메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 48, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 318-324

Weight loss and undernutrition in community-dwelling patients with Alzheimer’s dementia: From population based studies to clinical management;Gewichtsverlust und Unterernährung bei selbstständig lebenden Patienten mit Alzheimer-Demenz: Von populationsbasierten Studien zum klinischen Management

Author keywords

Alzheimer s disease; Management; Nutrition assessment; Nutritional status; Review

Indexed keywords

AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; HUMAN; INDEPENDENT LIVING; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION; PSYCHOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EID: 84930765949     PISSN: 09486704     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00391-015-0891-2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (39)

References (55)
  • 1
    • 84887627042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of nutritional complete supplements in older adults with dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcomes
    • Allen VJ, Methven L, Gosney MA (2013) Use of nutritional complete supplements in older adults with dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcomes. Clin Nutr 32:950–957
    • (2013) Clin Nutr , vol.32 , pp. 950-957
    • Allen, V.J.1    Methven, L.2    Gosney, M.A.3
  • 2
    • 0034970474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional risk factors for institutional placement in Alzheimer’s disease after one year follow-up
    • Andrieu S, Reynish W, Nourhashemi F et al (2001) Nutritional risk factors for institutional placement in Alzheimer’s disease after one year follow-up. J Nutr Health Aging 5:113–117
    • (2001) J Nutr Health Aging , vol.5 , pp. 113-117
    • Andrieu, S.1    Reynish, W.2    Nourhashemi, F.3
  • 3
    • 67149136453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weight loss in neurodegenerative disorders
    • Aziz NA, van der Marck MA, Pijl H et al (2008) Weight loss in neurodegenerative disorders. J Neurol 255:1872–1880
    • (2008) J Neurol , vol.255 , pp. 1872-1880
    • Aziz, N.A.1    van der Marck, M.A.2    Pijl, H.3
  • 4
    • 33947224629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of weight loss in Alzheimer’s disease: a consensus from appropriateness ratings of a large expert panel
    • Belmin J, Expert Panel and Organisation Committee (2007) Practical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of weight loss in Alzheimer’s disease: a consensus from appropriateness ratings of a large expert panel. J Nutr Health Aging 11:33–37
    • (2007) J Nutr Health Aging , vol.11 , pp. 33-37
  • 5
    • 84894477354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body mass index, weight change, and clinical progression in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease
    • Besser LM, Gill DP, Monsell SE et al (2014) Body mass index, weight change, and clinical progression in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 28:36–43
    • (2014) Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord , vol.28 , pp. 36-43
    • Besser, L.M.1    Gill, D.P.2    Monsell, S.E.3
  • 6
    • 61849157257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical review
    • Burns A, Iliffe S (2009) Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical review. BMJ 338:467–471
    • (2009) BMJ , vol.338 , pp. 467-471
    • Burns, A.1    Iliffe, S.2
  • 7
    • 85027937179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of long-term treatment with galantamine on weight of patients with Alzheimer’s dementia
    • Droogsma E, van Asselt DZ, van Steijn JH et al (2013) Effect of long-term treatment with galantamine on weight of patients with Alzheimer’s dementia. J Nutr Health Aging 17:461–465
    • (2013) J Nutr Health Aging , vol.17 , pp. 461-465
    • Droogsma, E.1    van Asselt, D.Z.2    van Steijn, J.H.3
  • 8
    • 84888016386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional status of community-dwelling elderly with newly diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease: prevalence of malnutrition and the relation of various factors to nutritional status
    • Droogsma E, Van Asselt DZ, Schölzel-Dorenbos CJ, Van Steijn JH et al (2013) Nutritional status of community-dwelling elderly with newly diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease: prevalence of malnutrition and the relation of various factors to nutritional status. J Nutr Health Aging 17:606–610
    • (2013) J Nutr Health Aging , vol.17 , pp. 606-610
    • Droogsma, E.1    Van Asselt, D.Z.2    Schölzel-Dorenbos, C.J.3    Van Steijn, J.H.4
  • 9
    • 84911431644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional interventions in community-dwelling Alzheimer patients with (risk of) undernutrition: a systematic review
    • Droogsma E, van Asselt D, van Steijn J et al (2014) Nutritional interventions in community-dwelling Alzheimer patients with (risk of) undernutrition: a systematic review. Int Psychogeriatr 20:1–9
    • (2014) Int Psychogeriatr , vol.20
    • Droogsma, E.1    van Asselt, D.2    van Steijn, J.3
  • 10
    • 14744290704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional and cognitive relationships and long-term mortality in patients with various dementia disorders
    • Faxen-Irving G, Basun H, Cederholm T (2005) Nutritional and cognitive relationships and long-term mortality in patients with various dementia disorders. Age Ageing 34:136–141
    • (2005) Age Ageing , vol.34 , pp. 136-141
    • Faxen-Irving, G.1    Basun, H.2    Cederholm, T.3
  • 11
    • 29144508843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study
    • Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C et al (2005) Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet 366:2112–2117
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 2112-2117
    • Ferri, C.P.1    Prince, M.2    Brayne, C.3
  • 12
    • 0033026791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of mortality in patients with Alzheimer’s disease living in nursing homes
    • Gambassi G, Landi F, Lapane KL et al (1999) Predictors of mortality in patients with Alzheimer’s disease living in nursing homes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 67:59–65
    • (1999) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.67 , pp. 59-65
    • Gambassi, G.1    Landi, F.2    Lapane, K.L.3
  • 14
    • 16444370821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term cholinergic treatment is not associated with greater risk of weight loss during Alzheimer’s disease: data from the French REAL.FR cohort
    • Gillette-Guyonnet S, Cortes F, Vellas B (2005) Long-term cholinergic treatment is not associated with greater risk of weight loss during Alzheimer’s disease: data from the French REAL.FR cohort. J Nutr Health Aging 9:69–73
    • (2005) J Nutr Health Aging , vol.9 , pp. 69-73
    • Gillette-Guyonnet, S.1    Cortes, F.2    Vellas, B.3
  • 15
    • 33646923102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome of Alzheimer’s disease: potential impact of cholinesterase inhibitors
    • Gillette-Guyonnet S, Andrieu S, Cortes F et al (2006) Outcome of Alzheimer’s disease: potential impact of cholinesterase inhibitors. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 61:516–520
    • (2006) J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci , vol.61 , pp. 516-520
    • Gillette-Guyonnet, S.1    Andrieu, S.2    Cortes, F.3
  • 16
    • 33947263153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IANA (International Academy on Nutrition and Aging) Expert group: weight loss and Alzheimer’s disease
    • Gillette-Guyonnet S, Abellan van Kan G, Alix E et al (2007) IANA (International Academy on Nutrition and Aging) Expert group: weight loss and Alzheimer’s disease. J Nutr Health Aging 11:38–48
    • (2007) J Nutr Health Aging , vol.11 , pp. 38-48
    • Gillette-Guyonnet, S.1    Abellan van Kan, G.2    Alix, E.3
  • 17
    • 70449516149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spared and impaired abilities in community-dwelling patients entering the severe stage of Alzheimer’s disease
    • Gillioz AS, Villars H, Voisin T et al (2009) Spared and impaired abilities in community-dwelling patients entering the severe stage of Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 28:427–432
    • (2009) Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord , vol.28 , pp. 427-432
    • Gillioz, A.S.1    Villars, H.2    Voisin, T.3
  • 18
    • 0029888681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low body weight in Alzheimer’s disease is associated with mesial temporal cortex atrophy
    • Grundman M, Corey-Bloom J, Jernigan T et al (1996) Low body weight in Alzheimer’s disease is associated with mesial temporal cortex atrophy. Neurology 46:1585–1591
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.46 , pp. 1585-1591
    • Grundman, M.1    Corey-Bloom, J.2    Jernigan, T.3
  • 19
    • 84904511957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Change in body mass index before and after Alzheimer’s disease onset
    • Gu Y, Scarmeas N, Cosentino S et al (2014) Change in body mass index before and after Alzheimer’s disease onset. Curr Alzheimer Res 11:349–356
    • (2014) Curr Alzheimer Res , vol.11 , pp. 349-356
    • Gu, Y.1    Scarmeas, N.2    Cosentino, S.3
  • 20
    • 16444379592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional status assessment during Alzheimer’s disease: results after one year (the REAL French study Group)
    • Guérin O, Soto ME, Brocker P et al (2005) Nutritional status assessment during Alzheimer’s disease: results after one year (the REAL French study Group). J Nutr Health Aging 9:81–84
    • (2005) J Nutr Health Aging , vol.9 , pp. 81-84
    • Guérin, O.1    Soto, M.E.2    Brocker, P.3
  • 21
    • 24044474066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different modes of weight loss in Alzheimer disease: a prospective study of 395 patients
    • Guérin O, Andrieu S, Schneider SM et al (2005) Different modes of weight loss in Alzheimer disease: a prospective study of 395 patients. Am J Clin Nutr 82:435–441
    • (2005) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.82 , pp. 435-441
    • Guérin, O.1    Andrieu, S.2    Schneider, S.M.3
  • 22
    • 63549108053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease patients with a rapid weight loss during a six-year follow-up
    • Guérin O, Andrieu S, Schneider SM et al (2009) Characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease patients with a rapid weight loss during a six-year follow-up. Clin Nutr 28:141–146
    • (2009) Clin Nutr , vol.28 , pp. 141-146
    • Guérin, O.1    Andrieu, S.2    Schneider, S.M.3
  • 23
    • 33846271029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) review of the literature—What does it tell us?
    • Guigoz Y (2006) The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) review of the literature—What does it tell us? J Nutr Health Aging 10(6):466–485
    • (2006) J Nutr Health Aging , vol.10 , Issue.6 , pp. 466-485
    • Guigoz, Y.1
  • 25
    • 77956629252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EFNS guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease
    • Hort J, O’Brien JT, Gainotti G et al (2010) EFNS guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Neurol 17:1236–1248
    • (2010) Eur J Neurol , vol.17 , pp. 1236-1248
    • Hort, J.1    O’Brien, J.T.2    Gainotti, G.3
  • 26
    • 77955391832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An open-ended question: Alzheimer’s disease and involuntary weight loss: which comes first?
    • Inelmen EM, Sergi G, Coin A et al (2010) An open-ended question: Alzheimer’s disease and involuntary weight loss: which comes first? Aging Clin Exp Res 22:192–197
    • (2010) Aging Clin Exp Res , vol.22 , pp. 192-197
    • Inelmen, E.M.1    Sergi, G.2    Coin, A.3
  • 27
    • 6944220100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement of weight and fat-free mass with oral nutritional supplementation in patients with Alzheimer’s disease at risk of malnutrition: a prospective randomized study
    • Lauque S, Arnaud-Battandier F, Gillette S et al (2004) Improvement of weight and fat-free mass with oral nutritional supplementation in patients with Alzheimer’s disease at risk of malnutrition: a prospective randomized study. J Am Geriatr Soc 52:1702–1707
    • (2004) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.52 , pp. 1702-1707
    • Lauque, S.1    Arnaud-Battandier, F.2    Gillette, S.3
  • 28
    • 0036185530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholinesterase inhibitor treatment alters the natural history of Alzheimer’s disease
    • Lopez OL, Becker JT, Wisniewski S et al (2002) Cholinesterase inhibitor treatment alters the natural history of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 72:310–314
    • (2002) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.72 , pp. 310-314
    • Lopez, O.L.1    Becker, J.T.2    Wisniewski, S.3
  • 29
    • 0001743104 scopus 로고
    • Anatomical substrate of emotional reactions
    • Boller F, Grafman J, (eds), Elsevier, New York
    • Macchi G (1989) Anatomical substrate of emotional reactions. In: Boller F, Grafman J (eds) Handbook of neuropsychology, 3rd edn. Elsevier, New York, S 283–303
    • (1989) Handbook of neuropsychology , pp. 283-303
    • Macchi, G.1
  • 30
    • 0021271971 scopus 로고
    • Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s Disease
    • McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M et al (1984) Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurology 34:189–198
    • (1984) Neurology , vol.34 , pp. 189-198
    • McKhann, G.1    Drachman, D.2    Folstein, M.3
  • 31
    • 84878828226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pals P et al, on behalf of the COGNOS group (2013) COGNOS: care for people with cognitive dysfunction: a national observational study
    • Mets T, De Deyn PP, Pals P et al, on behalf of the COGNOS group (2013) COGNOS: care for people with cognitive dysfunction: a national observational study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 27:123–132
    • Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord , vol.27 , pp. 123-132
    • Mets, T.1    De Deyn, P.P.2
  • 32
    • 84930764671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ministry of Health Singapore (2007) Clinical Practice Guideline: dementia. Accessed 29 April 2015
    • Ministry of Health Singapore (2007) Clinical Practice Guideline: dementia. http://www.moh.gov.sg/content/dam/moh_web/HPP/Doctors/cpg_medical/current/2007/CPG_Dementia_Booklet.pdf. Accessed 29 April 2015
  • 33
    • 0024362453 scopus 로고
    • Eating habits in dementia. A descriptive study
    • Morris CH, Hope RA, Fairburn CG (1989) Eating habits in dementia. A descriptive study. Br J Psychiatry 154:801–806
    • (1989) Br J Psychiatry , vol.154 , pp. 801-806
    • Morris, C.H.1    Hope, R.A.2    Fairburn, C.G.3
  • 34
    • 34249828144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dementia: supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. NICE clinical guideline 42
    • National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2006) Dementia: supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. NICE clinical guideline 42. NICE
    • (2006) NICE
  • 35
    • 16444382523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Living alone with Alzheimer’s disease: cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis in the REAL.FR Study
    • Nourhashemi F, Amouyal-Barkate K, Gillette-Guyonnet S et al (2005) Living alone with Alzheimer’s disease: cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis in the REAL.FR Study. J Nutr Health Aging 9:117–120
    • (2005) J Nutr Health Aging , vol.9 , pp. 117-120
    • Nourhashemi, F.1    Amouyal-Barkate, K.2    Gillette-Guyonnet, S.3
  • 36
    • 43249122446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional status is associated with disease progression in very mild Alzheimer disease
    • Ousset PJ, Nourhashemi F, Reynish E et al (2008) Nutritional status is associated with disease progression in very mild Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 22:66–71
    • (2008) Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord , vol.22 , pp. 66-71
    • Ousset, P.J.1    Nourhashemi, F.2    Reynish, E.3
  • 37
    • 84859817794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caution when prescribing cholinesterase inhibitors
    • Praisoody A (2012) Caution when prescribing cholinesterase inhibitors. J Am Geriatr Soc 60:805–806
    • (2012) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.60 , pp. 805-806
    • Praisoody, A.1
  • 38
    • 84872109456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis
    • Prince M, Bryce R, Albanese E et al (2013) The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimers Dement 9:63–75
    • (2013) Alzheimers Dement , vol.9 , pp. 63-75
    • Prince, M.1    Bryce, R.2    Albanese, E.3
  • 39
  • 40
    • 84860879236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional and psycho-functional status in elderly patients with Alzheimer’s disease
    • Saragat B, Buffa R, Mereu E et al (2012) Nutritional and psycho-functional status in elderly patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Nutr Health Aging 16:231–236
    • (2012) J Nutr Health Aging , vol.16 , pp. 231-236
    • Saragat, B.1    Buffa, R.2    Mereu, E.3
  • 41
    • 69149088845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moving forward with nutrition in Alzheimer’s disease
    • Scheltens P (2009) Moving forward with nutrition in Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Neurol 16:19–22
    • (2009) Eur J Neurol , vol.16 , pp. 19-22
    • Scheltens, P.1
  • 42
    • 84930765401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of patients with dementia: a national clinical guideline
    • Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (2006) Management of patients with dementia: a national clinical guideline. Edinburgh. http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign86.pdf. Accessed 29 April 2015
    • (2006) Edinburgh
  • 43
    • 84872855216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weight loss and Alzheimer’s disease: temporal and aetiologic connections
    • Sergi G, De Rui M, Coin A et al (2013) Weight loss and Alzheimer’s disease: temporal and aetiologic connections. Proc Nutr Soc 72:160–165
    • (2013) Proc Nutr Soc , vol.72 , pp. 160-165
    • Sergi, G.1    De Rui, M.2    Coin, A.3
  • 44
    • 62949185911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of nutritional status on cognitive, functional and neuropsychiatric deficits in Alzheimer’s disease
    • Spaccavento S, Del Prete M, Craca A et al (2009) Influence of nutritional status on cognitive, functional and neuropsychiatric deficits in Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 48:356–360
    • (2009) Arch Gerontol Geriatr , vol.48 , pp. 356-360
    • Spaccavento, S.1    Del Prete, M.2    Craca, A.3
  • 45
    • 84875354777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures
    • Thies W, Bleiler L, Alzheimer’s Association (2013) Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 9:208–245
    • (2013) Alzheimers Dement , vol.9 , pp. 208-245
  • 47
    • 84860504392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment and treatment of malnutrition in Dutch geriatric practice: consensus through a modified Delphi study
    • Van Asselt DZ, van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA, van der Cammen TJ et al (2012) Assessment and treatment of malnutrition in Dutch geriatric practice: consensus through a modified Delphi study. Age Ageing 41:399–404
    • (2012) Age Ageing , vol.41 , pp. 399-404
    • Van Asselt, D.Z.1
  • 48
    • 16444361963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of nutritional status on the evolution of Alzheimer’s disease and on response to acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment
    • Vellas B, Lauque S, Gillette-Guyonnet S et al (2005) Impact of nutritional status on the evolution of Alzheimer’s disease and on response to acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment. J Nutr Health Aging 9:75–80
    • (2005) J Nutr Health Aging , vol.9 , pp. 75-80
    • Vellas, B.1    Lauque, S.2    Gillette-Guyonnet, S.3
  • 49
    • 33846294434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of the MNA—Its history and challenges
    • Vellas B, Villars H, Abellan G et al (2006) Overview of the MNA—Its history and challenges. J Nutr Health Aging 10:456–465
    • (2006) J Nutr Health Aging , vol.10 , pp. 456-465
    • Vellas, B.1    Villars, H.2    Abellan, G.3
  • 50
    • 33744518089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Geriatrics
    • Volkert D, Berner YN, Berry E et al (2006) ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Geriatrics. Clin Nutr 25:330–360
    • (2006) Clin Nutr , vol.25 , pp. 330-360
    • Volkert, D.1    Berner, Y.N.2    Berry, E.3
  • 51
    • 32944475966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrition in advanced Alzheimer’s disease
    • White HK (2005) Nutrition in advanced Alzheimer’s disease. NC Med J 66:307–312
    • (2005) NC Med J , vol.66 , pp. 307-312
    • White, H.K.1
  • 52
    • 0029968513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weight change in Alzheimer’s disease
    • White H, Pieper C, Schmader K et al (1996) Weight change in Alzheimer’s disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 44:265–272
    • (1996) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.44 , pp. 265-272
    • White, H.1    Pieper, C.2    Schmader, K.3
  • 53
    • 0031670604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association of weight change in Alzheimer’s disease with severity of disease and mortality: a longitudinal analysis
    • White H, Pieper C, Schmader K (1998) The association of weight change in Alzheimer’s disease with severity of disease and mortality: a longitudinal analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 46:1223–1227
    • (1998) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.46 , pp. 1223-1227
    • White, H.1    Pieper, C.2    Schmader, K.3
  • 54
    • 78049317979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progression of atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders
    • Whitwell JL (2010) Progression of atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders. Neurotox Res 18:339–346
    • (2010) Neurotox Res , vol.18 , pp. 339-346
    • Whitwell, J.L.1
  • 55


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.