Current state and future prospects of plastic waste as source of fuel: A review

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 50, Issue , 2015, Pages 1167-1180

  Wong, S L ^a   Ngadi, N ^a   Abdullah, T A T ^a   Inuwa, I M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Fuel; Plastics; Polymer; Pyrolysis; Review

Indexed keywords

CRUDE OIL; ELASTOMERS; FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING; HEAVY OIL PRODUCTION; PLASTIC PRODUCTS; PLASTIC RECYCLING; WASTE DISPOSAL;

'CURRENT; ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES; ECONOMIC GROWTHS; FOSSIL FUEL SOURCES; FUTURE PROSPECTS; OIL NATURALS; PLASTICS WASTE; RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY; RENEWABLE ENERGIES; SCALE ECONOMICS;

ECONOMICS;

EID: 84931259707     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: 18790690     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.063     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Sartorius I. Materials case study 4: plastics. OECD Global Forum on Environment. Mechelen, Belgium: OECD Environment Directorate, OECD; 2010.
2. Sagel E. Polyethylene global overview; 2012.
3. Anonymous. Research and markets: China's ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) Industry, 2013-2017. Business Wire; 2013.
4. Hoornweg D, Bhada-Tata P. What a waste - a global review of solid waste management. The World Bank; 2012.
5. A.K. Panda, R.K. Singh, and D.K. Mishra Thermolysis of waste plastics to liquid fuel: a suitable method for plastic waste management and manufacture of value added products - a world prospective Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14 2010 233 248
6. S.L. Wong, N. Ngadi, T.A.T. Abdullah, and I.M. Inuwa Recent advances of feed-in tariff in Malaysia Renew Sustain Energy Rev 41 2015 42 52
7. S.C. Chua, T.H. Oh, and W.W. Goh Feed-in tariff outlook in Malaysia Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15 2011 705 712
8. S. Tongsopit, and C. Greacen An assessment of Thailand's feed-in tariff program Renew Energy 60 2013 439 445
9. Z. Ming, L. Ximei, L. Na, and X. Song Overall review of renewable energy tariff policy in China: evolution, implementation, problems and countermeasures Renew Sustain Energy Rev 25 2013 260 271
10. R. Cherrington, V. Goodship, A. Longfield, and K. Kirwan The feed-in tariff in the UK: a case study focus on domestic photovoltaic systems Renew Energy 50 2013 421 426
11. K.M. Wang, and YJ. Cheng The evolution of feed-in tariff policy in Taiwan Energy Strategy Rev 1 2012 130 133
12. W.E. Mabee, J. Mannion, and T. Carpenter Comparing the feed-in tariff incentives for renewable electricity in Ontario and Germany Energy Policy 40 2012 480 489
13. J. Rigter, and G. Vidican Cost and optimal feed-in tariff for small scale photovoltaic systems in China Energy Policy. 38 2010 6989 7000
14. J. Aguado, D.P. Serrano, and J.M. Escola Fuels from waste plastics by thermal and catalytic processes: a review Ind Eng Chem Res 47 2008 7982 7992
15. S.M. Al-Salem, P. Lettieri, and J. Baeyens Recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste (PSW): a review Waste Manag (Oxford) 29 2009 2625 2643
16. S.M. Al-Salem, P. Lettieri, and J. Baeyens The valorization of plastic solid waste (PSW) by primary to quaternary routes: from re-use to energy and chemicals Prog Energy Combust Sci 36 2010 103 129
17. S. Kumar, A.K. Panda, and R.K. Singh A review on tertiary recycling of high-density polyethylene to fuel Resour, Conserv Recycl 55 2011 893 910
18. D.P. Serrano, J. Aguado, and J.M. Escola Developing advanced catalysts for the conversion of polyolefinic waste plastics into fuels and chemicals ACS Catal 2 2012 1924 1941
19. K. Hamad, M. Kaseem, and F. Deri Recycling of waste from polymer materials: an overview of the recent works Polym Degrad Stab 98 2013 2801 2812
20. S.H. Shah, Z.M. Khan, I.A. Raja, Q. Mahmood, Z.A. Bhatti, and J. Khan, et al. Low temperature conversion of plastic waste into light hydrocarbons J Hazard Mater 179 2010 15 20
21. J.M. Escola, J. Aguado, D.P. Serrano, A. García, A. Peral, and L. Briones, et al. Catalytic hydroreforming of the polyethylene thermal cracking oil over Ni supported hierarchical zeolites and mesostructured aluminosilicates Appl Catal B: Environ 106 2011 405 415
22. A. Marcilla, M.I. Beltrán, and R. Navarro Evolution of products during the degradation of polyethylene in a batch reactor J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 86 2009 14 21
23. N. Miskolczi Co-pyrolysis of petroleum based waste HDPE, poly-lactic-acid biopolymer and organic waste J Ind Eng Chem 19 2013 1549 1559
24. C. Covarrubias, F. Gracia, and H. Palza Catalytic degradation of polyethylene using nanosized ZSM-2 zeolite Appl Catal A: Gen 384 2010 186 191
25. J.Y. Lee, S.M. Park, S.K. Saha, S.J. Cho, and G. Seo Liquid-phase degradation of polyethylene (PE) over MFI zeolites with mesopores: effects of the structure of PE and the characteristics of mesopores Appl Catal B: Environ 108-109 2011 61 71
26. 3 as a catalyst Fuel Process Technol 91 2010 1428 1437
27. Jan M. Rasul, J. Shah, and H. Gulab Degradation of waste high-density polyethylene into fuel oil using basic catalyst Fuel 89 2010 474 480
28. J. Shah, M.R. Jan, F. Mabood, and F. Jabeen Catalytic pyrolysis of LDPE leads to valuable resource recovery and reduction of waste problems Energy Convers Manag 51 2010 2791 2801
29. I. de Marco, B.M. Caballero, A. López, M.F. Laresgoiti, A. Torres, and M.J. Chomón Pyrolysis of the rejects of a waste packaging separation and classification plant J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 85 2009 384 391
30. M.S. Renzini, L.C. Lerici, U. Sedran, and L.B. Pierella Stability of ZSM-11 and BETA zeolites during the catalytic cracking of low-density polyethylene J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 92 2011 450 455
31. B.K. Sharma, B.R. Moser, K.E. Vermillion, K.M. Doll, and N. Rajagopalan Production, characterization and fuel properties of alternative diesel fuel from pyrolysis of waste plastic grocery bags Fuel Process Technol 122 2014 79 90
32. M. Sarker, M.M. Rashid, and M. Molla Waste polypropylene plastic conversion into liquid hydrocarbon fuel for producing electricity and energies Environ Technol 33 2012 2709 2721
33. M.F. Ali, S. Ahmed, and M.S. Qureshi Catalytic coprocessing of coal and petroleum residues with waste plastics to produce transportation fuels Fuel Process Technol 92 2011 1109 1120
34. F. Ateş, N. Miskolczi, and N. Borsodi Comparision of real waste (MSW and MPW) pyrolysis in batch reactor over different catalysts. Part I: Product yields, gas and pyrolysis oil properties Bioresour Technol 133 2013 443 454
35. N. Miskolczi, F. Ateş, and N. Borsodi Comparison of real waste (MSW and MPW) pyrolysis in batch reactor over different catalysts. Part II: Contaminants, char and pyrolysis oil properties Bioresour Technol 144 2013 370 379
36. A. Adrados, I. De Marco, A. Lopez-Urionabarrenechea, B.M. Caballero, and M.F. Laresgoiti Pyrolysis behavior of different type of materials contained in the rejects of packaging waste sorting plants Waste Manag (Oxford) 33 2013 52 59
37. A. Adrados, I. de Marco, B.M. Caballero, A. López, M.F. Laresgoiti, and A. Torres Pyrolysis of plastic packaging waste: a comparison of plastic residuals from material recovery facilities with simulated plastic waste Waste Manag (Oxford) 32 2012 826 832
38. A. López, I. de Marco, B.M. Caballero, M.F. Laresgoiti, and A. Adrados Pyrolysis of municipal plastic wastes: influence of raw material composition Waste Manag (Oxford) 30 2010 620 627
39. A. López, I. de Marco, B.M. Caballero, M.F. Laresgoiti, A. Adrados, and A. Torres Pyrolysis of municipal plastic wastes II: influence of raw material composition under catalytic conditions Waste Manag (Oxford) 31 2011 1973 1983
40. N. Miskolczi, N. Borsodi, F. Buyong, A. Angyal, and P.T. Williams Production of pyrolytic oils by catalytic pyrolysis of Malaysian refuse-derived fuels in continuously stirred batch reactor Fuel Process Technol 92 2011 925 932
41. A. López, I. de Marco, B.M. Caballero, A. Adrados, and M.F. Laresgoiti Deactivation and regeneration of ZSM-5 zeolite in catalytic pyrolysis of plastic wastes. Waste Manag (Oxford) 31 2011 1852 1858
42. A. López, I. de Marco, B.M. Caballero, M.F. Laresgoiti, A. Adrados, and A. Aranzabal Catalytic pyrolysis of plastic wastes with two different types of catalysts: ZSM-5 zeolite and red mud Appl Catal B: Environ 104 2011 211 219
43. A. López, I. de Marco, B.M. Caballero, M.F. Laresgoiti, and A. Adrados Influence of time and temperature on pyrolysis of plastic wastes in a semi-batch reactor Chem Eng J 173 2011 62 71
44. A. Lopez-Urionabarrenechea, I. de Marco, B.M. Caballero, M.F. Laresgoiti, and A. Adrados Catalytic stepwise pyrolysis of packaging plastic waste J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 96 2012 54 62
45. S.-H. Jung, M.-H. Cho, B.-S. Kang, and J.-S. Kim Pyrolysis of a fraction of waste polypropylene and polyethylene for the recovery of BTX aromatics using a fluidized bed reactor Fuel Process Technol 91 2010 277 284
46. G. Yuan, D. Chen, L. Yin, Z. Wang, L. Zhao, and J.Y. Wang High efficiency chlorine removal from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pyrolysis with a gas-liquid fluidized bed reactor Waste Manag (Oxford) 34 2014 1045 1050
47. W.-C. Huang, M.-S. Huang, C.-F. Huang, C.-C. Chen, and K.-L. Ou Thermochemical conversion of polymer wastes into hydrocarbon fuels over various fluidizing cracking catalysts Fuel 89 2010 2305 2316
48. P.J. Donaj, W. Kaminsky, F. Buzeto, and W. Yang Pyrolysis of polyolefins for increasing the yield of monomers' recovery Waste Manag (Oxford) 32 2012 840 846
49. M.-H. Cho, S.-H. Jung, and J.-S. Kim Pyrolysis of mixed plastic wastes for the recovery of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) aromatics in a fluidized bed and chlorine removal by applying various additives Energy Fuels 24 2009 1389 1395
50. A. López, I. de Marco, B.M. Caballero, M.F. Laresgoiti, and A. Adrados Dechlorination of fuels in pyrolysis of PVC containing plastic wastes Fuel Process Technol 92 2011 253 260
51. Yuana.G, Chena.D, Yina L, Wang Z, Zhaob L, Wang JY. High efficiency of hcl removal from waste plastics pyrolysis with a gas-fluidized reactor. The 1st IWWG-ARB Symposium. Hokkaido University Japan; 2013.
52. G. Elordi, M. Olazar, G. Lopez, M. Artetxe, and J. Bilbao Product yields and compositions in the continuous pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene in a conical spouted bed reactor Ind Eng Chem Res 50 2011 6650 6659
53. G. Elordi, M. Olazar, G. Lopez, M. Amutio, M. Artetxe, and R. Aguado, et al. Catalytic pyrolysis of HDPE in continuous mode over zeolite catalysts in a conical spouted bed reactor J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 85 2009 345 351
54. P. Castaño, G. Elordi, M. Olazar, A.T. Aguayo, B. Pawelec, and J. Bilbao Insights into the coke deposited on HZSM-5, Hβ and HY zeolites during the cracking of polyethylene Appl Catal B: Environ 104 2011 91 100
55. G. Elordi, M. Olazar, R. Aguado, G. Lopez, M. Arabiourrutia, and J. Bilbao Catalytic pyrolysis of high density polyethylene in a conical spouted bed reactor J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 79 2007 450 455
56. M. Arabiourrutia, G. Elordi, G. Lopez, E. Borsella, J. Bilbao, and M. Olazar Characterization of the waxes obtained by the pyrolysis of polyolefin plastics in a conical spouted bed reactor J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 94 2012 230 237
57. N Dimitrov, L Kratofil Krehula, A Ptiček Siročić, and Z. Hrnjak-Murgić Analysis of recycled PET bottles products by pyrolysis-gas chromatography Polym Degrad Stab 98 2013 972 979
58. W. Liu, C. Hu, Y. Yang, D. Tong, G. Li, and L. Zhu Influence of ZSM-5 zeolite on the pyrolytic intermediates from the co-pyrolysis of pubescens and LDPE Energy Convers Manag 51 2010 1025 1032
59. J. Aguado, D.P. Serrano, G. San Miguel, M.C. Castro, and S. Madrid Feedstock recycling of polyethylene in a two-step thermo-catalytic reaction system J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 79 2007 415 423
60. G. San Miguel, D.P. Serrano, and J. Aguado Valorization of waste agricultural polyethylene film by sequential pyrolysis and catalytic reforming Ind Eng Chem Res 48 2009 8697 8703
61. N. Miskolczi, F. Buyong, A. Angyal, P.T. Williams, and L. Bartha Two stages catalytic pyrolysis of refuse derived fuel: production of biofuel via syncrude Bioresour Technol 101 2010 8881 8890
62. D.P. Serrano, J. Aguado, J.M. Escola, and E. Garagorri Conversion of low density polyethylene into petrochemical feedstocks using a continuous screw kiln reactor J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 58-59 2001 789 801
63. J. Aguado, D.P. Serrano, J.M. Escola, and E. Garagorri Catalytic conversion of low-density polyethylene using a continuous screw kiln reactor Catal Today 75 2002 257 262
64. M. Fukushima, B. Wu, H. Ibe, K. Wakai, E. Sugiyama, and H. Abe, et al. Study on dechlorination technology for municipal waste plastics containing polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene terephthalate J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 12 2010 108 122
65. C. Ludlow-Palafox, and H.A. Chase Microwave-induced pyrolysis of plastic wastes Ind Eng Chem Res 40 2001 4749 4756
66. A. Undri, L. Rosi, M. Frediani, and P. Frediani Efficient disposal of waste polyolefins through microwave assisted pyrolysis Fuel 2014 116
67. Z. Hussain, K.M. Khan, S. Perveen, K. Hussain, and W. Voelter The conversion of waste polystyrene into useful hydrocarbons by microwave-metal interaction pyrolysis Fuel Process Technol 94 2012 145 150
68. Z. Hussain, K.M. Khan, N. Basheer, and K. Hussain Co-liquefaction of Makarwal coal and waste polystyrene by microwave-metal interaction pyrolysis in copper coil reactor J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 90 2011 53 55
69. A. Undri, L. Rosi, M. Frediani, and P. Frediani Upgraded fuel from microwave assisted pyrolysis of waste tire Fuel 115 2014 600 608
70. A. Undri, S. Meini, L. Rosi, M. Frediani, and P. Frediani Microwave pyrolysis of polymeric materials: waste tires treatment and characterization of the value-added products J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 103 2013 149 158
71. A. Undri, B. Sacchi, E. Cantisani, N. Toccafondi, L. Rosi, and M. Frediani, et al. Carbon from microwave assisted pyrolysis of waste tires J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2013 104
72. F. Bai, C.-C. Zhu, Y. Liu, P.-Q. Yuan, Z.-M. Cheng, and W.-K. Yuan Co-pyrolysis of residual oil and polyethylene in sub- and supercritical water Fuel Process Technol 106 2013 267 274
73. X.-C. Tan, C.-C. Zhu, Q.-K. Liu, T-Y Ma, P.-Q. Yuan, and Z.-M. Cheng, et al. Co-pyrolysis of heavy oil and low density polyethylene in the presence of supercritical water: the suppression of coke formation Fuel Process Technol 118 2014 49 54
74. S.H. Ng Conversion of polyethylene blended with vgo to transportation fuels by catalytic cracking Energy Fuels 9 1995 216 224
75. J.M. Arandes, I. Abajo, D. López-Valerio, I. Fernández, M.J. Azkoiti, and M. Olazar, et al. Transformation of several plastic wastes into fuels by catalytic cracking Ind Eng Chem Res 36 1997 4523 4529
76. G. de la Puente, J.M. Arandes, and U.A. Sedran Recycled plastics in FCC feedstocks: specific contributions Ind Eng Chem Res 36 1997 4530 4534
77. G. de la Puente, C. Klocker, and U. Sedran Conversion of waste plastics into fuels: recycling polyethylene in FCC Appl Catal B: Environ 36 2002 279 285
78. F.J. Passamonti, and U. Sedran Recycling of waste plastics into fuels. LDPE conversion in FCC Appl Catal B: Environ 125 2012 499 506
79. A. Marcilla, Á.N. García, and M. del Remedio Hernández Thermal degradation of LDPE - vacuum gas oil mixtures for plastic wastes valorization Energy Fuels 21 2007 870 880
80. G. Vicente, J. Aguado, D.P. Serrano, and N. Sánchez HDPE chemical recycling promoted by phenol solvent J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 85 2009 366 371
81. D.S. Achilias, C. Roupakias, P. Megalokonomos, A.A. Lappas, and E.V. Antonakou Chemical recycling of plastic wastes made from polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) J Hazard Mater 149 2007 536 542
82. M.N. Siddiqui Conversion of hazardous plastic wastes into useful chemical products J Hazard Mater 167 2009 728 735
83. E.F. Iliopoulou, S. Stefanidis, K. Kalogiannis, A.C. Psarras, A. Delimitis, and K.S. Triantafyllidis, et al. Pilot-scale validation of Co-ZSM-5 catalyst performance in the catalytic upgrading of biomass pyrolysis vapours Green Chem 16 2014 662 674
84. M. Artetxe, G. Lopez, G. Elordi, M. Amutio, J. Bilbao, and M. Olazar Production of light olefins from polyethylene in a two-step process: pyrolysis in a conical spouted bed and downstream high-temperature thermal cracking Ind Eng Chem Res 51 2012 13915 13923
85. M. Artetxe, G. Lopez, M. Amutio, G. Elordi, J. Bilbao, and M. Olazar Cracking of high density polyethylene pyrolysis waxes on HZSM-5 catalysts of different acidity Ind Eng Chem Res 52 2013 10637 10645
86. S.M. Abdul Aziz, R. Wahi, Z. Ngaini, and S. Hamdan Bio-oils from microwave pyrolysis of agricultural wastes Fuel Process Technol 106 2013 744 750
87. F. Motasemi, and M.T. Afzal A review on the microwave-assisted pyrolysis technique Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 28 2003 317 330
88. S.S. Lam, and H.A. Chase A review on waste to energy processes using microwave pyrolysis Energies 5 2012 4209 4232
89. X. Yuan, H. Cao, H. Li, G. Zeng, J. Tong, and L. Wang Quantitative and qualitative analysis of products formed during co-liquefaction of biomass and synthetic polymer mixtures in sub-and supercritical water Fuel Process Technol 90 2009 428 434
90. M. Goto Chemical recycling of plastics using sub-and supercritical fluids J Supercrit Fluids 47 2009 500 507
91. X. Su, Y. Zhao, R. Zhang, and J. Bi Investigation on degradation of polyethylene to oils in supercritical water Fuel Process Technol 85 2004 1249 1258
92. Y. Wang, and F.-S. Zhang Degradation of brominated flame retardant in computer housing plastic by supercritical fluids J Hazard Mater 205 2012 156 163
93. J.A. Onwudili, and P.T. Williams Degradation of brominated flame-retarded plastics (Br-ABS and Br-HIPS) in supercritical water J Supercrit Fluids 49 2009 356 368
94. W.D. Lilac, and S. Lee Kinetics and mechanisms of styrene monomer recovery from waste polystyrene by supercritical water partial oxidation Adv Environ Res 6 2001 9 16
95. E. Zanella, M. Della Zassa, L. Navarini, and P. Canu Low-temperature co-pyrolysis of polypropylene and coffee wastes to fuels Energy Fuels 27 2013 1357 1364
96. P. Fu, S. Hu, J. Xiang, P. Li, D. Huang, and L. Jiang, et al. FTIR study of pyrolysis products evolving from typical agricultural residues J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 88 2010 117 123
97. M. He, B. Xiao, S. Liu, X. Guo, S. Luo, and Z. Xu, et al. Hydrogen-rich gas from catalytic steam gasification of municipal solid waste (MSW): influence of steam to MSW ratios and weight hourly space velocity on gas production and composition Int J Hydrog Energy 34 2009 2174 2183
98. S.H. Ng, H. Seoud, M. Stanciulescu, and Y. Sugimoto Conversion of polyethylene to transportation fuels through pyrolysis and catalytic cracking Energy Fuels 9 1995 735 742
99. J.M. Arandes, J. Ereña, J. Bilbao, D. López-Valerio, and G. de la Puente Valorization of the blends polystyrene/light cycle oil and polystyrene-butadiene/light cycle oil over HZSM-5 zeolites Ind Eng Chem Res 42 2003 3700 3710
100. J.M. Arandes, J. Ereña, J. Bilbao, D. López-Valerio, and G. De la Puente Valorization of polyolefins dissolved in light cycle oil over hy zeolites under fluid catalytic cracking unit conditions Ind Eng Chem Res 42 2003 3952 3961
101. C.D. Papaspyrides, J.G. Poulakis, and P.C. Varelides A model recycling process for low density polyethylene Resour, Conserv Recycl 12 1994 177 184
102. G. Grause, S. Matsumoto, T. Kameda, and T. Yoshioka Pyrolysis of mixed plastics in a fluidized bed of hard burnt lime Ind Eng Chem Res 50 2011 5459 5466
103. F.O. Rice The thermal decomposition of organic compounds from the standpoint of free radicals. I. Saturated hydrocarbons J Am Chem Soc 53 1931 1959 1972
104. B.S. Greensfelder, H.H. Voge, and G.M. Good Catalytic and thermal cracking of pure hydrocarbons: mechanisms of reaction Ind Eng Chem 41 1949 2573 2584
105. J. Aguado, D.P. Serrano, J.M. Escola, and L. Briones Deactivation and regeneration of a Ni supported hierarchical beta zeolite catalyst used in the hydroreforming of the oil produced by LDPE thermal cracking Fuel 109 2013 679 686
106. S. Kumar, R. Prakash, S. Murugan, and R.K. Singh Performance and emission analysis of blends of waste plastic oil obtained by catalytic pyrolysis of waste HDPE with diesel in a CI engine Energy Convers Manag 74 2013 323 331
107. F. Welle Twenty years of PET bottle to bottle recycling - an overview Resour, Conserv Recycl 55 2011 865 875
108. S. Kumagai, G. Grause, T. Kameda, T. Takano, H. Horiuchi, and T. Yoshioka Decomposition of gaseous terephthalic acid in the presence of CaO Ind Eng Chem Res 50 2011 1831 1836
109. S. Kumagai, G. Grause, T. Kameda, T. Takano, H. Horiuchi, and T. Yoshioka Improvement of the benzene yield during pyrolysis of terephthalic acid using a CaO fixed-bed reactor Ind Eng Chem Res 50 2011 6594 6600
110. Gui B, Qiao Y, Wan D, Liu S, Han Z, Yao H, et al. Nascent tar formation during polyvinylchloride (PVC) pyrolysis. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, vol. 34; 2013. p. 2321-2329.
111. A.K. Hossain, and P.A. Davies Pyrolysis liquids and gases as alternative fuels in internal combustion engines - a review Renew Sustain Energy Rev 21 2013 165 189
112. L.C.F.N. Assumpção, M.M. Carbonell, and M.R.C. Marques Co-pyrolysis of polypropylene waste with Brazilian heavy oil J Environ Sci Health, Part A 46 2011 461 464
113. M.N. Siddiqui, and H.H. Redhwi Catalytic coprocessing of waste plastics and petroleum residue into liquid fuel oils J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 86 2009 141 147
114. N. Miskolczi Co-pyrolysis of petroleum based waste HDPE, poly-lactic-acid biopolymer and organic waste J Ind Eng Chem 19 2013 1549 1559
115. E. Önal, B.B. Uzun, and A.E. Pütün Bio-oil production via co-pyrolysis of almond shell as biomass and high density polyethylene Energy Convers Manag 78 2014 704 710
116. A. Aboulkas, T. Makayssi, L. Bilali, K. El harfi, M. Nadifiyine, and M. Benchanaa Co-pyrolysis of oil shale and high density polyethylene: structural characterization of the oil Fuel Process Technol 96 2012 203 208
117. X. Li, H. Zhang, J. Li, L. Su, J. Zuo, and S. Komarneni, et al. Improving the aromatic production in catalytic fast pyrolysis of cellulose by co-feeding low-density polyethylene Appl Catal A: Gen 455 2013 114 121
118. C. Qian, M. Zhou, J. Wei, P. Ye, and X. Yang Pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of lignite and plastic Int J Min Sci Technol 24 2014 137 141
119. M. Sajdak, and R. Muzyka Use of plastic waste as a fuel in the co-pyrolysis of biomass. Part I: The effect of the addition of plastic waste on the process and products J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2014
120. C. Dorado, C.A. Mullen, and A.A. Boateng H-ZSM5 catalyzed co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2 2013 301 311
121. H. Zhang, J. Nie, R. Xiao, B. Jin, C. Dong, and G. Xiao Catalytic co-pyrolysis of biomass and different plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene) to improve hydrocarbon yield in a fluidized-bed reactor Energy Fuels 28 2014 1940 1947
122. S. Nomura Use of waste plastics in coke oven: a review J Sustain Metall 2015 1 9
123. E.M. Grieco, and G. Baldi Pyrolysis of polyethylene mixed with paper and wood: interaction effects on tar, char and gas yields Waste Manag (Oxford) 32 2012 833 839
124. N. Miskolczi, A. Angyal, L. Bartha, and I. Valkai Fuels by pyrolysis of waste plastics from agricultural and packaging sectors in a pilot scale reactor Fuel Process Technol 90 2009 1032 1040
125. I. Velghe, R. Carleer, J. Yperman, and S. Schreurs Study of the pyrolysis of municipal solid waste for the production of valuable products J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 92 2011 366 375
126. M.N. Siddiqui, and H.H. Redhwi Pyrolysis of mixed plastics for the recovery of useful products Fuel Process Technol 90 2009 545 552
127. J. Wu, T. Chen, X. Luo, D. Han, Z. Wang, and J. Wu TG/FTIR analysis on co-pyrolysis behavior of PE, PVC and PS Waste Manag (Oxford) 34 2014 676 682
128. S. Karagöz, T. Karayildirim, S. Uçar, M. Yuksel, and J. Yanik Liquefaction of municipal waste plastics in VGO over acidic and non-acidic catalysts Fuel 82 2003 415 423
129. L.M. Gorghiu, S. Jipa, T. Zaharescu, R. Setnescu, and I. Mihalcea The effect of metals on thermal degradation of polyethylenes Polym Degrad Stab 84 2004 7 11
130. J. Jamradloedluk, and C. Lertsatitthanakorn Characterization and utilization of char derived from fast pyrolysis of plastic wastes Procedia Eng 69 2014 1437 1442
131. S. Singh, C. Wu, and P.T. Williams Pyrolysis of waste materials using TGA-MS and TGA-FTIR as complementary characterisation techniques J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 94 2012 99 107
132. H. Wang, D. Chen, G. Yuan, X. Ma, and X. Dai Morphological characteristics of waste polyethylene/polypropylene plastics during pyrolysis and representative morphological signal characterizing pyrolysis stages Waste Manag (Oxford) 33 2013 327 339
133. Group C. Notice of contract with malaysian corporation to supply waste plasic-to-oil plant; 2014.
134. PPP. Dow plans north american plastic waste recovery facilities; 2014.
135. Kaewprom N. The first polymer energy project of Thailand and Southeast Asia; 2010.
136. Envoland. Waste plastic to fuel conversion plant; 2014.
137. Nanopure. Plastic pyrolysis plant; 2014.
138. RESEM. About RESEM; 2014.