (2006) Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem: implications for narcissism and self-esteem instability. J Res Personal 74:119-143
86. Zeigler-Hill V, Myers EM, Clark CB (2010) Narcissism and self-esteem reactivity: the role of negative achievement events. J Res Personal 44:285-292
87. Zika S, Chamberlain K (1992) On the relation between meaning in life and psychological well-being. Br J Psychol 83:133-145