A review on tertiary recycling of high-density polyethylene to fuel

Resources, Conservation and Recycling

Volumn 55, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 893-910

  Kumar, Sachin ^a   Panda, Achyut K ^a,b   Singh, R K ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (India)

^b CENTURION UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT   (India)

Author keywords

Chemical degradation; HDPE; Liquid fuel; Non biodegradable; Plastics; Waste to energy

Indexed keywords

CATALYTIC PYROLYSIS; CHEMICAL DEGRADATION; COMMODITY PLASTICS; DEGRADABILITY; ENERGY DEMANDS; ENERGY SOURCE; ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION; HIGH DENSITY; HIGH-CALORIFIC-VALUE; HUMAN LIVES; KINETICS AND MECHANISM; NON BIODEGRADABLE; NON-BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS; RAPID GROWTH; TERTIARY RECYCLING; WASTE PLASTIC; WASTE TO ENERGY; WORLD POPULATION;

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS; CHLORINE; CHLORINE CONTAINING POLYMERS; DEGRADATION; ELASTOMERS; ETHYLENE; FOSSIL FUELS; HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENES; LIQUID FUELS; LIQUIDS; PLASTIC PRODUCTS; PLASTICS APPLICATIONS; POPULATION STATISTICS; PYROLYSIS; REACTION KINETICS; RECYCLING; WASTE MANAGEMENT;

ENERGY CONVERSION;

FUEL; PLASTIC; POLYETHYLENE; POLYMER;

BIODEGRADATION; MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE; PLASTIC; PYROLYSIS; RECYCLING; WASTE MANAGEMENT; WASTE TREATMENT;

ALCOHOLYSIS; CATALYSIS; CHEMICAL REACTION KINETICS; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; DEGRADATION; GASIFICATION; GLYCOLYSIS; HYDROLYSIS; METHANOLYSIS; OXIDATION; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PYROLYSIS; RECYCLING; REVIEW; THERMAL EXPOSURE; WASTE MANAGEMENT;

EID: 79960938093     PISSN: 09213449     EISSN: 18790658     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.05.005     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Ali S, Garforth AA, Harris DH, Rawlence DJ, Uemichi Y. Polymer waste recycling over used catalysts. Catal Today 2002a;75:247-55. (Pubitemid 34624182)
2. Ali S, Garforth AA, Harris DH, Rawlence DJ, Uemichi Y. Polymer waste recycling over 'used' catalysts. Catal Today 2002b;75:247-55.
3. ASTMD-5033-90. Standard guide for development of ASTM standards relating to recycling and use of recycled plastics; 2000.
4. Bagri R, Williams PT. Catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2002;63:29-41. (Pubitemid 34070139)
5. Ballice L, Reimert R. Classification of volatile products from the temperature programmed pyrolysis of polypropylene (PP), atactic-polypropylene (APP) and thermo gravimetrically derived kinetics of pyrolysis. Chem Eng Process 2002;41:289-96. (Pubitemid 34088897)
6. Bate DM, Lehrle RS. Kinetic measurements by pyrolysis-gas chromatography, and examples of their use in deducing mechanisms. Polym Degrad Stab 1996;53:39-44. (Pubitemid 126363171)
7. Beltrame PL, Carniti P, Audisio G, Bertini F. Catalytic degradation of polymers: part II - degradation of polyethylene. Polym Degrad Stab 1989;26:209-20.
8. Breen C, Last Philip M, Taylor S, Komadel P. Synergic chemical analysis - the coupling of TG with FTIR, MS and GC-MS 2. Catalytic transformation of the gases evolved during the thermal decomposition of HDPE using acid-activated clays. Thermochim Acta 2000;363:93-104.
9. Buekens G, Huang H. Catalytic plastics cracking for recovery of gasoline-range hydrocarbons from municipal plastic wastes. Resour Conserv Recy 1998;23:163-81. (Pubitemid 29037774)
10. Burkle D. In: Proceedings of recycle '92; 1992. p. 11/1.1.
11. Chan JH, Balke ST. The thermal degradation kinetics of polypropylene: Part II. Time-temperature superposition. Polym Degrad Stab 1997a;57:113-25.
12. Chan JH, Balke ST. The thermal degradation kinetics of polypropylene: Part III. Thermogravimetric analyses. Polym Degrad Stab 1997b;57:135-49. (Pubitemid 127369603)
13. Chan JH, Balke ST. The thermal degradation kinetics of polypropylene: Part I. Time-temperature superposition. Polym Degrad Stab 1997c;57:127-34.
14. Cho YS, Shim MJ, Kim SW. Thermal degradation kinetics of PE by Kissinger equation. Mater Chem Phys 1998;52:94-7.
15. Consea JA, Font R, Marcilla A, Garcia AN. Pyrolysis of polyethylene in a fluidized bed reactor. Energy Fuels 1994;8:1238-46.
16. de la Puente G, Klocker C, Sedran U. Conversion of waste plastics into fuels recycling polyethylene in FCC. Appl Catal, B 2002;36(4):279-85. (Pubitemid 34299603)
17. Fernandes VJ, Araujo AS, Frenandes GJT. Catalytic degradation of polyethylene evaluated by GC. J Therm Anal 1997;49:255-60.
18. Gao Z, Amasaki I, Nakada M. A thermogravimetric study on thermal degradation of polyethylene. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2003;67:1-9.
19. Garforth A, fiddy S, Lin YH, Ghanbari-Siakhali A, Sharratt PN, Dwyer J. Catalytic degradation of high density poliethylene: an evaluation of mesoporous and microporous catalysts using thermal analysis. Thermochim Acta 1997;294:65-9.
20. Garforth AA, Lin YH, Sharratt PN, Dwyer J. Production of hydrocarbons by catalytic degradation of high density polyethylene in a laboratory fluidised-bed reactor. Appl Catal A: Gen 1998;169:331-42. (Pubitemid 128408579)
21. Garforth AA, Jesus SA, Martinez H, Akhan A. Feedstock recycling of polymer wastes. Curr Opin Solid State Mater 2004;8:419-25. (Pubitemid 41541526)
22. Gonzalez J, Albano C, Ichazo M, Hernandez M, Sciamanna R. Analysis of thermogravimetric data of blends of polyolefins with calcium carbonate treated with Lica 12. Polym Degrad Stab 2001;73:211-24. (Pubitemid 32605582)
23. Grieken RV, Serrano DP, Aguado J, Garcya R, Rojo C. Thermal and catalytic cracking of polyethylene under mild conditions. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2001;58-59:127-42. (Pubitemid 32318165)
24. Hernandez MR, Garcia AR, Gomez A, Agullo J, Marcilla A. Effect of residence time on volatile products obtained in the HDPE pyrolysis in the presence and absence of HZSM-5. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006;45:8770-8. (Pubitemid 46102161)
25. Horvat N, Ng FTT. Tertiary polymer recycling: a study of polyethylene thermolysis as a first step to synthetic diesel fuel. Fuel 1999a;78:459-70.
26. Horvat N, Ng FTT. Tertiary polymer recycling: study of polyethylene thermolysis as a first step to synthetic diesel fuel. Fuel 1999b;78:459-70.
27. Hujuri U, Ghoshal AK, Gumma S. Temperature-dependent pyrolytic product evolution profile for polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2011;1199(4):2318-25.
28. Hwang EY, Kim JR, Choi JK, H. Woo HC, Park DW. Performance of acid treated natural zeolites in catalytic degradation of polypropylene. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2002;62:351-64.
29. Jalil PA. Investigations on polyethylene degradation into fuel oil over tungstophosphoric acid supported on MCM-41 mesoporous silica. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2002;65:185-95. (Pubitemid 35264318)
30. Jan MR, Shah J, Gulab H. Degradation of waste high-density polyethylene into fuel oil using basic catalyst. Fuel 2010;89:474-80.
31. Karagoz S, Yanik J, Uçar S, Saglam M, Song C. Catalytic and thermal degradation of high-density polyethylene in vacuum gas oil over non-acidic and acidic catalysts. Appl Catal A: Gen 2003;242:51-62.
32. Kim JS, Lee WY, Lee SB, Kim SB, Choi KJ. Degradation of polystyrene waste over base promoted Fe catalysts. Catal Today 2003;87:59-68.
33. Kiran E, Gillham JK. Pyrolysis-molecular weight chromatography: a new on-Line system for analysis of polymers. II. Thermal decomposition of polyolefins: polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene. J Appl Polym Sci 1976;20:2045-68.
34. Lee KH, Shin DH. Catalytic degradation of waste polyolefinic polymers using spent FCC catalyst with various experimental variables. Korean J Chem Eng 2003;20(1):89-92.
35. Lee KH, Jeon SG, Kim KH, Noh NS, Shin DH, Park J, Seo YH, Yee JJ, Kim GT. Thermal and catalytic degradation of waste high-density polyethylene using spent FCC catalyst. Korean J Chem Eng 2003;20(4):693-7. (Pubitemid 37199523)
36. Lehrle RS. Polymer pyrolysis mechanisms: experimental approaches for investigating them. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 1987;11:55-64. (Pubitemid 18538357)
37. Lin YH, Sharratt PN, Garfohrt AA, Dwyer J. Deactivation of US-Y zeolite by coke formation during the catalytic pyrolysis of high density polyethylene. Thermochim Acta 1997;294:45-50. (Pubitemid 127346371)
38. Lin YH, Hwu WH, Ger MD, Yeh TF, Dwyer J. A combined kinetic and mechanistic modelling of the catalytic degradation of polymers. J Mol Catal A 2001;171: 143-51. (Pubitemid 32538482)
39. Lin YH, Yang MH, Yeh TF, Ger MD. Catalytic degradation of high density polyethylene over mesoporous and microporous catalysts in a fluidized-bed reactor. Polym Degrad Stab 2004;86:121-8.
40. Lopez-Manchado M, Torre L, Kenny LM. Kinetic analysis of the thermal degradation of PP-EPDM blends. Rubber Chem Technol 2002;23:73-84.
41. Manos G, Garforth A, Dwyer J. Catalytic degradation of high-density polyethylene over different zeolitic structures. Ind Eng Chem Res 2000;39:1198-202. (Pubitemid 30265949)
42. Maraghi R. Disposal, recycling and reuse. In: Mostafa N, Dekker M, editors. Plastics waste management, New York, USA; 1993. p. 223-6.
43. Marcilla A, Beltran M, Conesa JA. Catalyst addition in polyethylene pyrolysis thermogravimetric study. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2001;58-59:117-26. (Pubitemid 32318164)
44. Marcilla A, Gomez A, Reyes-Labarta GA, Giner A, Hernandez F. Kinetic study of polypropylene pyrolysis using ZSM-5 and an equilibrium fluid catalytic cracking catalysts. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2003a;68-69:467-80.
45. Marcilla A, Gomez A, Reyes-Labarta JA, Giner A, Hernandez F. Kinetic study of polypropylene pyrolysis using ZSM-5 and an equilibrium fluid catalytic cracking catalyst. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2003b;68-69:467-80.
46. Marcilla A, Gomez A, Reyes-Labarta JA, Giner A. Catalytic pyrolysis of polypropylene using MCM-41: kinetic model. Polym Degrad Stab 2003c;80: 233-40.
47. Mastral FJ, Esperanza E, Berrueco C, Juste M, Ceamanos J. Fluidized bed thermal degradation products of HDPE in an inert atmosphere and in air-nitrogen mixture. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2003;70:1-17.
48. Mastral JF, Berrueco C, Gea M, Ceamanos J. Catalytic degradation of high density polyethylene over nanocrystalline HZSM-5 zeolite. Polym Degrad Stab 2006;91:3330-8. (Pubitemid 44894271)
49. Masuda T, Kuwahara H, Mukai SR, Hashimoto K. Production of high quality gasoline from waste polyethylene derived heavy oil over Ni-REY catalyst in steam atmosphere. Chem Eng Sci 1999;54:2773-9. (Pubitemid 29401143)
50. McCaffrey WC, Kamal MR, Cooper DG. Thermolysis of polyethylene. Polym Degrad Stab 1995;47:133-9.
51. Miranda R, Yang J, Roy C, Vasile C. Vacuum pyrolysis of commingled plastics containing PVC I. Kinetic study. Polym Degrad Stab 2001;72:469-91. (Pubitemid 32451612)
52. Miskolczi N, Bartha L. Investigation of hydrocarbon fractions form waste plastic recycling by FTIR, GC, EDXRFS and SEC techniques. J Biochem Biophys Methods 2008;70:1247-53.
53. Miskolczi N, Bartha L, Deak G, Jover B, Kallo D. Kinetic model of the chemical recycling of waste polyethylene into fuels. Process Saf Environ 2004;82:223-9.
54. Moriya T, Enomoto H. Characteristics of polyethylene cracking in supercritical water compared to thermal cracking. Polym Degrad Stab 1999;65: 373-86.
55. Murata K, Hirano Y, Sakata Y. Basic study on a continuous flow reactor for thermal degradation of polymers. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2002;65:71-90.
56. Murata K, Sato K, Sakata Y. Effect of pressure on thermal degradation of polyethylene. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2004;71:569-89.
57. Navarro R, Torre L, Kenny JM, Jimenez A. Thermal degradation of recycled polypropylene toughened with elastomers. Polym Degrad Stab 2003;82:279-90.
58. Ono Y. A survey of the mechanism in catalytic isomerization of alkanes. Catal today 2003;81:3-16.
59. Panda AK, Singh RK, Mishra DK. Thermolysis of waste plastics to liquid fuel; a suitable method for plastic waste management and manufacture of value added products - a world prospective. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2010;14:233-48.
60. Park JW, Kim JH, Seo G. The effect of pore shape on the catalytic performance of zeolites in the liquid-phase degradation of HDPE. Polym Degrad Stab 2002;76:495-501. (Pubitemid 34435020)
61. Pielichowski K, Njuguna J. Thermal degradation of polymeric materials. UK: Rapra Technology Limited; 2005 [chapter 1].
62. Pinto F, Costa P, Gulyurtulu I, Cabrita I. Pyrolysis of plastic waste 2. Effect of catalyst on product yield. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 1999;51:57-71.
63. Sakata Y, Uddin MA, Muto A, Kanada Y, Koizumi K, Murata K. Catalytic degradation of polyethylene into fuel oil over mesoporous silica (KFS-16) catalyst. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 1997;43:15-25. (Pubitemid 127437908)
64. Sakata Y, Uddin MA, Muto A. Degradation of polyethylene and polypropylene into fuel oil by using solid acid and non-acid catalysts. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 1999;51:135-55.
65. Schirmer J, Kim JS, Klemm E. Catalytic degradation of polyethylene using thermal gravimetric analysis and a cycled-spheres-reactor. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2001;60:205-17. (Pubitemid 32590601)
66. Seddegi SZ, Budrthumal U, Al-Arfaj AA, Al-Amer AM, Barri SAI. Catalytic cracking of polyethylene over all-silica MCM-41 molecular sieve. Appl Catal, A 2002;225:167-76. (Pubitemid 34065246)
67. Seeger M, Cantow H-J. Thermische spaltungsmechanismen in homo- und copolymeren aus a-Olefin, 1. Makromol Chem 1975;176:1411-25.
68. Seeger M, Gritter RJ. Thermal decomposition and volatilization of poly(aolefines). J Polym Sci: Polym Chem Ed 1977;15:1393-402.
69. Seo YH, Lee KH, Shin DH. Investigation of catalytic degradation of high-density polyethylene by hydrocarbon group type analysis. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2003a;70:383-98.
70. Seo YH, Lee KH, Shin DH. Investigation of catalytic degradation of HDPE by hydrocarbon group type analysis. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2003b;70:383-98.
71. Seo YH, Lee KH, Shin DH. Investigation of catalytic degradation of high density polyethylene by hydrocarbon group type analysis. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2003c;70:383-98.
72. Serrano DP, Aguado J, Escola JM. Catalytic conversion of polystyrene over HMCM 41, HZSM-5 and amorphous SiO2-Al2O3: comparison with thermal cracking. Appl Catal, B 2000;25:181-9.
73. Sharrath PN, Lin YH, Garforth AA, Dwyer J. Investigation of the catalytic pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene over a HZSM-5 catalyst in a laboratory fluidized-bed reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 1997;36:5118-24. (Pubitemid 127481713)
74. Sharratt PN, Lin YH, Garforth AA, Dwyer J. Investigation of the catalytic pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene over a HZSM-5 catalyst in a laboratory fluidized-bed reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 1997a;36:5118-24. (Pubitemid 127481713)
75. Sharratt PN, Lin YH, Garforth AA, Dwyer J. Investigation of the catalytic pyrolysis of high-density over a HZSM-5 catalyst in a laboratory fluidized-bed reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 1997b;36:5118-24. (Pubitemid 127481713)
76. Singh B, Sharma N. Mechanistic implications of plastic degradation. Polym Degrad Stab 2008;93:561-84.
77. Stefanis AD, Perez G, Lilla E, Ursini O, Tomlinson AAG. Conversion of resins and asphaltenes in porous catalysts. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2001;57:37-44. (Pubitemid 32030331)
78. Takuma K, Uemichi Y, Ayame A. Product distribution from catalytic degradation of polyethylene over H-gallosilicate. Appl Catal, A 2000;192:273-80.
79. Uddin MA, Koizumi K, Murata K, Sakata Y. Thermal and catalytic degradation of structurally different types of polyethylene into fuel oil. Polym Degrad Stab 1997;56:37-44. (Pubitemid 127412150)
80. Ueno T, Nakashima E, Takeda K. Quantitative analysis of random scission and chainend scission in the thermal degradation of polyethylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2010;95:1862-9.
81. Ullmann F. ULLMANN's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry, vol. 27, 6th ed. Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co; 2003a. p. 607-615.
82. Ullmann F. ULLMANN's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry, vol. 27, 6th ed. Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co; 2003b. p. 616-623.
83. Venuto PB, Habib ET. Fluid catalytic cracking with zeolite catalysts. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1979.
84. Walendziewski J, Steininger M. Thermal and catalytic conversion of waste polyolefins. Catal today 2001;65:323-30.
85. Wallis MD, Bhatia SK. Thermal degradation of high density polyethylene in a reactive extruder. Polym Degrad Stab 2007;92:1721-9. (Pubitemid 47361343)
86. Warren LM, Burns R. Plast Technol 1988;6:41-8.
87. Wiley J. Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology, New York; 1966.
88. Yang J, Mirand R, Roy C. Using the DTG curve fitting method to determine the apparent kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition of polymers. Polym Degrad Stab 2001;73:455-61. (Pubitemid 32798140)
89. Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Tierney JW, Wender I. Hybrid zirconia catalysts for conversion of Fischer-Tropsch waxy products to transportation fuels. Fuel Process Technol 2003;83:67-80.