The complex epidemiology of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae

Future Microbiology

Volumn 10, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 819-839

  Tal Jasper, Ruthy ^a   Coyle, Joseph R ^b   Katz, David E ^c   Marchaim, Dror ^a,d  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH   (United States)

^c SHAARE ZEDEK MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^d ASSAF HAROFEH MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

antibiotic stewardship; carbapenem; community acquired; E. coli; Gram negative; healthcare associated; Klebsiella pneumoniae; MDROs; Proteus mirabilis; ST 131

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMINOGLYCOSIDE; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; BETA LACTAMASE; BETA LACTAMASE CTX M; BETA LACTAMASE INHIBITOR; CARBAPENEM DERIVATIVE; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CEPHAMYCIN DERIVATIVE; GENTAMICIN; POLYMYXIN; QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE; TIGECYCLINE; TOBRAMYCIN;

ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTION; ESCHERICHIA COLI; EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA LACTAMASE PRODUCING ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; HOSPITAL; HUMAN; KNOWLEDGE; MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS; ENZYMOLOGY; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; SECRETION (PROCESS);

ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE; NEGIBACTERIA; PROTEUS MIRABILIS;

BETA-LACTAMASES; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS; HUMANS;

EID: 84929739975     PISSN: 17460913     EISSN: 17460921     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.16     Document Type: Review

References (223)

1. Boucher HW, Talbot GH, Bradley JS et al. Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 48(1), 1-12 (2009).
2. Livermore DM. Has the era of untreatable infections arrived? J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 64(Suppl. 1), i29-i36 (2009).
3. Marchaim D, Perez F, Lee J et al. 'Swimming in resistance': co-colonization with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter baumannii or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am. J. Infect. Control 40(9), 830-835 (2012).
4. Cohen-Nahum K, Saidel-Odes L, Riesenberg K, Schlaeffer F, Borer A. Urinary tract infections caused by multi-drug resistant Proteus mirabilis: risk factors and clinical outcomes. Infection 38(1), 41-46 (2010).
5. Endimiani A, Luzzaro F, Brigante G et al. Proteus mirabilis bloodstream infections: risk factors and treatment outcome related to the expression of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49(7), 2598-2605 (2005).
6. Marchaim D, Zaidenstein R, Lazarovitch T, Karpuch Y, Ziv T, Weinberger M. Epidemiology of bacteremia episodes in a single center: increase in Gram-negative isolates, antibiotics resistance, and patient age. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 27(11), 1045-1051 (2008).
7. Bogan C, Marchaim D. The role of antimicrobial stewardship in curbing carbapenem resistance. Future Microbiol. 8(8), 979-991 (2013).
8. Bonomo RA, Rossolini GM. Importance of antibiotic resistance and resistance mechanisms. Foreword. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 6(5), 549-550 (2008).
9. Paterson DL, Bonomo RA. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: a clinical update. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18(4), 657-686 (2005).
10. Peterson LR. Antibiotic policy and prescribing strategies for therapy of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: the role of piperacillin-tazobactam. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 14(Suppl. 1), 181-184 (2008).
11. Bush K, Fisher JF. Epidemiological expansion, structural studies, and clinical challenges of new beta-lactamases from gram-negative bacteria. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 65, 455-478 (2011).
12. Gerber JS, Kronman MP, Ross RK et al. Identifying targets for antimicrobial stewardship in children's hospitals. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 34(12), 1252-1258 (2013).
13. Peleg AY, Hooper DC. Hospital-acquired infections due to gram-negative bacteria. N. Engl. J. Med. 362(19), 1804-1813 (2010).
14. Collins VL, Marchaim D, Pogue JM et al. Efficacy of ertapenem for treatment of bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56(4), 2173-2177 (2012).
15. Jacoby GA, Munoz-Price LS. The new beta-lactamases. N. Engl. J. Med. 352(4), 380-391 (2005).
16. Paterson DL, Ko WC, Von Gottberg A et al. Antibiotic therapy for Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia: implications of production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39(1), 31-37 (2004).
17. Abraham EP, Chain E. An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin. 1940. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10(4), 677-678 (1988).
18. st century: characterization, epidemiology, and detection of this important resistance threat. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14(4), 933-951; table of contents (2001).
19. Medeiros AA. Evolution and dissemination of beta-lactamases accelerated by generations of beta-lactam antibiotics. Clin. Infect. Dis. 24(Suppl. 1), S19-S45 (1997).
20. Bush K, Jacoby GA, Amicosante G et al. Comment on: Redefining extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: balancing science and clinical need. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 64(1), 212-213; author reply 213-215 (2009).
21. Jacoby GA, Bush K. Beta-lactamase nomenclature. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43(12), 6220 (2005).
22. Bush K, Jacoby GA, Medeiros AA. A functional classification scheme for beta-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39(6), 1211-1233 (1995).
23. Livermore DM. Defining an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 14(Suppl. 1), 3-10 (2008).
24. Ambler RP, Meadway RJ. Chemical structure of bacterial penicillinases. Nature 222(5188), 24-26 (1969).
25. Bush K, Jacoby GA. Updated functional classification of beta-lactamases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54(3), 969-976 (2010).
26. Chopra T, Marchaim D, Veltman J et al. Impact of cefepime therapy on mortality among patients with bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56(7), 3936-3942 (2012).
27. Clsi. Performance standards for antimibrobial susceptibility testing. Nineteenth informational supplement. Approved standard M100-S19. www.microbiolab-bg.com/CLSI.pdf
28. Falagas ME, Karageorgopoulos DE. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms. J. Hosp. Infect. 73(4), 345-354 (2009).
29. Perez F, Bonomo RA. Can we really use β-lactam/β-lactam inhibitor combinations for the treatment of infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria? Clin. Infect. Dis. 54(2), 175-177 (2012).
30. Bin C, Hui W, Renyuan Z et al. Outcome of cephalosporin treatment of bacteremia due to CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 56(4), 351-357 (2006).
31. Endimiani A, Paterson DL. Optimizing therapy for infections caused by enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 28(6), 646-655 (2007).
32. Marchaim D, Lazarovitch Z, Efrati S et al. Serious consequences to the use of cephalosporins as the first line of antimicrobial therapy administered in hemodialysis units. Nephron. Clin. Pract. 101(2), c58-c64 (2005).
33. Marchaim D, Sunkara B, Lephart PR et al. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers reported as susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime, and cefuroxime in the era of lowered breakpoints and no confirmatory tests. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 33(8), 853-855 (2012).
34. Livermore DM, Hawkey PM. CTX-M: changing the face of ESBLs in the UK. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 56(3), 451-454 (2005).
35. Ben-Ami R, Schwaber MJ, Navon-Venezia S et al. Influx of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae into the hospital. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42(7), 925-934 (2006).
36. Pitout JD, Laupland KB. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: an emerging public-health concern. Lancet Infect. Dis. 8(3), 159-166 (2008).
37. Pogue JM, Marchaim D, Abreu-Lanfranco O et al. Fosfomycin activity versus carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, Detroit, 2008-10. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 66(10), 625-627 (2013).
38. Marchaim D, Gottesman T, Schwartz O et al. National multicenter study of predictors and outcomes of bacteremia upon hospital admission caused by Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54(12), 5099-5104 (2010).
39. Qureshi ZA, Paterson DL, Pakstis DL et al. Risk factors and outcome of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacter cloacae bloodstream infections. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 37(1), 26-32 (2011).
40. Endimiani A, Bertschy I, Perreten V. Escherichia coli producing CMY-2 beta-lactamase in bovine mastitis milk. J. Food Prot. 75(1), 137-138 (2012).
41. Doi Y, Paterson DL. Detection of plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 11(3), 191-197 (2007).
42. Livermore DM. Current epidemiology and growing resistance of gram-negative pathogens. Korean J. Intern. Med. 27(2), 128-142 (2012).
43. Dellit TH, Owens RC, Mcgowan JE Jr et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. Clin. Infect. Dis. 44(2), 159-177 (2007).
44. Del Rio MA, Chrane D, Shelton S, Mccracken GH Jr, Nelson JD. Ceftriaxone versus ampicillin and chloramphenicol for treatment of bacterial meningitis in children. Lancet 1(8336), 1241-1244 (1983).
45. Bernstein Hahn L, Barclay CA, Iribarren MA, Traballi CA. Ceftriaxone, a new parenteral cephalosporin, in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Chemotherapy 27(Suppl. 1), 75-79 (1981).
46. Efficacy and toxicity of single daily doses of amikacin and ceftriaxone versus multiple daily doses of amikacin and ceftazidime for infection in patients with cancer and granulocytopenia. The International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Ann. Intern. Med. 119(7 Pt 1), 584-593 (1993).
47. Kliebe C, Nies BA, Meyer JF, Tolxdorff-Neutzling RM, Wiedemann B. Evolution of plasmid-coded resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 28(2), 302-307 (1985).
48. Bush K. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in North America, 1987-2006. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 14(Suppl. 1), 134-143 (2008).
49. Brun-Buisson C, Legrand P, Philippon A, Montravers F, Ansquer M, Duval J. Transferable enzymatic resistance to third-generation cephalosporins during nosocomial outbreak of multiresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Lancet 2(8554), 302-306 (1987).
50. Babini GS, Livermore DM. Antimicrobial resistance amongst Klebsiella spp. collected from intensive care units in Southern and Western Europe in 1997-1998. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 45(2), 183-189 (2000).
51. Pitout JD, Nordmann P, Laupland KB, Poirel L. Emergence of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in the community. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 56(1), 52-59 (2005).
52. Canton R, Coque TM. The CTX-M beta-lactamase pandemic. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 9(5), 466-475 (2006).
53. Borer A, Gilad J, Menashe G, Peled N, Riesenberg K, Schlaeffer F. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains in community-acquired bacteremia in Southern Israel. Med. Sci. Monit. 8(1), CR44-CR47 (2002).
54. Goldstein FW, Pean Y, Gertner J. Resistance to ceftriaxone and other beta-lactams in bacteria isolated in the community. The Vigil'Roc Study Group. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39(11), 2516-2519 (1995).
55. Blomberg B, Jureen R, Manji KP et al. High rate of fatal cases of pediatric septicemia caused by gram-negative bacteria with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43(2), 745-749 (2005).
56. Mirelis B, Navarro F, Miro E, Mesa RJ, Coll P, Prats G. Community transmission of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9(8), 1024-1025 (2003).
57. Pitout JD, Hanson ND, Church DL, Laupland KB. Population-based laboratory surveillance for Escherichia coli-producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: importance of community isolates with blaCTX-M genes. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38(12), 1736-1741 (2004).
58. Woodford N, Kaufmann ME, Karisik E, Hartley JW. Molecular epidemiology of multiresistant Escherichia coli isolates from community-onset urinary tract infections in Cornwall, England. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 59(1), 106-109 (2007).
59. Cormican M, Morris D, Corbett-Feeeney G, Flynn J. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase production and fluorquinolone resistance in pathogens associated with community acquired urinary tract infection. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 32(4), 317-319 (1998).
60. Goldstein FW. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial strains isolated from patients with community-acquired urinary tract infections in France. Multicentre Study Group. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 19(2), 112-117 (2000).
61. Munoz-Price LS. Long-term acute care hospitals. Clin. Infect. Dis. 49(3), 438-443 (2009).
62. Denman SJ, Burton JR. Fluid intake and urinary tract infection in the elderly. JAMA 267(16), 2245, 2249 (1992).
63. Marchaim D, Chopra T, Bogan C et al. The burden of multidrug-resistant organisms on tertiary hospitals posed by patients with recent stays in long-term acute care facilities. Am. J. Infect. Control 40(8), 760-765 (2012).
64. Adler A, Gniadkowski M, Baraniak A et al. Transmission dynamics of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli clones in rehabilitation wards at a tertiary care centre. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 18(12), E497-E505 (2012).
65. Sengstock DM, Thyagarajan R, Apalara J, Mira A, Chopra T, Kaye KS. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: an emerging pathogen among older adults in community hospitals and nursing homes. Clin. Infect. Dis. 50(12), 1611-1616 (2010).
66. Ben-Ami R, Rodriguez-Bano J, Arslan H et al. A multinational survey of risk factors for infection with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in nonhospitalized patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 49(5), 682-690 (2009).
67. Rodriguez-Bano J, Alcala JC, Cisneros JM et al. Community infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Arch. Intern. Med. 168(17), 1897-1902 (2008).
68. Rodriguez-Bano J, Lopez-Cerero L, Navarro MD, Diaz De Alba P, Pascual A. Faecal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: prevalence, risk factors and molecular epidemiology. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 62(5), 1142-1149 (2008).
69. Rodriguez-Bano J, Paterson DL. A change in the epidemiology of infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42(7), 935-937 (2006).
70. Reinert RR, Low DE, Rossi F, Zhang X, Wattal C, Dowzicky MJ. Antimicrobial susceptibility among organisms from the Asia/Pacific Rim, Europe and Latin and North America collected as part of TEST and the in vitro activity of tigecycline. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 60(5), 1018-1029 (2007).
71. Nagy E, Dowzicky MJ. In vitro activity of tigecycline and comparators against a European compilation of anaerobes collected as part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (TEST). Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 42(1), 33-38 (2010).
72. Bouchillon SK, Iredell JR, Barkham T, Lee K, Dowzicky MJ. Comparative in vitro activity of tigecycline and other antimicrobials against Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms collected from the Asia-Pacific Rim as part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (TEST). Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 33(2), 130-136 (2009).
73. Rodloff AC, Leclercq R, Debbia EA, Canton R, Oppenheim BA, Dowzicky MJ. Comparative analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility among organisms from France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK as part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 14(4), 307-314 (2008).
74. Hoban DJ, Bouchillon SK, Johnson BM, Johnson JL, Dowzicky MJ. In vitro activity of tigecycline against 6792 Gram-negative and Gram-positive clinical isolates from the global Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (TEST Program, 2004). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 52(3), 215-227 (2005).
75. Doi Y, Park YS, Rivera JI et al. Community-associated extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli infection in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis. 56(5), 641-648 (2013).
76. Hayakawa K, Gattu S, Marchaim D et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for isolation of Escherichia coli producing CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in a large U.S. Medical Center. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57(8), 4010-4018 (2013).
77. Rodriguez-Bano J, Navarro MD, Romero L et al. Risk-factors for emerging bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 14(2), 180-183 (2008).
78. Schwaber MJ, Navon-Venezia S, Kaye KS, Ben-Ami R, Schwartz D, Carmeli Y. Clinical and economic impact of bacteremia with extended- spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50(4), 1257-1262 (2006).
79. Schwaber MJ, Navon-Venezia S, Schwartz D, Carmeli Y. High levels of antimicrobial coresistance among extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49(5), 2137-2139 (2005).
80. Schwaber MJ, Carmeli Y. Mortality and delay in effective therapy associated with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 60(5), 913-920 (2007).
81. Apisarnthanarak A, Kiratisin P, Mundy LM. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of healthcare-associated infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae that harbor multiple ESBL genes. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 29(11), 1026-1034 (2008).
82. Doi Y, Adams-Haduch JM, Paterson DL. Escherichia coli isolate coproducing 16S rRNA methylase and CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase isolated from an outpatient in the United States. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52(3), 1204-1205 (2008).
83. Doi Y, Adams-Haduch JM, Shivannavar CT, Paterson DL, Gaddad SM. Faecal carriage of CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in patients with acute gastroenteritis. Indian J. Med. Res. 129(5), 599-602 (2009).
84. Doi Y, Paterson DL, Egea P et al. Extended-spectrum and CMY-type beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in clinical samples and retail meat from Pittsburgh, USA and Seville, Spain. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 16(1), 33-38 (2010).
85. Livermore DM, Hope R, Reynolds R, Blackburn R, Johnson AP, Woodford N. Declining cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone non-susceptibility among bloodstream Enterobacteriaceae from the UK: links to prescribing change? J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68(11), 2667-2674 (2013).
86. Paterson DL. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: the European experience. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 14(6), 697-701 (2001).
87. Poirel L, Nordmann P, Ducroz S, Boulouis HJ, Arne P, Millemann Y. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae of sequence type ST274 in companion animals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57(5), 2372-2375 (2013).
88. Arpin C, Quentin C, Grobost F et al. Nationwide survey of extended-spectrum {beta}-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the French community setting. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 63(6), 1205-1214 (2009).
89. Bauernfeind A, Grimm H, Schweighart S. A new plasmidic cefotaximase in a clinical isolate of Escherichia coli. Infection 18(5), 294-298 (1990).
90. Bonnet R. Growing group of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: the CTX-M enzymes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(1), 1-14 (2004).
91. Navon-Venezia S, Chmelnitsky I, Leavitt A, Carmeli Y. Dissemination of the CTX-M-25 family beta-lactamases among Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae and identification of the novel enzyme CTX-M-41 in Proteus mirabilis in Israel. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 62(2), 289-295 (2008).
92. Pitout JD, Church DL, Gregson DB et al. Molecular epidemiology of CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli in the Calgary Health Region: emergence of CTX-M-15-producing isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51(4), 1281-1286 (2007).
93. Lytsy B, Lindback J, Torell E, Sylvan S, Velicko I, Melhus A. A case-control study of risk factors for urinary acquisition of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing CTX-M-15 in an outbreak situation in Sweden. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 42(6-7), 439-444 (2010).
94. Azap OK, Arslan H, Serefhanoglu K et al. Risk factors for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase positivity in uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from community-acquired urinary tract infections. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 16(2), 147-151 (2010).
95. Apisarnthanarak A, Kiratisin P, Saifon P, Kitphati R, Dejsirilert S, Mundy LM. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of community-onset, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli infections in Thailand: a case-case-control study. Am. J. Infect. Control 35(9), 606-612 (2007).
96. Calbo E, Romani V, Xercavins M et al. Risk factors for community-onset urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli harbouring extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 57(4), 780-783 (2006).
97. Rodriguez-Bano J, Navarro MD, Romero L et al. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli as a cause of nosocomial infection or colonization: implications for control. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42(1), 37-45 (2006).
98. Lo E, Nicolle L, Classen D et al. Strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections in acute care hospitals. Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol. 29(Suppl. 1), S41-S50 (2008).
99. Wolf JS Jr, Bennett CJ, Dmochowski RR, Hollenbeck BK, Pearle MS, Schaeffer AJ. Best practice policy statement on urologic surgery antimicrobial prophylaxis. J. Urol. 179(4), 1379-1390 (2008).
100. Grabe M, Botto H, Cek M et al. Preoperative assessment of the patient and risk factors for infectious complications and tentative classification of surgical field contamination of urological procedures. World J. Urol. 30(1), 39-50 (2012).
101. Bortolaia V, Guardabassi L, Trevisani M, Bisgaard M, Venturi L, Bojesen AM. High diversity of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Escherichia coli isolates from Italian broiler flocks. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54(4), 1623-1626 (2010).
102. Kluytmans JA, Overdevest IT, Willemsen I et al. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from retail chicken meat and humans: comparison of strains, plasmids, resistance genes, and virulence factors. Clin. Infect. Dis. 56(4), 478-487 (2013).
103. Huijbers PM, De Kraker M, Graat EA et al. Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in humans living in municipalities with high and low broiler density. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 19(6), E256-E259 (2013).
104. Leverstein-Van Hall MA, Dierikx CM, Cohen Stuart J et al. Dutch patients, retail chicken meat and poultry share the same ESBL genes, plasmids and strains. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 17(6), 873-880 (2011).
105. Jensen LB, Hasman H, Agerso Y, Emborg HD, Aarestrup FM. First description of an oxyimino-cephalosporin-resistant, ESBL-carrying Escherichia coli isolated from meat sold in Denmark. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 57(4), 793-794 (2006).
106. Politi L, Tassios PT, Lambiri M et al. Repeated occurrence of diverse extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in minor serotypes of food-borne Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43(7), 3453-3456 (2005).
107. Leistner R, Meyer E, Gastmeier P et al. Risk factors associated with the community-acquired colonization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) positive Escherichia coli. An exploratory case-control study. PLoS ONE 8(9), e74323 (2013).
108. Jourdan-Da Silva N, Watrin M, Weill FX et al. Outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome due to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 among French tourists returning from Turkey, September 2011. Euro Surveill. 17(4), pii: 20065 (2012).
109. Costa D, Vinue L, Poeta P et al. Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates in faecal samples of broilers. Vet. Microbiol. 138(3-4), 339-344 (2009).
110. Guenther S, Aschenbrenner K, Stamm I et al. Comparable high rates of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in birds of prey from Germany and Mongolia. PLoS ONE 7(12), e53039 (2012).
111. Guenther S, Bethe A, Fruth A et al. Frequent combination of antimicrobial multiresistance and extraintestinal pathogenicity in Escherichia coli isolates from urban rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Berlin, Germany. PLoS ONE 7(11), e50331 (2012).
112. Guenther S, Grobbel M, Beutlich J et al. CTX-M-15-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli from wild birds in Germany. Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 2(5), 641-645 (2010).
113. Hiroi M, Yamazaki F, Harada T et al. Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in food-producing animals. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 74(2), 189-195 (2012).
114. Liu BT, Yang QE, Li L et al. Dissemination and characterization of plasmids carrying oqxAB-bla CTX-M genes in Escherichia coli isolates from food-producing animals. PLoS ONE 8(9), e73947 (2013).
115. Hordijk J, Schoormans A, Kwakernaak M et al. High prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum beta-lactamase/AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in cats and dogs. Front. Microbiol. 4, 242 (2013).
116. Dierikx C, Van Essen-Zandbergen A, Veldman K, Smith H, Mevius D. Increased detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli isolates from poultry. Vet. Microbiol. 145(3-4), 273-278 (2010).
117. Overdevest I, Willemsen I, Rijnsburger M et al. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes of Escherichia coli in chicken meat and humans, The Netherlands. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17(7), 1216-1222 (2011).
118. Valverde A, Coque TM, Sanchez-Moreno MP, Rollan A, Baquero F, Canton R. Dramatic increase in prevalence of fecal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae during nonoutbreak situations in Spain. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42(10), 4769-4775 (2004).
119. Canton R, Novais A, Valverde A et al. Prevalence and spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 14(Suppl. 1), 144-153 (2008).
120. Rooney PJ, O'leary MC, Loughrey AC et al. Nursing homes as a reservoir of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 64(3), 635-641 (2009).
121. Laupland KB, Church DL, Vidakovich J, Mucenski M, Pitout JD. Community-onset extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli: importance of international travel. J. Infect. 57(6), 441-448 (2008).
122. Lewis JS 2nd, Herrera M, Wickes B, Patterson JE, Jorgensen JH. First report of the emergence of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) as the predominant ESBL isolated in a U.S. health care system. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51(11), 4015-4021 (2007).
123. Moland ES, Black JA, Hossain A, Hanson ND, Thomson KS, Pottumarthy S. Discovery of CTX-M-like extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Escherichia coli isolates from five US States. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(7), 2382-2383 (2003).
124. Nicolas-Chanoine MH, Blanco J, Leflon-Guibout V et al. Intercontinental emergence of Escherichia coli clone O25:H4-ST131 producing CTX-M-15. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 61(2), 273-281 (2008).
125. Coque TM, Novais A, Carattoli A et al. Dissemination of clonally related Escherichia coli strains expressing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-15. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14(2), 195-200 (2008).
126. Rodriguez-Bano J, Picon E, Gijon P et al. Community-onset bacteremia due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: risk factors and prognosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 50(1), 40-48 (2010).
127. Cagnacci S, Gualco L, Debbia E, Schito GC, Marchese A. European emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli clonal groups O25:H4-ST 131 and O15:K52:H1 causing community-acquired uncomplicated cystitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46(8), 2605-2612 (2008).
128. Lau SH, Reddy S, Cheesbrough J et al. Major uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain isolated in the northwest of England identified by multilocus sequence typing. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46(3), 1076-1080 (2008).
129. Dahbi G, Mora A, Lopez C et al. Emergence of new variants of ST131 clonal group among extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 42(4), 347-351 (2013).
130. Peirano G, Pitout JD. Molecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli producing CTX-M beta-lactamases: the worldwide emergence of clone ST131 O25:H4. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 35(4), 316-321 (2010).
131. Clermont O, Bonacorsi S, Bingen E. Rapid and simple determination of the Escherichia coli phylogenetic group. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66(10), 4555-4558 (2000).
132. Clermont O, Johnson JR, Menard M, Denamur E. Determination of Escherichia coli O types by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction: application to the O types involved in human septicemia. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 57(2), 129-136 (2007).
133. Nicolas-Chanoine MH, Bertrand X, Madec JY. Escherichia coli ST131, an intriguing clonal group. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 27(3), 543-574 (2014).
134. Pitout JD, Gregson DB, Campbell L, Laupland KB. Molecular characteristics of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates causing bacteremia in the Calgary Health Region from 2000 to 2007: emergence of clone ST131 as a cause of community-acquired infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53(7), 2846-2851 (2009).
135. Rogers BA, Sidjabat HE, Paterson DL. Escherichia coli O25b-ST131: a pandemic, multiresistant, community-associated strain. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66(1), 1-14 (2011).
136. Petty NK, Ben Zakour NL, Stanton-Cook M et al. Global dissemination of a multidrug resistant Escherichia coli clone. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111(15), 5694-5699 (2014).
137. Banerjee R, Johnson JR. A new clone sweeps clean: the enigmatic emergence of Escherichia coli sequence type 131. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58(9), 4997-5004 (2014).
138. Lopez-Cerero L, Navarro MD, Bellido M et al. Escherichia coli belonging to the worldwide emerging epidemic clonal group O25b/ST131: risk factors and clinical implications. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 69(3), 809-814 (2013).
139. Rattinger GB, Mullins CD, Zuckerman IH et al. A sustainable strategy to prevent misuse of antibiotics for acute respiratory infections. PLoS ONE 7(12), e51147 (2012).
140. Diekema DJ, Beekmann SE, Chapin KC, Morel KA, Munson E, Doern GV. Epidemiology and outcome of nosocomial and community-onset bloodstream infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41(8), 3655-3660 (2003).
141. Kang CI, Wi YM, Lee MY et al. Epidemiology and risk factors of community onset infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50(2), 312-317 (2012).
142. van der Bij AK, Peirano G, Goessens WH, van der Vorm ER, van Westreenen M, Pitout JD. Clinical and molecular characteristics of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli causing bacteremia in the Rotterdam Area, Netherlands. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55(7), 3576-3578 (2011).
143. Olesen B, Hansen DS, Nilsson F et al. Prevalence and characteristics of the epidemic multiresistant Escherichia coli ST131 clonal group among extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates in Copenhagen, Denmark. J. Clin. Microbiol. 51(6), 1779-1785 (2013).
144. Zhanel GG, Decorby M, Adam H et al. Prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in Canadian hospitals: results of the Canadian Ward Surveillance Study (CANWARD 2008). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54(11), 4684-4693 (2010).
145. Platteel TN, Leverstein-Van Hall MA, Cohen Stuart JW et al. Differences in the antibiotic susceptibility of human Escherichia coli with poultry-associated and non-poultry-associated extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 32(8), 1091-1095 (2013).
146. Rodriguez-Bano J, Navarro MD, Romero L et al. Bacteremia due to extended-spectrum beta -lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in the CTX-M era: a new clinical challenge. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43(11), 1407-1414 (2006).
147. Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, Horan TC, Hughes JM. CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988. Am. J. Infect. Control 16(3), 128-140 (1988).
148. American Thoracic Society; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171(4), 388-416 (2005).
149. Friedman ND, Kaye KS, Stout JE et al. Health care - associated bloodstream infections in adults: a reason to change the accepted definition of community-acquired infections. Ann. Intern. Med. 137(10), 791-797 (2002).
150. Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 18(3), 268-281 (2012).
151. Paul M, Shani V, Muchtar E, Kariv G, Robenshtok E, Leibovici L. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54(11), 4851-4863 (2010).
152. Arpin C, Dubois V, Coulange L et al. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in community and private health care centers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(11), 3506-3514 (2003).
153. Arpin C, Dubois V, Maugein J et al. Clinical and molecular analysis of extended-spectrum {beta}-lactamase-producing enterobacteria in the community setting. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43(10), 5048-5054 (2005).
154. Rodriguez-Bano J, Navarro MD, Romero L et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in nonhospitalized patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42(3), 1089-1094 (2004).
155. Banerjee R, Strahilevitz J, Johnson JR et al. Predictors and molecular epidemiology of community-onset extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli infection in a Midwestern community. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 34(9), 947-953 (2013).
156. Soraas A, Sundsfjord A, Sandven I, Brunborg C, Jenum PA. Risk factors for community-acquired urinary tract infections caused by ESBL-producing enterobacteriaceae - a case-control study in a low prevalence country. PLoS ONE 8(7), e69581 (2013).
157. Freeman JT, Williamson DA, Heffernan H, Smith M, Bower JE, Roberts SA. Comparative epidemiology of CTX-M-14 and CTX-M-15 producing Escherichia coli: association with distinct demographic groups in the community in New Zealand. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 31(8), 2057-2060 (2012).
158. Valverde A, Grill F, Coque TM et al. High rate of intestinal colonization with extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing organisms in household contacts of infected community patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46(8), 2796-2799 (2008).
159. Skippen I, Shemko M, Turton J, Kaufmann ME, Palmer C, Shetty N. Epidemiology of infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp.: a nested case-control study from a tertiary hospital in London. J. Hosp. Infect. 64(2), 115-123 (2006).
160. Pena C, Gudiol C, Tubau F et al. Risk-factors for acquisition of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli among hospitalised patients. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 12(3), 279-284 (2006).
161. Graffunder EM, Preston KE, Evans AM, Venezia RA. Risk factors associated with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms at a tertiary care hospital. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 56(1), 139-145 (2005).
162. Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM et al. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Surg. Infect. (Larchmt) 14(1), 73-156 (2013).
163. Marchaim D, Chopra T, Bhargava A et al. Recent exposure to antimicrobials and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: the role of antimicrobial stewardship. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 33(8), 817-830 (2012).
164. Abbo A, Carmeli Y, Navon-Venezia S, Siegman-Igra Y, Schwaber MJ. Impact of multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii on clinical outcomes. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 26(11), 793-800 (2007).
165. Cosgrove SE, Sakoulas G, Perencevich EN, Schwaber MJ, Karchmer AW, Carmeli Y. Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36(1), 53-59 (2003).
166. Aloush V, Navon-Venezia S, Seigman-Igra Y, Cabili S, Carmeli Y. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: risk factors and clinical impact. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50(1), 43-48 (2006).
167. Carmeli Y, Samore MH, Huskins C. The association between antecedent vancomycin treatment and hospital-acquired vancomycin-resistant enterococci: a meta-analysis. Arch. Intern. Med. 159(20), 2461-2468 (1999).
168. Bogan C, Kaye KS, Chopra T et al. Outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolation: matched analysis. Am. J. Infect. Control 42(6), 612-620 (2014).
169. Sahly H, Navon-Venezia S, Roesler L et al. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production is associated with an increase in cell invasion and expression of fimbrial adhesins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52(9), 3029-3034 (2008).
170. Rodriguez-Bano J, Mingorance J, Fernandez-Romero N, Serrano L, Lopez-Cerero L, Pascual A. Outcome of bacteraemia due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: impact of microbiological determinants. J. Infect. 67(1), 27-34 (2013).
171. Park YS, Adams-Haduch JM, Shutt KA et al. Clinical and microbiologic characteristics of cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli at three centers in the United States. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56(4), 1870-1876 (2012).
172. Sidjabat HE, Paterson DL, Adams-Haduch JM et al. Molecular epidemiology of CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli isolates at a tertiary medical center in western Pennsylvania. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53(11), 4733-4739 (2009).
173. Doi Y, Adams J, O'keefe A, Quereshi Z, Ewan L, Paterson DL. Community-acquired extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers, United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13(7), 1121-1123 (2007).
174. Harris AD. Control group selection is an important but neglected issue in studies of antibiotic resistance. Ann. Intern. Med. 132(11), 925 (2000).
175. Kaye KS, Harris AD, Samore M, Carmeli Y. The case-case-control study design: addressing the limitations of risk factor studies for antimicrobial resistance. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 26(4), 346-351 (2005).
176. Rodriguez-Bano J, Pascual A. Clinical significance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 6(5), 671-683 (2008).
177. Tumbarello M, Sanguinetti M, Montuori E et al. Predictors of mortality in patients with bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: importance of inadequate initial antimicrobial treatment. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51(6), 1987-1994 (2007).
178. Tumbarello M, Spanu T, Sanguinetti M et al. Bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: risk factors, molecular epidemiology, and clinical outcome. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50(2), 498-504 (2006).
179. Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit. Care Med. 34(6), 1589-1596 (2006).
180. Tumbarello M, Trecarichi EM, Bassetti M et al. Identifying patients harboring extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae on hospital admission: derivation and validation of a scoring system. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55(7), 3485-3490 (2011).
181. Oviano M, Fernandez B, Fernandez A, Barba MJ, Mourino C, Bou G. Rapid detection of enterobacteriaceae producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases directly from positive blood cultures by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 20(11), 1146-1157 (2014).
182. Johnson SW, Anderson DJ, May DB, Drew RH. Utility of a clinical risk factor scoring model in predicting infection with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae on hospital admission. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 34(4), 385-392 (2013).
183. th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Barcelona, Spain, 10-13 May 2014.
184. Martin ET, Tansek R, Collins V et al. The carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae score: a bedside score to rule out infection with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae among hospitalized patients. Am. J. Infect. Control 41(2), 180-182 (2013).
185. Carmeli Y, Lidji SK, Shabtai E, Navon-Venezia S, Schwaber MJ. The effects of group 1 versus group 2 carbapenems on imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an ecological study. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 70(3), 367-372 (2011).
186. Schwaber MJ, Carmeli Y. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: a potential threat. JAMA 300(24), 2911-2913 (2008).
187. Schwaber MJ, Lev B, Israeli A et al. Containment of a country-wide outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Israeli hospitals via a nationally implemented intervention. Clin. Infect. Dis. 52(7), 848-855 (2011).
188. Paterson DL, Ko WC, Von Gottberg A et al. Outcome of cephalosporin treatment for serious infections due to apparently susceptible organisms producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: implications for the clinical microbiology laboratory. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39(6), 2206-2212 (2001).
189. Wong-Beringer A, Hindler J, Loeloff M et al. Molecular correlation for the treatment outcomes in bloodstream infections caused by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to ceftazidime. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34(2), 135-146 (2002).
190. Kang CI, Kim SH, Park WB et al. Bloodstream infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: risk factors for mortality and treatment outcome, with special emphasis on antimicrobial therapy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(12), 4574-4581 (2004).
191. Endimiani A, Luzzaro F, Perilli M et al. Bacteremia due to Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates producing the TEM-52 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase: treatment outcome of patients receiving imipenem or ciprofloxacin. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38(2), 243-251 (2004).
192. Rodriguez-Martinez JM, Diaz De Alba P, Briales A et al. Contribution of OqxAB efflux pumps to quinolone resistance in extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68(1), 68-73 (2013).
193. Kritsotakis EI, Tsioutis C, Roumbelaki M, Christidou A, Gikas A. Antibiotic use and the risk of carbapenem-resistant extended-spectrum-{beta}-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in hospitalized patients: results of a double case-control study. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66(6), 1383-1391 (2011).
194. Lee CH, Su LH, Tang YF, Liu JW. Treatment of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteraemia with carbapenems or flomoxef: a retrospective study and laboratory analysis of the isolates. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 58(5), 1074-1077 (2006).
195. Collins VL, Marchaim D, Pogue JM et al. Efficacy of ertapenem for treatment of bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.56(4), 2173-2177 (2012).
196. Lopez-Cerero L, Picon E, Morillo C et al. Comparative assessment of inoculum effects on the antimicrobial activity of amoxycillin-clavulanate and piperacillin-tazobactam with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-non-producing Escherichia coli isolates. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 16(2), 132-136 (2010).
197. Thomson KS, Moland ES. Cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, and the inoculum effect in tests with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45(12), 3548-3554 (2001).
198. Zimhony O, Chmelnitsky I, Bardenstein R et al. Endocarditis caused by extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: emergence of resistance to ciprofloxacin and piperacillin-tazobactam during treatment despite initial susceptibility. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50(9), 3179-3182 (2006).
199. Rodriguez-Bano J, Navarro MD, Retamar P, Picon E, Pascual A. beta-Lactam/beta-lactam inhibitor combinations for the treatment of bacteremia due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: a post hoc analysis of prospective cohorts. Clin. Infect. Dis. 54(2), 167-174 (2012).
200. Dedeic-Ljubovic A, Hukic M, Pfeifer Y et al. Emergence of CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 16(2), 152-156 (2010).
201. Pfundstein J, Roghmann MC, Schwalbe RS et al. A randomized trial of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis with and without vancomycin in organ transplant patients. Clin. Transplant. 13(3), 245-252 (1999).
202. Hall JC, Christiansen K, Carter MJ et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac operations. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 56(4), 916-922 (1993).
203. Tissera S, Lee SM. Isolation of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria from urban surface waters in Malaysia. Malays J. Med. Sci. 20(3), 14-22 (2013).
204. Vardakas KZ, Tansarli GS, Rafailidis PI, Falagas ME. Carbapenems versus alternative antibiotics for the treatment of bacteraemia due to Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67(12), 2793-2803 (2012).
205. Lu PL, Liu YC, Toh HS et al. Epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Gram-negative bacteria causing urinary tract infections in the Asia-Pacific region: 2009-2010 results from the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART). Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 40(Suppl.), S37-S43 (2012).
206. Hawser SP, Bouchillon SK, Lascols C et al. Susceptibility of European Escherichia coli clinical isolates from intra-abdominal infections, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase occurrence, resistance distribution, and molecular characterization of ertapenem-resistant isolates (SMART 2008-2009). Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 18(3), 253-259 (2012).
207. Hoban DJ, Bouchillon SK, Hawser SP, Badal RE, Labombardi VJ, Dipersio J. Susceptibility of gram-negative pathogens isolated from patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections in the United States, 2007-2008: results of the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54(7), 3031-3034 (2010).
208. Rotschafer JC, Zabinski RA, Walker KJ. Pharmacodynamic factors of antibiotic efficacy. Pharmacotherapy 12(6 Pt 2), S64-S70 (1992).
209. Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 52(5), e103-e120 (2011).
210. Pakyz AL, Macdougall C, Oinonen M, Polk RE. Trends in antibacterial use in US academic health centers: 2002 to 2006. Arch. Intern. Med. 168(20), 2254-2260 (2008).
211. Klastersky J, Thys JP, Mombelli G. Comparative studies of intermittent and continuous administration of aminoglycosides in the treatment of bronchopulmonary infections due to gram-negative bacteria. Rev. Infect. Dis. 3(1), 74-83 (1981).
212. Falagas ME, Maraki S, Karageorgopoulos DE, Kastoris AC, Mavromanolakis E, Samonis G. Antimicrobial susceptibility of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Enterobacteriaceae isolates to fosfomycin. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 35(3), 240-243 (2010).
213. FDA. Drug Safety Communication - increased risk of death with Tygacil (tigecycline) compared with other antibiotics used to treat similar infections. www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety
214. Pogue JM, Lee J, Marchaim D et al. Incidence of and risk factors for colistin-associated nephrotoxicity in a large academic health system. Clin. Infect. Dis. 53(9), 879-884 (2011).
215. Chen PC, Chang LY, Lu CY et al. Drug susceptibility and treatment response of common urinary tract infection pathogens in children. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 47(6), 478-483 (2013).
216. Kurtaran B, Candevir A, Tasova Y et al. Antibiotic resistance in community-acquired urinary tract infections: prevalence and risk factors. Med. Sci. Monit. 16(5), CR246-CR251 (2010).
217. Yamamoto S, Higuchi Y, Nojima M. Current therapy of acute uncomplicated cystitis. Int. J. Urol. 17(5), 450-456 (2010).
218. Kim ME, Ha US, Cho YH. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens causing acute uncomplicated cystitis in female outpatients in South Korea: a multicentre study in 2006. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 31(Suppl. 1), S15-S18 (2008).
219. Ilic T, Gracan S, Arapovic A, Capkun V, Subat-Dezulovic M, Saraga M. Changes in bacterial resistance patterns in children with urinary tract infections on antimicrobial prophylaxis at University Hospital in Split. Med. Sci. Monit. 17(7), CR355-CR361 (2011).
220. Lowe CF, Mcgeer A, Muller MP, Katz K. Decreased susceptibility to noncarbapenem antimicrobials in extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Toronto, Canada. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56(7), 3977-3980 (2012).
221. Puerto AS, Fernandez JG, del Castillo Jde D, Pino MJ, Angulo GP. In vitro activity of beta-lactam and non-beta-lactam antibiotics in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 54(2), 135-139 (2006).
222. de Cueto M, Lopez L, Hernandez JR, Morillo C, Pascual A. In vitro activity of fosfomycin against extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: comparison of susceptibility testing procedures. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50(1), 368-370 (2006).
223. Arslan H, Azap OK, Ergonul O, Timurkaynak F. Risk factors for ciprofloxacin resistance among Escherichia coli strains isolated from community-acquired urinary tract infections in Turkey. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 56(5), 914-918 (2005).