Cholera-modern pandemic disease of ancient lineage

Emerging Infectious Diseases

Volumn 17, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 2099-2104

  Morris Jr , J Glenn ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AZITHROMYCIN; CIPROFLOXACIN; PLACEBO; TETRACYCLINE;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIAL GENETICS; BACTERIAL SURVIVAL; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIUM CONTAMINATION; CHOLERA; CLINICAL FEATURE; DEHYDRATION; DIARRHEA; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; EPIDEMIC; FLUID THERAPY; FOOD CONTAMINATION; HUMAN; ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY; PANDEMIC; VIBRIO CHOLERAE; WATER CONTAMINATION; ZIMBABWE;

EID: 84930476387     PISSN: 10806040     EISSN: 10806059     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3201/eid1711.111109     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Pollitzer R. Cholera. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1959.
2. Bray RS. Armies of pestilence: the impact of disease on history. New York: Lutterworth Press; 1997.
3. Mukandavire Z, Liao S, Wang J, Gaff H, Smith DL, Morris JG Jr. Estimating the reproductive numbers for the 2008-2009 cholera outbreaks in Zimbabwe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108:8767-72. doi:10.1073/pnas.1019712108
4. World Health Organization. Cholera 2009. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2010;85:293-308.
5. Kaper JB, Morris JG Jr, Levine MM. Cholera. Microbiol Rev 1995;48-86.
6. Levine MM, Kaper JB, Black RE, Clements ML. New knowledge on pathogenesis of bacterial enteric infections as applied to vaccine development [erratum in: Clin Microbiol Rev 1995;8:316]. Clin Mi-crobiol Rev. 1995;8:48-86.
7. Gangarosa EJ, Mosley WH. Epidemiology and surveillance of cholera. In: Barua D, Burrows W, editors. Cholera. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1974. p. 381-403.
8. Siddique AK, Nair GB, Alam M, Sack DA, Huq A, Nizam A, et al. El Tor cholera with severe disease: a new threat to Asia and beyond. Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138:347-52. doi:10.1017/ S0950268809990550
9. Harris JB, LaRocque RC, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Logvinenko T, Faruque ASG, et al. Susceptibility to Vibrio cholerae infection in a cohort of household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008;2:e221. doi:10.1371/journal. pntd.0000221
10. Nair GB, Faruque SM, Bhuniyan NA, Kamaruzzaman M, Siddque AK, Sack DA. New variants of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor with attributes of the classical biotype from hospitalized patients with acute diarrhea in Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:3296- 9. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.9.3296-3299.2002
11. Safa A, Nair GB, Kong RYC. Evolution of new variants of Vibrio cholerae O1. Trends Microbiol. 2010;18:46-54. doi:10.1016/j. tim.2009.10.003
12. Nelson EJ, Nelson DS, Salam MA, Sack DA. Antibiotics for both moderate and severe cholera. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:5-7. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1013771
13. Roy SK, Hossain MJ, Khatun W, Chakraborty B, Chowdhury S, Begum A, et al. Zinc supplementation in children with cholera in Bangladesh: randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 2008;336:266-8. doi:10.1136/bmj.39416.646250.AE
14. Martinelli Filho JE, Lopes RM, Rivera ING, Colwell RR. Vibrio cholerae O1 detection in estuarine and coastal zooplankton. J Plankton Res. 2011;33:51-62. doi:10.1093/plankt/fbq093
15. Franco AA, Fix AD, Prada A, Paredes E, Palomino JC, Wright AC, et al. Cholera in Lima, Peru, correlates with prior isolation of Vibrio cholerae from the environment. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146:1067-75.
16. Huq A, Sack RB, Nizam A, Longini IM, Nair GB, Ali A, et al. Critical factors infl uencing the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae in the environment in Bangladesh. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71:4645-54. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.8.4645-4654.2005
17. Nelson EJ, Harris JB, Morris JG Jr, Calderwood SB, Camilli A. Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen, and bacteriophage dynamic. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7:693-702. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2204
18. Nelson EJ, Chowdhury A, Flynn J, Schild S, Bourassa L, Shao Y, et al. Transmission of Vibrio cholerae is antagonized by lytic phage and entry into the aquatic environment. PLoS Pathog. 2008;4:e1000187. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000187
19. Morris JG Jr, Sztein MB, Rice EW, Nataro JP, Losonsky GA, Panigrahi P, et al. Vibrio cholerae can assume a chlorine-resistant rugose survival form which is virulent for humans. J Infect Dis. 1996;174:1364-8. doi:10.1093/infdis/174.6.1364
20. Waldor MK, Mekalanos JJ. Lysogenic conversion by a fi lamen-tous phage encoding cholera toxin. Science. 1996;272:1910-4. doi:10.1126/science.272.5270.1910
21. Chun J, Grim CJ, Hasan NA, Lee JH, Choi S Y, Haley BJ, et al. Comparative genomics reveals mechanism for short-term and long-term clonal transitions in pandemic Vibrio cholerae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:15442-7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907787106
22. Faruque SM, Chowdhury N, Kamruzzaman M, Dziejman M, Rahman MH., Sack DA, et al. Genetic diversity and virulence potential of environmental Vibrio cholerae population in a cholera-endemic area. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:2123-8. doi:10.1073/ pnas.0308485100
23. Li M, Shimada T, Morris JG Jr, Sulakvelidze A, Sozhamannan S. Evidence for the emergence of non-O1 and non-O139 Vibrio chol-erae strains with pathogenic potential by exchange of O-antigen biosynthesis regions. Infect Immun. 2002;70:2441-53. doi:10.1128/ IAI.70.5.2441-2453.2002
24. Kendall EA, Chowdhury F, Begum Y, Khan AI, Li S, Thierer JH, et al. Relatedness of Vibrio cholerae O1/O139 isolates from patients and their household contacts, determined by multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis. J Bacteriol. 2010;192:4367-76. doi:10.1128/JB.00698-10
25. Nair GB, Ramamurthy T, Bhattacharya SK, Mukhopadhyay AK, Garg S, Bhattacharya MK, et al. Spread of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal in India. J Infect Dis. 1994;169:1029-34. doi:10.1093/ infdis/169.5.1029
26. Aydanian A, Tang L, Morris JG, Johnson JA, Stine OC. Genetic diversity of O-antigen biosynthesis regions in Vibrio cholerae. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77:2247-53. doi:10.1128/AEM.01663-10
27. Alam M, Nusrin S, Islam A, Bhuiyan NA, Rahim N, Delgado G, et al. Cholera between 1991 and 1997 in Mexico was associated with infection by classical, El Tor, and El Tor variants of Vibrio cholerae. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:3666-74. doi:10.1128/JCM.00866-10
28. Chin C-S, Sorenson J, Harris JB, Robins WP, Charles RC, Jean-Charles RR, et al. The origin of the Haitian cholera outbreak strain. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:33-42. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1012928
29. Ghosh-Banerjee J, Senoh M, Takahashi T, Hamabata T, Barman S, Koley H, et al. Cholera toxin production by the El Tor variant of Vibrio cholerae O1 compared to prototype El Tor and classical bio-types. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:4283-6. doi:10.1128/JCM.00799-10
30. Merrell DS, Butler SM, Qadri F, Dolganov NA, Alam A, Cohen MB, et al. Host-induced epidemic spread of the cholera bacterium. Nature. 2002;417:642-5. doi:10.1038/nature00778
31. Butler SM, Nelson EJ, Chowdhury N, Faruque SM, Calderwood SB, Camilli A. Cholera stool bacteria repress chemotaxis to increase infectivity. Mol Microbiol. 2006;60:417-26. doi:10.1111/j.1365-
32. Rodo X, Pascual M, Fuchs G, Faruque AS. ENSO and cholera: a nonstationary link related to climate change? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:12901-6. doi:10.1073/pnas.182203999
33. Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB. Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. 1. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum. J Infect Dis. 1974;129:45-52. doi:10.1093/infdis/129.1.45
34. Kolvin JL, Roberts D. Studies on the growth of Vibrio chol-erae biotype El Tor and biotype classical in foods. J Hyg (Lond). 1982;89:243-52. doi:10.1017/S0022172400070777
35. St Louis ME, Porter JD, Helal A, Drame K, Hargrett-Bean N, Wells JG, et al. Epidemic cholera in West Africa: the role of food handling and high-risk foods. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;131:719-28.
36. Stine OC, Alam M, Tang L, Nair GB, Siddique AK, Faruque SM, et al. Cholera epidemics in rural Bangladesh are the result of multiple small outbreaks. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:831-3. doi:10.3201/eid1405.071116
37. Hartley DM, Morris JG Jr, Smith DL. Hyperinfectivity: a critical element in the ability of V. cholerae to cause epidemics? PLoS Med. 2006;3:e7. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030007
38. Spira WM, Khan MU, Saeed YA, Sattar MA. Microbiological surveillance of intra-neighbourhood El Tor cholera transmission in rural Bangladesh. Bull World Health Organ. 1980;58:731-40.
39. Deb BC, Sircar BK, Sengupta PG, De SP, Mondal SK, Gupta DN, et al. Studies on interventions to prevent El Tor cholera in urban slums. Bull World Health Organ. 1986;64:127-31.
40. Longini IM, Nizam A, Ali M, Yunus M, Shenvi N, Clemens JD. Controlling endemic cholera with oral vaccines. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e336. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040336