Indirect measurement of motivation: Developing and testing a motivational recoding-free implicit association test (m-IAT-RF)

Social Psychology

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 142-156

  Kraus, Alexandra A ^a   Scholderer, Joachim ^a  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Approach avoidance; IAT RF; Implicit association test; Implicit measures; Recoding

Indexed keywords

EID: 84930732757     PISSN: 18649335     EISSN: 21512590     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000234     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T E. (2003). Parsing reward. Trends in Neurosciences, 26, 507-513.
2. Blanton, H., Jaccard, J., Gonzales, P. M., & Christie, C. (2006). Decoding the Implicit Association Test: Implications for criterion prediction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 192-212.
3. Bluemke, M., & Friese, M. (2006). Do features of stimuli influence IAT effects? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 163-176.
4. Brunstrom, J. M., & Shakeshaft, N. G. (2009). Measuring affective (liking) and non-affective (expected satiety) determinants of portion size and food reward. Appetite, 52, 108-114.
5. Chen, M., & Bargh, J. A. (1999). Consequences of automatic evaluation: Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 215-224.
6. Cohn, A. M., Cameron, A. Y., Udo, T., Hagman, B. T., Mitchell, J., Bramm, S., & Ehlke, S. (2012). Delineating potential mechanisms of implicit alcohol cognitions: Drinking restraint, negative affect, and their relationship with approach alcohol associations. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26, 318-324.
7. De Houwer, J. (2001). A structural and process analysis of the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 443-451.
8. De Houwer, J., Crombez, G., Baeyens, F., & Hermans, D. (2001). On the generality of the affective Simon effect. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 189-206.
9. De Houwer, J., Crombez, G., Koster, E. H., & De Beul, N. (2004). Implicit alcohol-related cognitions in a clinical sample of heavy drinkers. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35, 275-286.
10. De Houwer, J., Custers, R., & De Clercq, A. (2006). Do smokers have a negative implicit attitude toward smoking? Cognition and Emotion, 20, 1274-1284.
11. Deutsch, R., & Strack, F. (2006). Reflective and impulsive determinants of addictive behavior. In R. W. Wiers & A. W. Stacy (Eds.), Handbook of implicit cognition and addiction (pp. 45-57). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
12. Farris, S. R., Ostafin, B. D., & Palfai, T. P. (2010). Distractibility moderates the relation between automatic alcohol motivation and drinking behavior. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24, 151-156.
13. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G (2009). Statistical power analyses using G∗Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behaviour Research Methods, 41, 1149-1160.
14. Fazio, R. H., Chen, J. M., McDonel, E. C., & Sherman, S. J. (1982). Attitude accessibility, attitude-behavior consistency, and the strength of the object-evaluation association. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18, 339-357.
15. Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229-238.
16. Ferguson, M. J., & Bargh, J. A. (2003). The constructive nature of automatic evaluation. In J. Musch & K. C. Klauer (Eds.), The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion (pp. 169-188). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
17. Ferguson, M. J., & Bargh, J. A. (2004). Liking is for doing: The effects of goal pursuit on automatic evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 557-572.
18. Finlayson, G., King, N., & Blundell, J. E. (2008). The role of implicit wanting in relation to explicit liking and wanting for food: Implications for appetite control. Appetite, 50, 120-127.
19. Friese, M., Hofmann, W., & Schmitt, M. (2008). When and why do implicit measures predict behaviour? Empirical evidence for the moderating role of opportunity, motivation, and process reliance. European Review of Social Psychology, 19, 285-338.
20. Friese, M., Hofmann, W., & Wänke, M. (2008). When impulses take over: Moderated predictive validity of explicit and implicit attitude measures in predicting food choice and consumption behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 397-419.
21. Govan, C. L., & Williams, K. D. (2004). Changing the affective valence of the stimulus items influences the IAT by re-defining the category labels. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 357-365.
22. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
23. Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216.
24. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 17-41.
25. Hoch, S. J., & Loewenstein, G. F. (1991). Time-inconsistent preferences and consumer self-control. Journal of Consumer Research, 17, 492-507.
26. Hofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le, H., & Schmitt, M. (2005). A meta-analysis on the correlation between the Implicit Association Test and explicit self-report measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1369-1385.
27. Hofmann, W., & Van Dillen, L. (2012). Desire: The new hot spot in self-control research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 317-322.
28. Houben, K., Rothermund, K., & Wiers, R. W. (2009). Predicting alcohol use with a recoding-free variant of the Implicit Association Test. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 487-489.
29. Huijding, J., Muris, P., Lester, K. J., Field, A. P., & Joosse, G. (2011). Training children to approach or avoid novel animals: Effects on self-reported attitudes and fear beliefs and information-seeking behaviors. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 606-613.
30. Karpinski, A., & Hilton, J. L. (2001). Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 774-788.
31. Karpinski, A., & Steinman, R. B. (2006). The single category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 16-32.
32. Kemps, E., Tiggemann, M., Martin, R., & Elliott, M. (2013). Implicit approach - avoidance associations for craved food cues. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 19, 30-38.
33. Klauer, K. C., Voss, A., & Stahl, C. (2011). Cognitive methods in social psychology. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
34. Lindgren, K. P., Neighbors, C., Teachman, B. A., Wiers, R. W., Westgate, E., & Greenwald, A. G. (2013). I drink therefore I am: Validating alcohol-related Implicit Association Tests. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27, 1-13.
35. Meissner, F., & Rothermund, K. (2013). Estimating the contributions of associations and recoding in the Implicit Association Test: The ReAL model for the IAT. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 104, 45-69.
36. Mierke, J., & Klauer, K. C. (2003). Method-specific variance in the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 1180-1192.
37. Neumann, R., Förster, J., & Strack, F. (2003). Motor compatibility: The bidirectional link between behavior and evaluation. In J. Musch & K. C. Klauer (Eds.), The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion (pp. 371-391). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
38. Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259.
39. Nosek, B. A. (2005). Moderators of the relationship between implicit and explicit evaluation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134, 565-584.
40. Nosek, B. A., Hawkins, C. B., & Frazier, R. S. (2011). Implicit social cognition: From measures to mechanisms. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 152-159.
41. Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2004). Reducing the influence of extrapersonal associations on the Implicit Association Test: Personalizing the TAT. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 653-667.
42. Ostafin, B. D., & Brooks, J. J. (2011). Drinking for relief: Negative affect increases automatic alcohol motivation in coping-motivated drinkers. Motivation and Emotion, 35, 285-295.
43. Ostafin, B. D., Marlatt, G. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2008). Drinking without thinking: An implicit measure of alcohol motivation predicts failure to control alcohol use. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1210-1219.
44. Ostafin, B. D., & Palfai, T. P. (2006). Compelled to consume: The Implicit Association Test and automatic alcohol motivation. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20, 322-327.
45. Palfai, T. P., & Ostafin, B. D. (2003). Alcohol-related motivational tendencies in hazardous drinkers: Assessing implicit response tendencies using the modified-IAT. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1149-1162.
46. Payne, B. K. (2001). Prejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 181-192.
47. Perugini, M., Richetin, J., & Zogmaister, C. (2010). Prediction of behavior. Handbook of Implicit Social Cognition: Measurement, Theory, and Applications, 10, 255-278.
48. Rinck, M., & Becker, E. S. (2007). Approach and avoidance in fear of spiders. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38, 105-120.
49. Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (1993). The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Research Reviews, 18, 247-291.
50. Roefs, A., Huijding, J., Smulders, F. T., MacLeod, C. M., de Jong, P. J., Wiers, R. W., & Jansen, A. (2011). Implicit measures of association in psychopathology research. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 149-193.
51. Roousseeuw, P. J., & Van Driessen, K. (1999). A fast algorithm for the minimum covariance determinant estimator. Technometrics, 41, 212-223.
52. Rothermund, K., Teige-Mocigemba, S., Gast, A., & Wentura, D. (2009). Minimizing the influence of recoding in the Implicit Association Test: The Recoding-Free Implicit Association Test (IAT-RF). The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62, 84-98.
53. Rothermund, K., & Wentura, D. (2004). Underlying processes in the Implicit Association Test: Dissociating salience from associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 139-165.
54. Schneider, E., & Zuccoloto, A. (2007). E-prime 2.0 [Computer software]. Pittsburg, PA: Psychological Software Tools.
55. Seibt, B., Häfner, M., & Deutsch, R. (2007). Prepared to eat: How immediate affective and motivational responses to food cues are influenced by food deprivation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 359-379.
56. Sherman, S. J., Rose, J. S., Koch, K., Presson, C. C., & Chassin, L. (2003). Implicit and explicit attitudes toward cigarette smoking: The effects of context and motivation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22, 13-39.
57. Sriram, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2009). The Brief Implicit Association Test. Experimental Psychology, 56, 283-294.
58. Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 220-247.
59. Strack, F., Werth, L., & Deutsch, R. (2006). Reflective and impulsive determinants of consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 16, 205-216.
60. Teige-Mocigemba, S., Klauer, K. C., & Rothermund, K. (2008). Minimizing method-specific variance in the IAT: A single block IAT. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 24, 237-245.
61. Tibboel, H., De Houwer, J., Spruyt, A., Field, M., Kemps, E., & Crombez, G. (2011). Testing the validity of implicit measures of wanting and liking. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 284-292.
62. Türk Pereira, P. (2010). Testing the sour-grapes effect: How food deprivation and reward expectancy change implicit and explicit food-liking and food-wanting. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Würzburg, Germany).
63. Wiers, R. W., Eberl, C., Rinck, M., Becker, E. S., & Lindenmeyer, J. (2011). Retraining automatic action tendencies changes alcoholic patients' approach bias for alcohol and improves treatment outcome. Psychological Science, 22, 490-497.
64. Wiers, R. W., Rinck, M., Kordts, R., Houben, K., & Strack, F. (2010). Retraining automatic action-tendencies to approach alcohol in hazardous drinkers. Addiction, 105, 279-287.
65. Wiers, R. W., Van Woerden, N., Smulders, F. T., & De Jong, P. J. (2002). Implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in heavy and light drinkers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 648-658.
66. Wigboldus, D. H., Holland, R. W., & van Knippenberg, A. (2004). Single Target Implicit Associations. Unpublished manuscript.
67. Wilson, T. D. (2002). Strangers to ourselves: Discovering the adaptive unconscious. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
68. Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (2001). Spontaneous prejudice in context: Variability in automatically activated attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 815-827.