Antenatal exposure to indomethacin increases the risk of severe intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, and periventricular leukomalacia: A systematic review with metaanalysis

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 212, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 505.e1-505.e13

  Hammers, Amy L ^a   Sanchez Ramos, Luis ^a   Kaunitz, Andrew M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

periventricular leukomalacia; intraventricular hemorrhage; necrotizing enterocolitis

Indexed keywords

INDOMETACIN; UTERUS SPASMOLYTIC AGENT;

ARTICLE; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; FETUS LUNG MATURITY; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMAN; LEUKOMALACIA; LUNG DYSPLASIA; META ANALYSIS; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; NEWBORN MORTALITY; NEWBORN SEPSIS; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS; PERINATAL DEATH; PERIVENTRICULAR LEUKOMALACIA; PREMATURITY; PRENATAL DRUG EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; RISK FACTOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TOCOLYSIS; BRAIN VENTRICLE; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; ENCEPHALOMALACIA; FEMALE; NEWBORN; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; STATISTICAL MODEL;

CEREBRAL VENTRICLES; ENTEROCOLITIS, NECROTIZING; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDOMETHACIN; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR; MODELS, STATISTICAL; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS; TOCOLYTIC AGENTS;

EID: 84930403366     PISSN: 00029378     EISSN: 10976868     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.10.1091     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. M.G. Gravett, C.E. Rubens Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth Technical Team A framework for strategic investments in research to reduce the global burden of preterm birth Am J Obstet Gynecol 207 2012 368 373
2. S. Beck, D. Wojkyla, and L. Say The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: a systematic review of maternal mortality and morbidity Bull World Health Organ 88 2010 31 38
3. B.E. Hamilton, J.A. Martin, M.J.K. Osterman, and S.C. Curtin Births: preliminary data for 2013 Natl Vital Stat Rep 63 2014 1 20
4. H. Blencowe, S. Cousens, and M.Z. Oestergaard National, regional and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications Lancet 379 2012 2162 2172
5. W.M. Callaghan, M.F. MacDorman, S.A. Rasmussen, C. Qin, and E.M. Lackritz The contribution of preterm birth to infant mortality rates in the United States Pediatrics 118 2006 1566 1573
6. A.B. Boots, L. Sanchez-Ramos, D.M. Bowers, A.M. Kaunitz, J. Amora, and P. Schlattmann The short term prediction of preterm birth: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis Am J Obstet Gynecol 54 2014 e1 e10
7. R. Romero, L. Yeo, J. Miranda, S.S. Hassan, A. Conde-Agudelo, and T. Chaiworapongsa A blueprint for the prevention of preterm birth vaginal progesterone in women with a short cervix J Perinat Med 41 2013 27 44
8. R. Romero, J. Miranda, and T. Chaiworapongsa Sterile intra-amniotic inflammation in asymptomatic patients with a sonographic short cervix: prevalence and clinical significance J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 15 2014 1 52
9. A. Conde-Agudelo, and R. Romero Prediction of preterm birth in twin gestations using biophysical and biochemical tests Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014 [Epub ahead of print]
10. E. Vaisbuch, R. Romero, and O. Erez Clinical significance of early (<20 weeks) vs late (20-24 weeks) detection of sonographic short cervix in asymptomatic women in the mid-trimester Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 36 2010 471 481
11. R. Romero, K. Nicolaides, and A. Conde-Agudelo Vaginal progesterone in women with an asymptomatic sonographic short cervix in the midtrimester decreases preterm delivery and neonatal morbidity: a systematic review and metaanalysis of individual patient data Am J Obstet Gynecol 206 2012 124.e1 124.e19
12. S.S. Hassan, R. Romero, and D. Vidyadhari Vaginal progesterone reduces the rate of preterm birth in women with a sonographic short cervix: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 38 2011 18 31
13. A. Conde-Agudelo, R. Romero, and K. Nicolaides Vaginal progesterone vs cervical cerclage for the prevention of preterm birth in women with a sonographic short cervix, pervious preterm birth, and singleton gestation: a systematic review and indirect comparison metaanalysis Am J Obstet Gynecol 208 2013 42.e1 42.e18
14. S. Anotayanonth, N.V. Subhedar, P. Garner, J.P. Neilson, and S. Harigopal Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 2014 CD004352
15. R. Romero, B.M. Sibai, and L. Sanchez-Ramos An oxytocin receptor antagonist (atosiban) in the treatment of preterm labor: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with tocolytic rescue Am J Obstet Gynecol 182 2000 1173 1183
16. H.N. Simhan, and S.N. Caritis Prevention of preterm delivery N Engl J Med 357 2007 477-67
17. R. Lewis, B.M. Mercer, M. Salama, M.A. Walsh, and B.M. Sibai Oral terbutaline after parenteral tocolysis: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Am J Obstet Gynecol 175 1996 834 837
18. D.A. Guinn, A.R. Goepfert, J. Owen, C. Brumfield, and J.C. Hauth Management options in women with preterm uterine contractions: a randomized clinical trial Am J Obstet Gynecol 177 1997 814 818
19. R. De Heus, E. Mulder, J. Derks, P. Kurver, L. van Wolfswinkel, and G. Visser A prospective randomized trial of acute tocolysis in term labour with atosiban or ritodrine Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 139 2008 139 145
20. Y. Yaju, and T. Nakayama Effectiveness and safety of ritodrine hydrochloride for the treatment of preterm labour: a systematic review Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 15 2006 813 822
21. J.M. Dodd, C.A. Crowther, and P. Middleton Oral betamimetics for maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12 2012 CD003927
22. D.F. Lewis, S. Bergatedt, and M.S. Edwards Successful magnesium sulfate tocolysis: is "weaning" the drug necessary? Am J Obstet Gynecol 177 1997 742 745
23. D.A. Terrone, B.K. Rinehart, E.S. Kimmel, W.L. May, J.E. Lamon, and J.C. Morrison A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of high and low maintenance doses of magnesium sulfate for acute tocolysis Am J Obstet Gynecol 182 2000 1477 1482
24. H.Y. How, L. Zafaranchi, and C.L. Stella Tocolysis in women with preterm labor between 32 0/7 and 34 6/7 weeks of gestation: a randomized controlled pilot study Am J Obstet Gynecol 194 2006 976 981
25. C.A. Crowther, J.E. Hilter, and L.W. Doyle Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 2002 CD001060
26. G.J. Valenzuela, L. Sanchez-Ramos, and R. Romero Maintenance treatment of preterm labor with the oxytocin antagonist atosiban: the Atosiban PTL-098 Study Group Am J Obstet Gynecol 182 2000 1184 1190
27. J.M. Moutquin, D. Sherman, and H. Cohen Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of atosiban and ritodrine in the treatment of preterm labor: a multicenter effectiveness and safety study Am J Obstet Gynecol 182 2000 1191 1199
28. D. Papatsonia, V. Flenady, S. Cole, and H. Liley Oxytocin receptor antagonists for inhibiting preterm labour: a multicenter effectiveness and safety study Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 2005 CD004452
29. S. Thornton, T.M. Goodwin, G. Grelsen, M. Hedegaard, and J.C. Arce The effect of barusiban, a selective oxytocin antagonist, in threatened preterm labor at late gestational age: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Am J Obstet Gynecol 200 2009 627.e1 627.e10
30. A. Conde-Agudelo, R. Romero, and J.P. Kusanovic Nifedipline in the management of preterm labor: a systematic review and metaanalysis Am J Obstet Gynecol 204 2011 134.e1 134.e20
31. J.L. Glock, and W.J. Moreles Efficacy and safety of nifedipine versus magnesium sulfate in the management of preterm labor: a randomized study Am J Obstet Gynecol 169 1993 960 964
32. D.B. Carr, A.L. Clark, K. Kernek, and J.A. Spinnato Maintenance oral nifedipine for preterm labor: a randomized clinical trial Am J Obstet Gynecol 161 1999 822 827
33. J.E. Larmon, B.S. Ross, W.L. May, G.A. Dickerson, R.G. Fischer, and J.C. Morrison Oral nicardipine versus intravenous magnesium sulfate for the treatment of preterm labor Am J Obstet Gynecol 181 1999 1432 1437
34. D.N. Paptsonis, H.P. Van Gein, and G.A. Dekker Nifedipine as a safe and effective tocolytic agent in the treatment of preterm labor Am J Obstet Gynecol 183 2000 513 514
35. W.J. Morales, and H. Madhav Efficacy and safety of indomethacin compared with magnesium randomized study Am J Obstet Gynecol 169 1993 97 102
36. H.A. Bivins Jr., R.B. Newman, D.A. Fyfe, B.A. Campbell, and S.L. Stramm Randomized trial of oral indomethacin and terbutaline sulfate for the long-term suppression of preterm labor Am J Obstet Gynecol 169 1993 1065 1070
37. G.A. Macones, and C.A. Robinson Is there justification for using indomethacin in preterm labor? An analysis of neonatal risks and benefits Am J Obstet Gynecol 177 1997 819 824
38. C.S. Stika, G.A. Gross, and G. Leguizaimon A prospective randomized safety trial of celecoxib for treatment of preterm labor Am J Obstet Gynecol 187 2002 553 560
39. R.J. Sawdy, S. Lye, N.M. Fisk, and P.R. Bennett A double-blind, randomized study of fetal side effects during and after the short-term maternal administration of indomethacin, sulindac, and nimesulide for the treatment of preterm labor Am J Obstet Gynecol 188 2003 1046 1051
40. T. Khanprakob, M. Laopalboon, P. Lumbiganon, and U.S. Sangkomkamhang Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors for preventing preterm labour Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10 2012 CD007748
41. B.D. Kamath-Rayne, M. Habli, Z. Rodriguez, M. Wu, J. Gresh, and E.A. DeFranco Antenatal exposure to sulindac and risk of necrotizing enterocolitis Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014 Epub ahead of print
42. J.P. O'Grady, F.K. Parker, and S.S. Patel Nitroglycerin for rapid tocolysis: development of a protocol and a literature review J Perinatol 20 2000 27 33
43. K. Duckitt, and S. Thornton Nitric oxide donors for the treatment of preterm labour Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 2002 CD002860
44. P.J. Morgan, R. Kung, and J. Tarshis Nitroglycerin as a uterine relaxant: a systematic review J Obstet Gynaecol Can 24 2002 403 409
45. G.N. Smith, Y. Guo, S.W. Wen, and M.C. Walker Secondary analysis of the use of transdermal nitroglycerin for preterm labor Am J Obstet Gynecol 203 2010 565.e1 565.e6
46. A. Conde-Agudelo, and R. Romero Transdermal nitroglycerin for the treatment of preterm labor: a systematic review and metaanalysis Am J Obstet Gynecol 209 2013 551.e1 551.e18
47. D.M. Haas, D.M. Caldwell, P. Kirkpatrick, J.J. McIntosh, and N.J. Welton Tocolytic therapy for preterm delivery: a systematic review and network metaanalysis BMJ 345 2012 e1 e16
48. D.M. Haas, T.F. Imperiale, P.R. Kirkpatrick, R.W. Klein, T.W. Zollinger, and A.M. Golichowski Tocolytic therapy: a metaanalysis and decision analysis Obstet Gynecol 113 2009 585 594
49. M. Ivanisevic, J. Djelmis, and D. Bukovic Review on prostaglandin and oxytocin activity in preterm labor Coll Antropol 25 2001 687 694
50. D.M. Olson, and C. Ammann Role of the prostaglandins in labour and prostaglandin receptor inhibitors in the prevention of preterm labour Front Biosci 12 2007 1329 1343
51. S.M. Sellers, M.D. Mitchell, J.G. Bibby, A.B. Anderson, and A.C. Turnbull A comparison of plasma prostaglandin levels in term and preterm labour BJOG 88 1981 362 366
52. J. Senior, K. Marshall, R. Sangha, and J.K. Clayton In vitro characterization of prostanoid receptors on human myometrium at term pregnancy Br J Pharmacol 108 1993 501 506
53. O. Gamissans, and J. Balasch Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors in the treatment of preterm birth A. Fuchs, F. Fuchs, P.G. Stubblefield, Preterm birth-causes, prevention, and management 2nd ed. 1993 McGraw-Hill New York 309 332
54. H. Zuckerman, U. Reiss, and I. Rubinstein Inhibition of human premature labor by indomethacin Obstet Gynecol 44 1974 787 792
55. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Management of preterm labor. ACOG Practice bulletin no. 127 Obstet Gynecol 119 2012 1308 1317
56. K.J. Moise Jr., C.N. Ou, B. Kirshon, L.E. Cano, C. Rognerud, and R.J. Carpenter Jr. Placental transfer of indomethacin in the human pregnancy Am J Obstet Gynecol 162 1990 549 554
57. D.K. Dudley, and M.J. Hardie Fetal and neonatal effects of indomethacin used as a tocolytic agent Am J Obstet Gynecol 151 1985 181 184
58. S.M. Loe, L. Sanchez-Ramos, and A.M. Kaunitz Assessing the neonatal safety of indomethacin tocolysis: a systematic review with metaanalysis Obstet Gynecol 106 2005 173 179
59. S.B. Amin, R.A. Sinkin, and J.C. Giantz Metaanalysis of the effect of antenatal indomethacin on neonatal outcomes Am J Obstet Gynecol 197 2007 e1 e10
60. G. Abou-Ghannam, I.M. Usta, and A.H. Nassar Indomethacin in pregnancy: applications and safety Am J Perinatol 29 2012 175 186
61. M.E. Norton Teratogen update: fetal effects of indomethacin administration during pregnancy Teratology 56 1997 282 292
62. A. Soraisham, R. Suave, and N. Singhal Indomethacin tocolysis and neurodevelopmental outcome Indian J Pediatr 78 2011 946 952
63. B. Sood, M. Lulic-Botica, and K. Holzhausen The risk of necrotizing enterocolitis after indomethacin tocolysis Pediatrics 128 2011 e54 e62
64. R. Sharma, M.L. Hudak, and J.J. Tepas Prenatal or postnatal indomethacin exposure and neonatal gut injury associated with isolated intestinal perforation and necrotizing enterocolitis J Perinatol 30 2010 786 793
65. W. Baerts, F. van Bel, L. Thewissen, J. Derks, and P. Lemmers Tocolytic indomethacin: effects on neonatal haemodynamics and cerebral autoregulation in the preterm newborn Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 98 2013 F419 F423
66. L. Cordero, C.A. Nankervis, D. Gardner, and P.J. Giannone The effects of indomethacin tocolysis on the postnatal response of the ductus arteriosus to indomethacin in extremely low birth weight infants J Perinatol 27 2007 22 27
67. S. Amin, M. Kamaluddeen, and M. Sangem Neurodevelopment outcome of premature infants after exposure to antenatal indomethacin Am J Obstet Gynecol 199 2008 41.e1 41.e8
68. D.F. Stroup, J.A. Berlin, and S.C. Morton Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting: meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) group JAMA 283 2000 2008 2012
69. Wells GA, Shea B, O'Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; c2005 [updated 2014]. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Available at: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical-epidemiology/oxford.asp. Accessed March 10, 2014.
70. N. Mantel, and W. Haenszel Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease J Natl Cancer Inst 22 1959 719 748
71. R. Dersimonian, and N. Laird Meta-analysis in clinical trials Control Clin Trials 7 1986 177 188
72. M. Egger, G. Davey Smith, M. Schneider, and C. Minder Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple graphical test BMJ 315 1997 629 634
73. N.E. Breslow, and N.E. Day Statistical methods in cancer research: vol 1, the analysis of case control studies IARD Sci Pub 32 1980 5-338
74. K.A. L'Abbe, A.S. Detsky, and K. O'Rourke Meta-analysis in clinical research Ann Intern Med 107 1987 224 233
75. D. Altman Confidence intervals for the number needed to treat BMJ 317 1998 1309 1312
76. M. Norton, J. Merrill, B. Cooper, J. Kuller, and R. Clyman Neonatal complications after the administration of indomethacin for preterm labor N Engl J Med 329 1993 1602 1607
77. D. Souter, J. Harding, L. McCowan, C. O'Connell, E. McLeay, and H. Baxendale Antenatal indomethacin: adverse fetal effects confirmed Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 38 1998 11 16
78. M. Gardner, J. Owen, S. Skelly, and J. Hauth Preterm delivery after indomethacin: a risk factor for complications? J Reprod Med 41 1996 903 906
79. S. Vermillion, and B. Newman Recent indomethacin tocolysis is not associated with complications in preterm infants Am J Obstet Gynecol 181 1999 1083 1086
80. B. Van Overmeire, V. Slootmaekers, and J. De Loor The addition of indomethacin to betamimetics for tocolysis: any benefit to the neonate? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 77 1998 41 45
81. R. Ojala, S. Ikonen, and O. Tammela Perinatal indomethacin treatment and neonatal complications in preterm infants Eur J Pediatr 159 2000 153 155
82. Z. Weintraub, M. Solovechick, and B. Reichman Effect of maternal tocolysis on the incidence of severe periventricular/intraventricular haemorrhage in very low birth weight infants Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 85 2001 F13 F17
83. A. Gerson, S. Abbasi, A. Johnson, M. Kalchbrenner, G. Ashmead, and R. Bolognese Safety and efficacy of long-term tocolysis with indomethacin Am J Perinatol 7 1990 71 74
84. S. Abbasi, J. Gerdes, H. Sehdev, S. Samimi, and J. Ludmir Neonatal outcome after exposure to indomethacin in utero: a retrospective case cohort study Am J Obstet Gynecol 189 2003 782 785
85. J. Niebyl, and F. Witter Neonatal outcome after indomethacin treatment for preterm labor Am J Obstet Gynecol 155 1986 747 749
86. T. Iannucci, R. Besinger, S. Fisher, J. Gianopoulos, and P. Tomich Effect of dual tocolysis on the incidence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage among extremely low-birth-weight infants Am J Obstet Gynecol 175 1996 1043 1046
87. R. Suarez, W. Grobman, and B. Parilla Indomethacin tocolysis and intraventricular hemorrhage Obstet Gynecol 97 2001 921 925
88. C. Major, D. Lewis, J. Harding, M. Porto, and T. Garite Tocolysis with indomethacin increases the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in the low-birth weight neonate Am J Obstet Gynecol 170 1994 102 106
89. C. Hammerman, J. Glaser, M. Kaplan, M. Schimmel, B. Ferber, and A. Eidelman Indomethacin tocolysis increases postnatal patent ductus arteriosus severity Pediatrics 102 1998 1 4
90. S. Al-Alaiyan, M. Seshia, and O. Casiro Neurodevelopment outcome of infants exposed to indomethacin antenatally J Perinat Med 24 1996 405 411
91. B. Parilla, W. Grobman, R. Holtzman, H. Thomas, and S. Dooley Indomethacin tocolysis and risk of necrotizing enterocolitis Obstet Gynecol 96 2000 120 123
92. W. Baerts, W. Fetter, W. Hop, H. Wallenburg, R. Spritzer, and P. Sauer Cerebral lesions in preterm infants after tocolytic indomethacin Dev Med Child Neurol 32 1990 910 918
93. M. Pietrantoni, J. Weeks, S. Bridges, I. Johnson, J.A. Spinnato, and S.A. Gall Adverse neonatal outcomes following antenatal indomethacin use Am J Obstet Gynecol 172 1995 415
94. S. Friedman, O. Flidel-Rimon, M. Steinburg, and E. Shinwell Indomethacin tocolysis and white matter injury in preterm infants J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 18 2005 87 91
95. Y. Murata, A. Itakura, K. Matsuzawa, A. Okumura, K. Wakai, and S. Mizutain Possible antenatal and perinatal related factors in development of cystic periventricular leukomalacia Brain Dev 27 2005 17 21
96. N.M. Doyle, M.O. Gardner, L. Wells, C. Qualls, and L.A. Papile Outcome of very low birth weight infants exposed to antenatal indomethacin for tocolysis J Perinatol 25 2005 336 340
97. S. Guthrie, P. Gordon, V. Thomas, J. Thorp, J. Peabody, and R. Clark Necrotizing enterocolitis among neonates in the United States J Perinatol 23 2003 278 285
98. A. Soraisham, S. Dalgleish, and N. Singhal Antenatal indomethacin tocolysis is associated with an increased need for surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants J Obstet Gynaecol Can 32 2010 435 442
99. M.A. Evans, R. Bhat, D. Vidyasagar, M. Vadapalli, E. Fisher, and A. Hastreiter Gestational age and indomethacin elimination in the neonate Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979 746 751
100. I.B. Kovacs, and P. Gorog The effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on the aggregation and adhesiveness of platelets, red cells and leukocytes Acta Univ Carol Med Monogr 52 1972 69 73
101. G. Hambleton, and J.S. Wigglesworth Origin of intraventricular haemorrhage in the preterm infant Arch Dis Child 51 1976 651 659
102. J.M. Perlman, and J.J. Volpe Intraventricular hemorrhage in extremely small premature infants Am J Dis Child 140 1986 1122 1124
103. Y. Nakamura, K. Harada, T. Hashimoto, S. Fukuda, T. Okudera, and H. Maruyama A statistical study of autopsied cases of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage Arch Pathol Lab Med 114 1990 966 969
104. N. Dahlgren, M. Ingvar, and H.J. Yokoyama Effect of indomethacin on local cerebral blood flow in awake, minimally restrained rats J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1 1980 233 236
105. F. Van Bel, B. Bartelds, and D.F. Teitel Effect of indomethacin on cerebral blood flow and oxygenation in the normal and ventilated fetal lamb Pediatr Res 38 1995 243 250
106. A.D. Edwards, J.S. Wyatt, and C. Richardson Effects of indomethacin on cerebral hemodynamics in very preterm infants Lancet 335 1990 1491 1495
107. L.R. Ment, W.B. Stewart, C.C. Duncan, D.T. Scott, and R. Lambrecht Beagle puppy model of intraventricular hemorrhage: effect of indomethacin on cerebral blood flow J Neurosurg 58 1983 857 862
108. A.R. Hohimer, B.S. Richardson, J.M. Bissonnette, and C.M. Machida The effect of indomethacin on breathing movements and cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the fetal sheep J Dev Physiol 7 1985 217 228
109. F. Cowan Indomethacin, patent ductus arteriosus, and cerebral blood flow J Pediatr 109 1986 341 344
110. D.H. Evans, M.I. Levene, and L.N. Archer The effect of indomethacin on cerebral blood-flow velocity in premature infants Dev Med Child Neurol 29 1987 776 782
111. Z. Friedman, V. Whitman, M.J. Maisels, W. Berman Jr., K.H. Marks, and E.S. Vesell Indomethacin disposition and indomethacin-induced platelet dysfunction in premature infants J Clin Pharmacol 18 1978 272 279
112. P.W. Fowlie, and P.G. Davis Prophylactic indomethacin for preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 88 2003 F464 F466
113. A.S. Gork, R.A. Ehrenkranz, and M.B. Bracken Continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus doses of indomethacin for patient ductus arteriosus closure in symptomatic preterm infants Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1 2008 CD006071
114. G. Alpan, F. Eyal, and I. Vinograd Localized intestinal perforations after enteral administration of indomethacin in premature infants J Pediatr 106 1985 277 281
115. B. Cantor, T. Tyler, R.M. Nelson, and G.H. Stein Oligohydramnios and transient neonatal anuria: a possible association with the maternal use of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors J Reprod Med 24 1980 220 223
116. R.L. Meyers, G. Alpan, E. Lin, and R.I. Clyman Patient ductus arteriosus, indomethacin, and intestinal distension: effects on intestinal blood flow and oxygen consumption Pediatr Res 29 1991 569 574
117. I.H. Krasna, and H. Kim Indomethacin administration after temporary ischemia causes bowel necrosis in mice J Pediatr Surg 27 1992 805 807
118. R.C. Coombs, M.E.I. Morgan, G.M. Durbin, I.W. Booth, and A.S. McNeish Gut blood flow velocities in the newborn: effects of patent ductus arteriosus and parenteral indomethacin Arch Dis Child 65 1990 1067 1071
119. F. Van Bel, D. van Zoeren, J. Schipper, G.L. Guit, and J. Baan Effect of indomethacin on superior mesenteric artery blood flow velocity in preterm infants J Pediatr 1990 965 970
120. R.T. Schoen, and R.J. Vender Mechanisms of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric damage Am J Med 86 1989 449 458
121. A. Robert, and T. Asano Resistance of germfree rats to indomethacin-induced intestinal lesions Prostaglandins 14 1977 333 341
122. L. Sirota, I. Punsky, and H. Bessler Effect of indomethacin on IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNFalpha production by mononuclear cells of preterm newborns and adults Acta Paediatr 89 2000 331 335
123. W. Hsueh, M.S. Caplan, X. Sun, X. Tan, W. MacKendrick, and F. Gonzalez-Crussi Platelet-activating factor, tumor necrosis factor, hypoxia and necrotizing enterocolitis Acta Paediatr Suppl 396 1994 11 17
124. P.V. Gordon, J.R. Swanson, and R. Clark Antenatal indomethacin is more likely associated with spontaneous intestinal perforation rather than NEC Am J Obstet Gynecol 198 2008 725 726
125. P. Rezaie, and A. Dean Periventricular leukomalacia, inflammation and white matter lesions within the developing nervous system Neuropathology 22 2002 106 132
126. E. Saliba, and A. Henrot Inflammatory mediators and neonatal brain damage Biol Neonate 79 2001 224 227
127. T. Izumi, T. Hirokazu, N. Masanobu, S. Shigeki, and I. Kyogo Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs differentially regulate cytokine production in human lymphocytes: up-regulation of TNF, IFNγ and IL-2, in contrast to down-regulation of IL-6 production Cytokine 7 1995 372 379
128. M.V. Covey, D. Loporchio, K.D. Buono, and S.W. Levison Opposite effect of inflammation on subventricular zone versus hippocampal precursors in brain injury Ann Neurol 70 2011 616 626