Mercury in the North Atlantic Ocean: The U.S. GEOTRACES zonal and meridional sections

Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

Volumn 116, Issue , 2015, Pages 251-261

  Bowman, Katlin L ^a   Hammerschmidt, Chad R ^a   Lamborg, Carl H ^b   Swarr, Gretchen ^b  

^a WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

Author keywords

Deep water; Hydrothermal; Methylmercury; Scavenging

Indexed keywords

ALKYLATION; CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION; HOT SPRINGS; MERCURY COMPOUNDS; OCEANOGRAPHY; SCAVENGING;

CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS; DEEP WATER; HYDROTHERMAL; METHYL MERCURY; NORTH ATLANTIC DEEP WATER; PERMANENT THERMOCLINES; SUBSTRATE AVAILABILITIES; VERTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS;

RESERVOIRS (WATER);

EID: 84929951811     PISSN: 09670645     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.07.004     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Amos H.M., Jacob D.J., Streets D.G., Sunderland E.M. Legacy impacts of all-time anthropogenic emissions on the global mercury cycle. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2013, 27:410-421.
2. 2 sequestration. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2001, 15:845-862.
3. Andersson M.E., Sommar J., Gårdfeldt K., Lindqvist O. Enhanced concentrations of dissolved gaseous mercury in the surface waters of the Arctic Ocean. Mar. Chem. 2008, 110:190-194.
4. Andersson M.E., Sommar J., Gårdfeldt K., Jutterström S. Air-sea exchange of volatile mercury in the North Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Chem. 2011, 125:1-7.
5. Balcom P.H., Fitzgerald W.F., Vandal G.M., Lamborg C.H., Rolfhus K.R., Langer C.S., Hammerschmidt C.R. Mercury sources and cycling in the Connecticut River and Long Island Sound. Mar. Chem. 2004, 90:53-74.
6. Balcom P.H., Hammerschmidt C.R., Fitzgerald W.F., Lamborg C.H., O'Connor J.S. Seasonal distributions and cycling of mercury and methylmercury in the waters of New York/New Jersey Harbor Estuary. Mar. Chem. 2008, 109:1-17.
7. Barkay T., Miller S.M., Summers A.O. Bacterial mercury resistance from atoms to ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2003, 27:355-384.
8. Barkay T., Kritee K., Boyd E., Geesey G. A thermophilic bacterial origin and subsequent constraints by redox, light and salinity on the evolution of the microbial mercuric reductase. Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 12:2904-2917.
9. Beijer K., Jernelöv A. Methylation of mercury in aquatic environments. The Biogeochemistry of Mercury in the Environment 1979, Elsevier, Amsterdam. J. Nriagu (Ed.).
10. Bishop J.K.B., Lam P.J., Wood T.J. Getting good particles: accurate sampling of particles by large volume in-situ filtration. Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods 2012, 10:681-710.
11. Black F.J., Conaway C.H., Flegal A.R. Stability of dimethylmercury in seawater and its conversion to monomethyl mercury. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:4056-4062.
12. Black F.J., Poulin B.A., Flegal A.R. Factors controlling the abiotic photo-degradation of monomethylmercury in surface waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2012, 84:492-507.
13. Bloom N.S. Determination of pictogram levels of methylmercury by aqueous phase ethylation, followed by cryogenic gas chromatography, with cold vapour atomic fluorescence detection. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1989, 46:1131-1140.
14. Bloom N.S., Fitzgerald W.F. Determination of volatile mercury species at the picogram level by low-temperature gas chromatography with cold-vapor atomic fluorescence detection. Anal. Chim. Acta 1988, 208:151-161.
15. Bose-O'Reilly S., McCarty K.M., Steckling N., Lettmeier B. Mercury exposure and children's health. Curr. Probl. Pediatr. Adolesc. Health Care 2010, 40:186-215.
16. Bowman K.L., Hammerschmidt C.R. Extraction of monomethylmercury from seawater for low-femtomolar determination. Limnol. Oceanogr. - Methods 2011, 9:121-128.
17. Boyd E.S., Barkay T. The mercury resistance operon: from an origin in a geothermal environment to an efficient detoxification machine 2012, 3:349.
18. Broecker W.S., Blanton S., Smethie W., Ostlund G. Radiocarbon decay and oxygen utilization in the deep Atlantic Ocean. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 1991, 5:87-117.
19. Cossa D., Martin J-M., Sanjuan J. Dimethylmercury formation in the Alboran Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 1994, 28:381-384.
20. Cossa D., Averty B., Pirrone N. The origin of methylmercury in open Mediterranean waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2009, 53:837-844.
21. Cossa D., Heimbürger L.-E., Lannuzel D., Rintoul S.R., Butler E.C.V., Bowie A.R., Averty B., Watson R.J., Remenyi T. Mercury in the Southern Ocean. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75:4037-4052.
22. 0 air-sea fluxes. Mar. Chem. 1999, 68:87-95.
23. Crespo-Medina M., Chatziefthimiou A.D., Bloom N.S., Luther G.W., Wright D.D., Reinfelder J.R., Vetriani C., Barkay T. Adaptation of chemosynthetic microorganisms to elevated mercury concentrations in deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2009, 54:41-49.
24. Cutter G.A., Bruland K.W. Rapid and noncontaminating sampling system for trace elements in global ocean surveys. Limnol. Oceanogr. - Methods 2012, 10:425-430.
25. Demina L.L., Holm N.G., Galkin S.V., Lein A.Y. Some features of the trace metal biogeochemistry in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent fields (Menez Gwen, Rainbow, Broken Spur at the MAR and 9°50'N at the EPR): a synthesis. J. Mar. Syst. 2013, 126:94-105.
26. Ebinghaus R., Jennings S.G., Kock H.H., Derwent R.G., Manning A.J., Spain T.G. Decreasing trends in total gaseous mercury observations in baseline air at Mace Head, Ireland from 1996 to 2009. Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45:3475-3480.
27. Fitzgerald W.F., Gill G.A. Subnanogram determination of mercury by two-stage gold amalgamation applied to atmospheric analysis. Anal. Chem. 1979, 51:1714-1720.
28. Fitzgerald W.F., Engstrom D.R., Mason R.P., Nater E.A. The case from atmospheric mercury contamination in remote areas. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32:1-7.
29. Fitzgerald W.F., Lamborg C.H., Hammerschmidt C.R. Marine biogeochemical cycling of mercury. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107:641-662.
30. Hammerschmidt C.R. Mercury and carbon dioxide relationships: uncoupling a toxic relationship. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011, 30:2640-2646.
31. Hammerschmidt C.R., Bowman K.L. Vertical methylmercury distribution in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Mar. Chem. 2012, 132-133:77-82.
32. Hammerschmidt C.R., Fitzgerald W.F. Methylmercury cycling in sediments on the continental shelf of southern New England. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70:918-930.
33. Hammerschmidt C.R., Fitzgerald W.F. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of methylmercury in Long Island Sound. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2006, 51:416-424.
34. Hammerschmidt C.R., Bowman K.L., Tabatchnick M.D., Lamborg C.H. Storage bottle material and cleaning for determination of total mercury in seawater. Limnol. Oceanogr. - Methods 2011, 9:426-431.
35. Heimbürger L.-E., Cossa D., Marty J.-C., Migon C., Averty B., Dufour A., Ras J. Methyl mercury distributions in relation to the presence of nano- and picophytoplankton in an oceanic water column (Ligurian Sea, North-western Mediterranean). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74:5549-5559.
36. Hollweg T.A., Gilmour C.C., Mason R.P. Mercury and methylmercury cycling in sediments of the mid-Atlantic continental shelf and slope. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2010, 55:2703-2722.
37. Jenkins, W.J., Smethie, W.M., Boyle, E.A., Cutter, G.C., 2014. Water mass analysis for the U.S. GEOTRACES North Atlantic sections (submitted).
38. Kirk J.L., St.Louis V.L., Hintelmann H., Lehnherr I., Else B., Poissant L. Methylated mercury species in marine waters of the Canadian High and Sub Arctic. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:8367-8373.
39. Kocman D., Horvat M., Pirrone N., Cinnirella S. Contribution of contaminated sites to the global mercury budget. Environ. Res. 2013, 125:160-170.
40. Lamborg C.H., Von Damm K.L., Fitzgerald W.F., Hammerschmidt C.R., Zierenberg R. Mercury and monomethylmercury in fluids from Sea Cliff submarine hydrothermal field, Gorda Ridge. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L17606.
41. Lamborg, C.H., Hammerschmidt, C.R., Saito, M.A., Goepfert, T.J., Lam, P.J., 2009. Mercury methylation in the gyre and Benguela upwelling regions of the South Atlantic Ocean. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant, Guiyang, China.
42. Lamborg C.H., Hammerschmidt C.R., Gill G.A., Mason R.P., Gichuki S. An intercomparison of procedures for the determination of total mercury in seawater and recommendations regarding mercury speciation during GEOTRACES cruises. Limnol. Oceanogr. - Methods 2012, 10:90-100.
43. Lamborg, C.H., Hammerschmidt, C.R., Bowman, K.L., Swarr, G.J., Munson, K.M., Ohnemus, D.C., Lam, P.J., Heimbürger, L.-E., Rijkenberg, M.J.A., Saito, M.A. 2014. A global ocean inventory of anthropogenic mercury based on water column measurements. Nature, . http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13563.
44. Lehnherr I., St.Louis V.L., Hintelmann H., Kirk J.L. Methylation of inorganic mercury in polar marine waters. Nat. Geosci. 2011, 4:298-302.
45. Malcom E.G., Schaefer J.K., Ekstrom E.B., Tuit C.B., Jayakumar A., Park H., Ward B.B., Morel F.M.M. Mercury methylation in oxygen deficient zones of the oceans: no evidence for the predominance of anaerobes. Mar. Chem. 2010, 122:11-19.
46. Mason R.P, Fitzgerald W.F. The distribution and biogeochemical cycling of mercury in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I 1993, 40:1897-1924.
47. Mason R.P., Sullivan K.A. The distribution and speciation of mercury in the South and equatorial Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. II 1999, 46:937-956.
48. Mason R.P., Rolfhus K.R., Fitzgerald W.F. Methylated and elemental mercury cycling in surface and Deep Ocean waters of the North Atlantic. Water Air Soil Pollut. 1995, 80:665-677.
49. Mason R.P., Rolfhus K.R., Fitzgerald W.F. Mercury in the North Atlantic. Mar. Chem. 1998, 61:37-53.
50. Mason R.P., Choi A.L., Fitzgerald W.F., Hammerschmidt C.R., Lamborg C.H., Soerensen A.L., Sunderland E.M. Mercury biogeochemical cycling in the ocean and policy implications. Environ. Res. 2012, 119:101-117.
51. Monperrus M., Tessier E., Amouroux D., Leynaert A., Huonnic P., Donard O.F.X. Mercury methylation, demethylation and reduction rates in coastal and marine surface waters of the Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Chem. 2007, 107:49-63.
52. Parks J.M., Johs A., Podar M., Bridou R., Hurt R.A., Smith S.D., Tomanicek S.J., Qian Y., Brown S.D., Brandt C.C., Palumbo A.V., Smith J.C., Wall J.D., Elias D.A., Liang L. The genetic basis for bacterial mercury methylation. Science 2013, 339:1332-1335.
53. Pirrone N., Cinnirella S., Feng X., Finkelman R.B., Friedli H.R., Leaner J., Mason R., Mukherjee A.B., Stracher G.B., Streets D.G., Telmer K. Global mercury emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic and natural sources. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10:5951-5964.
54. Poulain A.J., Chadhain S.M.N., Ariya P.A., Amyot M., Garcia E., Campbell P.G.C., Zylstra G.J., Barkay T. Potential for mercury reduction by microbes in the high Arctic. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2007, 73:2230-2238.
55. Rolfhus K.R., Fitzgerald W.F. Mechanisms and temporal variability of dissolved gaseous mercury production in coastal seawater. Mar. Chem. 2004, 90:125-136.
56. Rona P.A., Klinkhammer G., Nelsen T.A., Trefry J.H., Elderfield H. Black smokers, massive sulfides and vent biota at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nature 1986, 321:33-37.
57. Scheuhammer A.M., Meyer M.W., Sandheinrich M.B., Murray M.W. Effects of environmental methylmercury on the health of wild birds, mammals, and fish. Ambio 2007, 36:12-18.
58. Slobodkina G.B., Reysenbach A.-L., Panteleeva A.N., Kostrikina N.A., Wagner I.D., Bonch-Osmolovskaya E.A., Slobodkin A.I. Deferrisoma camini gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic, dissimilatory iron (III)-reducing bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent that forms a distinct phylogenetic branch in the Deltaproteobacteria. Int. J. Syst. Evolut. Microbiol. 2012, 62:2463.
59. Streets D.G., Zhang W., Wu Ye. Projections of global mercury emissions in 2050. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:2983-2988.
60. Sunderland E.M. Mercury exposure from domestic and imported estuarine and marine fish in the U.S. seafood market. Environ. Health Perspect 2007, 115:235-242.
61. Sunderland E.M., Krabbenhoft D.P., Moreau J.W., Strode S.A., Landing W.A. Mercury sources, distribution, and bioavailability in the North Pacific Ocean: insights from data and models. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2009, 23:GB2010.
62. Tseng C.-M., Hammerschmidt C.R., Fitzgerald W.F. Determination of methylmercury in environmental matrixes by on-line flow injection and atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76:7131-7136.
63. Višnjevec A.M., Kocman D., Horvat M. Human mercury exposure and effects in Europe. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2014, 33:1259-1279.
64. Whalin L., Kim E.-H., Mason R. Factors influencing the oxidation, reduction, methylation and demethylation of mercury species in coastal waters. Mar. Chem. 2007, 107:278-294.
65. Wood J.M., Kennedy F.S., Rosen C.G. Synthesis of methyl-mercury compounds by extracts of a methanogenic bacterium. Nature 1968, 220:173-174.
66. Zahir F., Rizwi S.J., Haq S.K., Khan R.H. Low dose mercury toxicity and human health. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2005, 20:351-360.