After identity: Rethinking race, sex, and gender

After Identity: Rethinking Race, Sex, and Gender

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-251

  Warnke, Georgia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84929714544     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511490392     Document Type: Book

References (441)

1. David Copp, "Social Unity and the Identity of Persons," Journal of Political Philosophy, 10 (4), 2002, p. 372.
2. Copp, "Social Unity and the Identity of Persons," p. 369.
3. Simone de Beauvoir The Second Sex (1949), H.M. Parshley trans. and ed. (New York:" Knopf, Everyman's Library, 1993), p. 281.
4. Gayle Rubin "The Traffic in Women: Notes on the "Political Economy of Sex," in The Second Wave: A Reader in Feminist Theory, Linda Nicholson, ed. (New York: Routledge, 1997), pp. 27-62.
5. Robert Wright, The Moral Animal: Evolutionary Psychology and Everyday Life (New York: Vintage Books, 1995).
6. John Macionis, Sociology (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993).
7. Monique Wittig, "One is Not Born a Woman," in Nicholson, ed., The Second Wave, pp. 265-272.
8. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990).
9. Juliet Mitchell, "Introduction - I," in Juliet Mitchell and Jacqueline Rose, eds., Feminine Sexuality: Jacques Lacan and the �cole freudienne (New York: W. W. Norton and Pantheon Books, 1985).
10. Anne Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality (New York: Basic Books, 2000), p. 78.
11. Thomas M. Laqueur, Making Sex: The Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990).
12. Merry E. Wiesner, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe, 2nd edn. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 54.
13. Laqueur, Making Sex, p. 65.
14. Randolph Trumbach, "London's Sapphists: From Three Sexes to Four Genders in the Making of Modern Culture," in Gilbert Herdt, ed., Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History (New York: Zone Books, 1993), pp. 111-136.
15. Randolph Trumbach, "Woman Becomes Man in the Balkans," in Herdt, ed., Third Sex, Third Gender, pp. 241-281.
16. Sabine Lang, Men as Women, Women as Men: Changing Gender in Native American Cultures, John L. Vantine, trans. (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1998), p. 10.
17. Lang, Men as Women, Women as Men.
18. Will Roscoe, "How to Become a Berdache: Toward a Unified Analysis of Gender Diversity," in Herdt, ed., Third Sex, Third Gender, pp. 329-372.
19. Roscoe, "How to Become a Berdache," p. 370.
20. Linda Martin Alcoff, "The Contrasting Ontologies of Race and Gender," Paper delivered at the Pacific meetings of the American Philosophical Association, 2003.
21. Sally Haslanger, "Gender and Race: (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them To Be?," Nous, 34 (1), 2000, p. 37.
22. Deborah Gray White, Ar'nt I a Woman: Female Slaves in the Plantation South, rev. edn. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), p. 5.
23. Kimberle Crenshaw, "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence Against Women," Stanford Law Review, 43 (6), 1991, p. 1252.
24. Adrian Piper, "Passing for White, Passing for Black", Transitions, 58. (1992), pp. 28-29.
25. John Colapinto, As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl (New York: HarperCollins Perennial Books Edn., 2001);
26. Milton Diamond and Keith Sigmundson, "Sex Reassignment at Birth: Long-Term Review and Clinical Implications," Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 151, 1997, pp. 298-304, Web-based version at www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/intersex/ mdfnl.html;
27. John Money and Anke Ehrhardt, Man and Woman, Boy and Girl: The Differentiation and Dimorphism of Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972), pp. 118-123; "Dateline NBC," February 8, 2000.
28. Judith Butler, "Doing Justice to Someone: Sex Reassignment and Allegories of Transsexuality," in Judith Butler, Undoing Gender (New York: Routledge, 2004).
29. Ehrhardt, Man and Woman, Boy and Girl, p. 176.
30. Diamond and Sigmundson, "Sex Reassignment at Birth," Web-based version.
31. Colapinto, As Nature Made Him, p. 57.
32. Colapinto, "The True Story of John/Joan," The Rolling Stone, December 11, 1997, pp. 54-97
33. Colapinto, As Nature Made Him.
34. Diamond and Sigmundson, "Sex Reassignment at Birth," Web-based version.
35. Anne Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality (New York: Basic Books, 2000), p. 70.
36. Colapinto, As Nature Made Him.
37. Will Roscoe, "How to Become a Berdache: Toward a Unified Analysis of Gender Diversity," in Gilbert Herdt, ed., Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History (New York: Zone Books, 1993), p. 336.
38. Colapinto, As Nature Made Him, p. 250.
39. Ehrhardt, Man and Woman, Girl and Boy, p. 119.
40. Colapinto, As Nature Made Him, p. 56.
41. Diamond and Sigmundson, "Sex Reassignment at Birth," Web-based version, emphasis added.
42. Ehrhardt, Man and Woman, Boy and Girl, pp. 10, 98-105.
43. Anke Ehrhardtand Heinz F.L. Meyer-Bahlburg, "Effects of Pre-natal Sex Hormones on Gender-Related Behavior," Science, 211, (1981), pp. 1312-1318.
44. Diamond and Sigmundson, "Sex Reassignment at Birth," Web-based version.
45. Ehrhardt, Man and Woman, Boy and Girl, pp. 10, 98-105.
46. Anke Ehrhardt and Heinz F.L. Meyer-Bahlburg, "Effects of Pre-natal Sex Hormones on Gender- Related Behavior," Science, 211, 1981, pp. 1312-1318.
47. Diamond and Sigmundson, "Sex Reassignment at Birth," Web-based version.
48. Ehrhardt, Man and Woman, Boy and Girl, p. 16.
49. Colapinto, As Nature Made Him, p. 51.
50. S. J. Bradley, G. D. Oliver, A. B. Chernick, and K. J. Zucker, "Experiment of Nurture: ablatio penis at 2 months, Sex Reassignment at 7 months, and a Psychosexual Follow-up in Young Adulthood," Pediatrics, 102, July 10, 1998, Web version at http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content.
51. Colapinto, As Nature Made Him, pp. 250-251.
52. Jeffrey Eugenides Middlesex(New York: Farrar, Stroud&Giroux, 2002)
53. Alice Domurat Dreger, Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex (Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 1998), p. 88.
54. Ehrhardt, Man and Woman, Girl and Boy, p. 120.
55. Mary McNamara, "Era of the Gender Crosser," Los Angeles Times, February 27, 2001, Section A, p. 20.
56. Littleton v. Prange 9 SW 3d 223.
57. In re Estate of Marshall G. Gardner 273 Kan. 191; 2002.
58. Littleton v. Prange, pp. 230-231.
59. New York Times, September 19, 2004.
60. Anne Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body, p. 52.
61. Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body, p. 52.
62. Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body, p. 109.
63. Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body, p. 52.
64. Domurat Dreger, Hermaphrodites, p. 39.
65. Geoffrey Cowley, "Gender Limbo," Newsweek, May 19, 1997, pp. 64-67
66. Committee on Genetics, "Evaluation of the Newborn With Developmental Anomalies of the External Genitalia," Pediatrics, 106, 2000, pp. 138-142.
67. Suzanne J. Kessler, Lessons from the Intersexed (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998), pp. 41-43.
68. Domurat Dreger, Hermaphrodites, p. 195
69. Julie A. Greenberg, "Defining Male and Female: Intersexuality and the Collision between Law and Biology," Arizona Law Review, 41, 1999, p. 272.
70. Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body, p. 59
71. Kessler, Lessons from the Intersexed, p. 25.
72. Diamond and Sigmunson, "Sex Reassignment at Birth," Web-based version
73. J. W. Duckett and L. S. Baskin, "Genitoplasty for Intersex Anomalies," European Journal of Pediatrics, 152, 1993 Suppl. 2, p. 580.
74. J. W. Duckett and L. S. Baskin, Lessons fromthe Intersexed, pp. 53-64
75. Claude J. Migeon et al., "Ambiguous Genitalia with Perineoscrotal Hypospadias in 46, XY Individuals: Long-Term Medical, Surgical, and Psychosexual Outcome," Pediatrics, 110 (3), 2002, www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/110/3/c31.
76. Migeon et al. "Ambiguous Genitalia," p. e31.
77. Committee on Genetics, "Evaluation of the Newborn," p. 138.
78. John Gutierrez-Mier, "Two More Women Obtain County Marriage License," San Antonio Express News, September 21, 2000.
79. Greenberg, "Defining Male and Female," p. 268.
80. Natalie Angier, Woman: An Intimate Geography (New York: Anchor Books Edn., 2000), p. 34.
81. Greenberg, "Defining Male and Female," pp. 301-302.
82. M. T. v. J. T. 140 NJ Super 77 (1976).
83. Damien Cave, "New York Plans to Make Gender Personal Choice," New York Times, November 7, 2006, pp. A1, A21.
84. Greenberg, "Defining Male and Female," p. 315.
85. Richards v. United States Tennis Association 93 misc. 2d 713 (1977).
86. Susan K. Cahn, Coming on Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth Century Women's Sport (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994), p. 264
87. Colette Dowling, The Frailty Myth: Women Approaching Physical Equality (New York: Random House, 2000), pp. 176-178.
88. Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body, pp. 1-2.
89. Dowling, The Frailty Myth, p. 175.
90. Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body, p. 2.
91. Dowling, The Frailty Myth, p. 178.
92. Cahn, Coming on Strong, p. 210.
93. Dowling, The Frailty Myth, p. 193.
94. Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body, p. 3.
95. Dowling quotes Laura Wakwitz: "Sex testing is not an issue of how tall a woman is or what percentage of her mass is composed of muscle; it is an attempt to maintain control over women who challenge the expectations of femininity by entering a stereotypically defined 'male' arena" (The Frailty Myth, pp. 179-180).
96. Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body, p. 52-3.
97. Greenberg, "Defining Male and Female," p. 267.
98. W. E. B. Du Bois (1897), "The Conservation of Races", in Robert Bernasconi and Tommy L. Lott, eds., The Idea of Race (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2000, pp. 108-117), p. 109.
99. Randall Kennedy, Interracial Intimacies: Sex, Marriage, Identity and Adoption (New York: Pantheon Books, 2003), p. 223.
100. Kennedy, Interracial Intimacies, p. 223.
101. Hudgins v. Wrights Supreme Court of Virginia 11 Va. 134 (1806).
102. Ian F. Haney L�pez, "The Social Construction of Race: Some Observations on Illusion, Fabrication, and Choice," Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 29, 1994.
103. Hudgins v. Wrights, cited in "Prior History".
104. Hudgins v. Wrights, p. 142.
105. Hudgins v. Wrights, p. 142.
106. Hudgins v. Wrights, p. 140;
107. Haney L�pez, "The Social Construction of Race," p. 2.
108. State v. Asa Jacobs, p. 287
109. Gary v. Stevenson 19 Ark. 580 (1858) p. 583.
110. Jason A. Gilman, "Suing for Freedom: Interracial Sex, Slave Law and Racial Identity in the Post-Revolutionary and Antebellum South," North Carolina Law Review, January 2004, p. 538.
111. Gary v. Stevenson, p. 583.
112. Gary v. Stevenson, p. 585;
113. Gilman, "Suing for Freedom," p. 608.
114. Gary v. Stevenson, pp. 586-587.
115. McPherson v. The Commonwealth 69 Va. 939 (1877), p. 940
116. Kennedy, Interracial Intimacies, p. 224.
117. Kennedy, Interracial Intimacies, pp. 227-228.
118. Bennett v. Bennett 10 S.E. 2d (SC 1940), p. 2.
119. Kennedy, Interracial Intimacies, pp. 226-227.
120. Bennett v. Bennett, p. 5. 19 Kennedy, Interracial Intimacies, p. 228.
121. Kennedy, Interracial Intimacies, p. 228.
122. State v. William Chavers 50 N.C. 11 (1857).
123. State v. William Chavers, pp. 12-13
124. Berl Lang, "Metaphysical Racism (Or: Biological Racism by Other Means)," in Race/Sex: Their Sameness, Difference, and Interplay, Naomi Zack, ed. (New York: Routledge, 1997), p. 19.
125. Ian F. Haney L�pez, White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York: New York University Press, 1996).
126. Takao Osawa v. United States 260 US 178 (1922).
127. Haney L�pez, White by Law, Appendix B, p. 220.
128. United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind 261 US 204 (1923).
129. Haney L�pez, White By Law, Appendix B, p. 223.
130. Haney L�pez, White By Law, Appendix B, p. 224.
131. Haney L�pez, White by Law, Appendix A, p. 208.
132. E. E. Evans-Prichard, Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1937).
133. Robert P. Stuckert, "African Ancestry of the White American Population," Ohio Journal of Science, 58(3), p. 158.
134. K. Anthony Appiah cites this article in his The Ethics of Identity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), p. 324, n. 48.
135. Appiah, The Ethics of Identity, esp. pp. 184-186.
136. Peter Winch, "Understanding a Primitive Society," in Fred R. Dallmayr and Thomas A. McCarthy, Understanding and Social Inquiry (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977), p. 172.
137. Lionel McPherson's and Tommie Shelby's criticism of Appiah, in "Blackness and Blood: Interpreting African American Identity," Philosophy and Public Affairs 32 (2), 2004.
138. Stanley Fish, "Fish v. Fiss," Stanford Law Review, 36, 1981, pp. 1331-1334.
139. Winch, "Understanding a Primitive Society," p. 171.
140. Daniel Sharfstein, "The Secret History of Race in the United States," Yale Law Journal, April 2003.
141. Michael Omi and Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States from the 1960s to the 1980s (New York: Routledge, 1986), p. 66.
142. Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race and Power in Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), pp. 37-40.
143. Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1993), pp. 63-67.
144. Stephen Cornell and Douglas Hartmann, Ethnicity and Race: Making Identities in a Changing World (Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press, 1998) pp. 104-106.
145. Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom, William Andrews, ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), pp. 164-165.
146. Ian Hacking, The Social Construction of What? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), p. 34.
147. Du Bois, "The Conservation of Races," p. 109.
148. Lucius Outlaw, "On W. E. B. Du Bois's 'The Conservation of Races'," in Overcoming Racism and Sexism, Linda A. Bell and David Blumenfeld, eds. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1995), pp. 79-102.
149. Charles Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," in Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, in Amy Gutmann, ed. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 25-73.
150. Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community and Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).
151. Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," pp. 27-31.
152. Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 35.
153. Harry Frankfurt's distinction between first-order and second-order desires in "Freedom of the Will and the Concept of the Person," in Harry Frankfurt, The Importance of What We Care About (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 11-25.
154. W. E. B. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn: An Essay Toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept (New York: Schocken Books, 1968), p. 117.
155. George E. Haggerty, Men in Love (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), pp. 10-15.
156. The Scarlet Letter (1850) (New York: Penguin Books, 2003).
157. K. Anthony Appiah, in My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), esp. chapter 9.
158. Thomas M. Shapiro, The Hidden Cost of Being African American: How Wealth Perpetuates Inequality (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 62.
159. Douglas S. Massey andNancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), p. 30.
160. K. Anthony Appiah, "Race, Culture Identity: Misunderstood Connections," in K. Anthony Appiah and Amy Gutmann, Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 78.
161. Appiah, The Ethics of Identity, p. 66.
162. Appiah and Gutmann, "Race, Culture Identity," p. 79.
163. Appiah, The Ethics of Identity, p. 66.
164. Cornell and Hartmann, Ethnicity and Race, pp. 22-23;
165. Amy Gutmann, "Responding to Racial Injustice,"
166. Appiah and Gutmann, Color Conscious, p. 115;
167. Lawrence Blum, I'm Not a Racist, But: The Moral Quandary of Race (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002), pp. 138-140.
168. Armand Marie Leroi, "A Family Tree in Every Gene," New York Times, March 14, 2005, p. A23.
169. Appiah and Gutmann, "Race, Culture, Identity," pp. 103-104.
170. Amartya Sen, Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), esp. chapters 1-5.
171. Appiah and Gutmann, "Race, Culture, Identity," p. 103. 67.
172. David Copp, "Social Unity and the Identity of Persons," Journal of Political Philosophy, 10 (4), 2002.
173. Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), p. 46.
174. Josiah Nott, Two Lectures on the Connection Between the Biblical and the Physical History of Man (1849).
175. Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color, p. 46.
176. J. H. Van Evrie, The Negro and Negro Slavery (1863). Cited in Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color, p. 44.
177. "Census' Multiracial Option Overturns Traditional Views," Los Angeles Times, March 5, 2001, p. 1.
178. K. Anthony Appiah, "Race, Culture, Identity: Misunderstood Connections," in K. Anthony Appiah and Amy Gutmann, Color consciousness: The Political Morality of Race (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 78.
179. Friedrich Schleiermacher, Hermeneutics and Criticism and Other Writings, trans. David Bowie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), esp. pp. 24, 27-29;
180. Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, trans. John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), esp. sections 31, 32;
181. Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, 2nd rev. edn., trans. Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G. Marshall (New York: Continuum, 1994), esp., pp. 265-380.
182. Jeffrey T. Nealon, "The Discipline of Deconstruction," PMLA, 107 (5), 1992, pp. 1266-1279.
183. Jonathon Culler et al., "The Discipline of Deconstruction," PMLA, 8, 1993, p. 534.
184. J. Douglas Neale, "Deconstruction," Michael Groden and Martin Kreiswirth, The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), pp. 186-187.
185. Jacques Derrida, "Letter to a Japanese Friend," in Robert Bernasconi and David Woods, eds., Derrida and Difference (Coventry, UK: Parousia, 1985), p. 7.
186. Eve Sedgwick, "Jane Austen and the Masturbating Girl," in Eve Sedgwick, Tendencies (Durham, MD: Duke University Press, 1993).
187. Sedgwick, "Jane Austen and the Masturbating Girl," p. 124.
188. E. D. Hirsch, Validity in Interpretation (New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1967, 6th edn., 1975);
189. Stephen Knapp and Walter Benn Michaels, "Against Theory," in W. J. T. Mitchell, ed., Against Theory: Literary Studies and the New Pragmatism (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1985);
190. Stephen Knapp and Walter Benn Michaels, "Against Theory 2: Hermeneutics and Deconstruction," Critical Inquiry, 14, 1987;
191. No�l Carroll, "Art, Intention and Conversation," in Gary Iseminger, ed., Intention and Interpretation (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1992).
192. W. K. Wimsatt, Jr., The Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry (Lexington, KT: University of Kentucky Press, 1954).
193. Hirsch, Validity in Interpretation, p. 47.
194. Carroll, "Art, Intention and Conversation"
195. Colin Lyas "Wittgensteinian Intentions," in Gary Iseminger, ed., Intention and Interpretation (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1992).
196. Hirsch, Validity in Interpretation, p. 4.
197. Carroll, "Art, Intention and Conversation," p. 101.
198. Monroe C. Beardsley, Aesthetics (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1958) p. 20;
199. Carroll, "Art, Intention and Conversation," p. 98.
200. Carroll, "Art, Intention and Conversation," p. 99.
201. G. E. M. Anscombe, Intentions (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1957), p. 39.
202. Arthur Danto, Analytical Philosophy of History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965).
203. Terence Hawkes, Meaning by Shakespeare (New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 4.
204. Gadamer, Truth and Method, esp. pp. 300-302.
205. Rosemarie Gavin, "The Lion King and Hamlet: A Homecoming for the Exiled Child," The English Journal, 85 (3), pp. 55-57.
206. Hawkes, Meaning by Shakespeare, p. 4.
207. Sedgwick, "Jane Austen and the Masturbating Girl," p. 115.
208. Azar Nafisi, Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books (New York: Random House, 2004), p. 307.
209. Nafisi, Reading Lolita in Tehran, p. 257.
210. Sedgwick, "Jane Austen and the Masturbating Girl," p. 126.
211. Hirsch, Validity in Interpretation, p. 61.
212. Jonathan Culler, Literary Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 65.
213. Sedgwick, "Jane Austen and the Masturbating Girl," p. 113.
214. Graham L. Hammill, Sexuality and Form: Caravaggio, Marlowe and Bacon (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 87-89.
215. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, ed. with an introduction by David W. Blight and Robert Gooding-Williams (Boston and New York: Bedford Books, 1997), p. 38.
216. Robert Gooding-Williams, "Race, Multiculturalism and Democracy," Constellations, 5 (1) 1998, p. 23.
217. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, p. 38.
218. Appiah and Gutmann, "Race, Culture, Identity," p. 103.
219. Edwin J. C. G. Van Den Oord and David C. Rowe, "Racial Differences in Birth Health Risk: A Quantitative Genetic Approach," Demography, 37 (3), 2000, pp. 285-298.
220. Lynne E. Wagenknecht et al., "Racial Differences in Serum Cotinine Levels Among Smokers in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults Study," American Journal of Public Health, 80, 1990, p. 1053.
221. "The Meanings of 'Race' in the New Genomics: Implications for Health Disparities Research," Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law and Ethics Spring 2001, p. 55.
222. "The Meanings of 'Race'," pp. 55-56.
223. Greg Mitman's, Breathing Space: How Allergies Shape our Lives and Landscapes (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007).
224. John Osmudson, "Asthma Linked to Emotions," New York Times, August 1, 1965, p. 25
225. Mitman, Breathing Space.
226. Reanne Frank, "The Misuse of Biology in Demographic Research on Racial/Ethnic Differences: A Reply to Van den Oord and Rowe," Demography, 38 (4), 2001 p. 565.
227. "The Meanings of 'Race'," p. 44.
228. Amy Gutmann, "Responding to Racial Injustice,"
229. K. Anthony Appiah and Amy Gutmann, Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 117.
230. Tommie Shelby, We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 207.
231. Charles Murray, "Affirmative Racism," in Nicolaus Mills, ed., Debating Affirmative Action: Race, Gender, Ethnicity and the Politics of Inclusion (New York: Delta Books, 1994).
232. Shelby, We Who Are Dark, p. 238.
233. Armand Marie Leroi, "A Family Tree in Every Gene," New York Times, March 14, 2005, p. A23.
234. Naomi Zack, "Race and Philosophical Meaning," in Naomi Zack, ed., Race/Sex: Their Sameness, Difference and Interplay (New York: Routledge, 1997), p. 37.
235. Juliet Mitchell, "Introduction - I," in Juliet Mitchell and Jacqueline Rose, eds., Feminine Sexuality: Jacques Lacan and the �cole freudienne, trans. Jacqueline Rose (New York: Pantheon Books, 1985), p. 6.
236. Mitchell, "Introduction - I," p. 14.
237. J�rgen Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1971), p. 260.
238. Bobbi S. Low, Why Sex Matters: A Darwinian Look at Human Behavior (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 19.
239. Robert Wright, The Moral Animal: Evoutionary Psychology and Everyday Life (New York: Vintage Books Edn., 1995), p. 36.
240. Low, Why Sex Matters, p. 80.
241. Wright, The Moral Animal, p. 60
242. Deborah Blum, Sex on the Brain: The Biological Differences between Men and Women (New York: Penguin Books, 1998), p. 122.
243. Low, Why Sex Matters, pp. xiii-xiv.
244. Marlene Zuk, Sexual Selections: What We Can and Can't Learn about Sex from Animals (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002, http:// ark.edlib.org:/13030/kt0v19q0bp/) pp. 9-10.
245. Colette Dowling, The Frailty Myth: Women Approaching Physical Equality (New York: Random House, 2000), pp. 15-20.
246. Emily Martin, "The Egg and the Sperm: How Science has Constructed a Romance based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles," in Feminist Theory and the Body, Janet Price and Margrit Shildrick, eds. (New York: Routledge, 1999), p. 180.
247. Carol Smith-Rosenberg and Charles Rosenberg, "The Female Animal: Medical and Biological Views of Woman and Her Role in Nineteenth-Century America," in Woman and Health in America, Judith Walzer Leavitt, ed. (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), p. 16.
248. Zuk, Sexual Selections, pp. 9-10.
249. Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, Mother Nature: Maternal Instincts and How They Shape the Human Species (New York: Ballantine Books, 1999), p. 85.
250. Joan Roughgarden, Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender and Sexuality in Nature and People (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004), p. 170.
251. Low, Why Sex Matters, p. 83.
252. See Heather Pringle, "New Women of the Ice Age," Discover, April 1998, pp. 62-66.
253. Natalie Angier, Women: An Intimate Geography (New York: Anchor Books Edn., 2000), p. 244.
254. K. Hakes, J. F. O'Connell, and N. G. Blurton Jones, "Hadza Women's Time Allocation, Offspring Provisioning and the Evolution of Long Postmenopausal Life Spans," Current Anthropology, 38 (4), 1997, p. 557.
255. Hrdy, Mother Nature, p. 287.
256. Roughgarden, Evolution's Rainbow, pp. 128-129, 132-136, 140-142, 164.
257. Zuk, Sexual Selections, p. 143.
258. Roughgarden, Evolution's Rainbow, p. 6.
259. Roughgarden, Evolution's Rainbow, p. 149.
260. Zuk, Sexual Selections, p. 181.
261. Low, Why Sex Matters, pp. 79, 83.
262. Robin Goodwin, "Sex Differences among Partner Preferences: Are the Sexes Really Very Similar?," Sex Roles, 23 (9/10), 1990, p. 510.
263. David M. Buss et al., "A Half Century of Mate Preferences: The Cultural Evolution of Value," Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63, 2001, p. 499.
264. Bojan Todosijevic et al., "Mate Selection Criteria: A Trait Desirability Study of Sex Differences in Serbia," Evolutionary Psychology, 1, 2003, p. 119.
265. "A Half Century of Mate Preferences," p. 499.
266. "Mate Selection Criteria," p. 122.
267. Low, Why Sex Matters, p. 46.
268. Blum, Sex on the Brain, p. 68.
269. Troy Duster, Backdoor to Eugenics (New York: Routledge, 2003), p. 11.
270. Anne Fausto-Sterling, Myths of Gender: Biological Theories about Women and Men, revised edn. (New York: Basic Books, 1992), p. 31.
271. Blum, Sex on the Brain, pp. 60-61.
272. Robert Bennett Bean, "Some Racial Peculiarities of the Negro Brain," American Journal of Anatomy, 5, 1906, pp. 353-432.
273. Bean, "Some Peculiarities of the Negro Brain," p. 377.
274. Ann Fausto- Sterling, Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality (New York: Basic Books, 2000), p. 122.
275. Fausto-Sterling Sexing the Body, pp. 131, 135.
276. Duster, Backdoor to Eugenics, p. 22.
277. Andrew Sullivan "The He Hormone," New York Times Magazine, April 2, 2000, downloaded from "New York Times Archives," download, pp. 4-5.
278. Milton Diamond and Keith Sigmundson, "Sex Reassignment at Birth: Longterm Review and Clinical Implications," Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 151, 1997, pp. 298-304.
279. Anne Moir and David Jessel, Brain Sex: The Real Difference Between Men and Women (New York: Delta Books, 1989), p. 27.
280. Blum, Sex on the Brain, p. 172.
281. Moir and Jessel, Brain Sex, p. 26.
282. Melissa Hines, Charles Brook, and Gerard S. Conway, "Androgen and Psychosexual Development: Core Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, and Recalled Childhood Gender Role Behavior in Women and Men with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)," The Journal of Sex Research, 41, 2004, p. 75.
283. Moir and Jessel, Brain Sex, pp. 29-30.
284. Moir and Jessel, Brain Sex, p. 30.
285. Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body, p. 75.
286. Natalie Angier, Woman: An Intimate Geography (New York: Anchor Books Edn., 2000), p. 271.
287. Moir and Jessel, Sex on the Brain, p. 184.
288. Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body, p. 209.
289. Ambrose Beach, "Execution of the Complete Masculine Copulatory Pattern by Sexually Receptive Female Rats," Journal of Genetic Psychology, 60, 1942, pp. 137-142.
290. Adele E. Clarke, Disciplining Reproduction: Modernity, American Life Science and the Problems of Sex (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998), pp. 125-128.
291. Nelly Oudshoorn, "Endocrinologists and the Conceptualization of Sex, 1920-1940," Journal of the History of Biology, 23 (2), 1990, p. 165.
292. Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body, p. 154.
293. Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body, p. 193.
294. Denise Riley, Am I That Name: Feminism and the Category of "Women" in History (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1988), p. 24.
295. Riley, Am I That Name, p. 36.
296. Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body, p. 147.
297. Duster, Backdoor to Eugenics, p. 3.
298. Denise Riley, Am I That Name: Feminismand the Category of "Women" in History (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1988).
299. Anon. in Riley, Am I That Name, p. 71.
300. Speech by Arabella Shore in Riley, Am I That Name, p. 77.
301. Riley, Am I That Name, pp. 67-95.
302. Riley, Am I That Name, p. 2.
303. Michel Foucault, AHistory of Sexuality, Vol. I: An Introduction, Robert Hurley, trans. (New York: Random House 1978).
304. Riley, Am I That Name, p. 112.
305. Joan Wallach Scott, "The Sears Case," in Joan Wallach Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), pp. 167-177.
306. Kate Bornstein, Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women, and the Rest of Us (New York: Vintage, 1995), p. 58.
307. Adrienne Rich, "Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence," in Elizabeth Abel and Emily K. Abel, eds., The Signs Reader: Women, Gender, and Scholarship (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1983).
308. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990), p. 17.
309. Judith Butler, "The Question of Social Transformation," in Judith Butler, Undoing Gender (New York: Routledge, 2004), p. 210.
310. Judith Butler, "Contingent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of 'Postmodernism,"' in Feminist Contentions, p. 47.
311. Butler, "The Question of Social Transformation," p. 219.
312. Judith Butler, "For a Careful Reading," in Feminist Contentions, p. 135.
313. Butler, "The Question of Social Transformation," p. 214.
314. Bornstein, Gender Outlaw, p. 176.
315. Jan Morris, Conundrum (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974), p. 3.
316. Jay Prosser, Second Skins: The Body Narratives of Transsexuality (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), p. 77.
317. Jennifer Finney Boylan, She's Not There: A Life in Two Genders (New York: Broadway Books, 2003), p. 21.
318. Morris, Conundrum, p. 172.
319. Deirdre McCloskey, Crossing: A Memoir (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1999), p. 59.
320. Bornstein, Gender Outlaw, p. 66.
321. Christine Jorgensen, Christine Jorgensen: A Personal Autobiography (New York: Paul S. Eriksson, 1967).
322. Jorgensen's letter to her parents in Christine Jorgensen, pp. 123-126.
323. McCloskey, Crossing, p. xii.
324. K. Anthony Appiah, "'But Would that Still be Me?' Notes on Gender, 'Race,' Ethnicity as Sources of 'Identity'," in Race/Sex: Their Sameness, Difference, and Interplay, Naomi Zack, ed. (New York: Routledge, 1997).
325. Morris, Conundrum, p. 163.
326. "'But Would that Still be Me?'," p. 79.
327. McCloskey, Crossing, xii.
328. Richard Russo, "Afterword: Imagining Jenny," in Finney Boylan, She's Not There, p. 299.
329. Virginia Woolf, Orlando: A Biography (New York: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1928), pp. 138-139.
330. Graham L. Hammill, Sexuality and Form: Caravaggio, Marlowe and Bacon (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), p. 89.
331. McCloskey, Crossing, p. 93.
332. Geduldig v. Aiello 417 US 484, 497 n. 20 (1974).
333. General Electric Co. v. Gilbert 429 US 125 (1976).
334. Deborah L. Rhode, Justice and Gender: Sex Discrimination and the Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), p. 117.
335. Rhode, Justice and Gender, p. 119.
336. California Federal Savings and Loan Association v. Guerra 758 F2d 390 (CA 1985)
337. Rhode, Justice and Gender, p. 120.
338. Marjorie Jacobson, "Pregnancy and Employment: Three Approaches to Equal Opportunity," Boston University Law Review, 68, 1988, pp. 1023-1045.
339. Wendy Williams, "Equality's Riddle: Pregnancy and the Equal Treatment/Special Treatment Debate," New York University Review of Law and Social Change, 13, 1983, pp. 325-380.
340. Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990), pp. 175-178.
341. Vicki Schulz, "Life's Work," Columbia Law Review, 100 (7), 2002, p. 1986.
342. M. C. Devilbiss, Women and Military Service:AHistory, Analysis and Overview of Key Issues (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, AL: Air University Press, 1990), p. 56.
343. Claudia Card, "The Military Ban and the ROTC: A Study in Closeting," in Claudia Card, Lesbian Choices (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 169-193.
344. Claudia Card, "Against Marriage and Motherhood," Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy, 11 (3), 1996, download from Genderwatch, http://proquest.umi.com.
345. Card, "Against Marriage and Motherhood," download, p. 3.
346. Hernandez v. Robles 7 NY 3d 338 (2006), Lexis pagination, p. 6.
347. Maggie Gallagher, "Normal Marriage: Two Views," in Lynn Wardle et al., eds., Marriage and Same-Sex Unions: A Debate (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003), p. 18.
348. Dwight D. Duncan, "The Federal Marriage Amendment and Rule by Judges," Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 27, 2004;
349. Teresa Stanton Collett, "Recognizing Same-Sex Marriage: Asking for the Impossible?," The Catholic University Law Review, 47, 1998, pp. 1262-1263
350. David Organ Coolidge and George Dent at "The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable," 7 University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, 2000, pp. 41, 47.
351. Judge Cordy's dissent in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health 440 Mass. 309 (2003).
352. Hernandez v. Robles, p. 359
353. Hernandez v. Robles, p. 360.
354. "The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable," p. 47.
355. Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, Mother Nature: Maternal Instincts and How They Shape the Human Species (New York: Ballantine Books, 1999), p. 247.
356. Carmen Shalev, Birth Power: The Case for Surrogacy (New Haven, CT: Yale Univer sity Press, 1989), esp. chapter 1.
357. Robert P. George, "Neutrality, Equality and 'Same-Sex Marriage'," in Warole et al., eds., Marriage and Same-Sex Unions, pp. 120-121.
358. John Finnis, "Law, Morality and 'Sexual Orientation'," The Notre Dame Law Review, 69, 1994, pp. 1049-1074.
359. George, "Neutrality, Equality and 'Same-Sex Marriage'," p. 123.
360. Robert P. George and Gerard V. Bradley, "Marriage and the Liberal Imagination," Georgetown Law Journal, 84, 1995, pp. 308-310.
361. Hadley Arkes, "Questions of Principle, Not Predictions: A Reply to Macedo," Georgetown Law Journal, 84, 1995, p. 323
362. Arkes, "Marriage and the Liberal Imagination," p. 314.
363. Richard G. Wilkins, "The Constitutionality of Legal Preferences for Heterosexual Marriage," in Warole et al., eds., Marriage and Same-Sex Unions, p. 233.
364. Arkes, "Questions of Principle," p. 325, emphasis in the original.
365. George, "Neutrality, Equality and 'Same-Sex Marriage'," p. 128.
366. Michael Grossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth Century America (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), pp. 69-71.
367. Nancy F. Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2000), pp. 30-31.
368. Margaret A. Burnham, "An Impossible Marriage: Slave Law and Family Law," Law and Inequality, 5, 1987, p. 196.
369. Cott, Public Vows, p. 34.
370. Grossberg, Governing the Hearth, p. 132.
371. Cott, Public Vows, p. 88.
372. Evan Wolfson, "All Together Now," in Warole et al., eds., Marriage and Same- Sex Unions, p. 4.
373. In re Estate of Erlanger 145 Msic 1 (NY 1932).
374. Ariela R. Dubler, "Wifely Behavior: A Legal History of Acting Married," Columbia Law Review, 100, pp. 957-1021.
375. Dubler, "Wifely Behavior," p. 992.
376. William M. Hohengarten, "Same-Sex Marriage and the Right of Privacy," Yale Law Journal, 103 (6), 1994.
377. Hernandez v. Robles: Memorandum of Law in Support of Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment, p. 16, n. 12, available at lambdalegal.org.
378. Card, "Against Marriage and Motherhood," download, p. 6.
379. Michael Warner, The Trouble with Normal: Sex, Politics and the Ethics of Queer Life (New York: Free Press, 1999), esp. p. 96.
380. Grossberg, Governing the Hearth, p. 137.
381. The West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad Co. v. Miles 55 Pa. 209 (1867), p. 213.
382. Perez v. Sharp 32 Cal. 2d 711 (1948), p. 714.
383. Perez v. Sharp, p. 715.
384. Perez v. Sharp, p. 725.
385. Loving v. Virginia 388 US 1 (1976), p. 12.
386. Loving v. Virginia, p. 10.
387. Baker v. Nelson, 291 Minn. 310 (1971).
388. Hernandez v. Robles, p. 371.
389. Zablocki v. Redhail 434 US 374 (1978).
390. Turner v. Safely 482 US 78 (1987).
391. Card, "Against Marriage and Motherhood," p. 6.
392. Zablocki v. Redhail, p. 387.
393. Goodridge v. Department of Public Health 440 Mass. 309 (2003) pp. 328-329.
394. Hernandez v. Robles Supreme Court of New York, New York Country, 794 NYS 2d 579 (2005), p. 601.
395. Warner, The Trouble with Normal, p. 96. 60
396. Watkins v. United States Army 847 F.2d 1329 (1988), n. 11.
397. Martha Nussbaum, "A Defense of Lesbian and Gay Rights," in Martha Nussbaum, Sex and Social Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 188.
398. Watkins v. United States Army, p. 1339.
399. Card, "The Military Ban and the ROTC," p. 176.
400. Watkins v. United States Army, n. 2.
401. Card, "The Military Ban and the ROTC," pp. 175-176.
402. Randy Shilts, Conduct Unbecoming: Gays and Lesbians in the US Military (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993), p. 6.
403. Nussbaum, "A Defense of Lesbian and Gay Rights," p. 188.
404. US Senate Committee on Armed Services, July 20, 1993, in Policy Concerning Homosexuality in the Armed Forces (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1995), p. 710.
405. Elizabeth Kier, "Homosexuals in the US Military: Open Integration and Combat Effectiveness," International Security, 23 (2), 1998, p. 16.
406. Kier, "Homosexuals in the US Military," p. 26.
407. Kier, "Homosexuals in the US Military," p. 26.
408. Kier, "Homosexuals in the US Military," p. 27.
409. Kier, "Homosexuals in the US Military," p. 28.
410. Tarak Barkawi and Christopher Dandeker, "Rights and Fights: Sexual Orientation and Military Effectiveness," International Security, 24 (1), 1999, p. 185.
411. Barkawi and Dandeker, "Rights and Fights," p. 184.
412. Kier, "Homosexuals in the US Military," p. 6.
413. Watkins v. United States Army, p. 1331.
414. Card, "The Military Ban and the ROTC," p. 191.
415. David Copp, "Social Unity and the Identity of Persons," Journal of Political Philosophy, 10 (4), p. 369.
416. John Colapinto, As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl (New York: HarperCollins, Perennial Books Edn., 2001), p. 262.
417. Kwame Anthony Appiah, The Ethics of Identity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005);
418. Amy Gutmann, ed., Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994)
419. Amy Gutmann, Identity in Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003);
420. Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995);
421. Susan Moller Okin et al., is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999).
422. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship, p. 108.
423. Susan Moller Okin, "Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?," in Okin, is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?, p. 18.
424. See Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez 436 US 49 (1978).
425. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship, p. 152.
426. Charles Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," in Gutmann, ed., Multiculturalism, pp. 52-53.
427. Appiah, The Ethics of Identity, pp. 79-80.
428. Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez 436 US 49 (1978);
429. Wisconsin v. Yoder 406 US 205.
430. Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," p. 52.
431. Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," p. 59.
432. Wisconsin v. Yoder, p. 218.
433. Wisconsin v. Yoder, p. 225.
434. Richard Arneson and Ian Shapiro, "Democratic Autonomy and Religious Freedom: A Critique of Wisconsin v. Yoder", in Ian Shapiro, Democracy's Place (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996), p. 146.
435. Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 65.
436. Anne D. Lederman, "When Religious Parents Decline Conventional Medical Treatment for Their Children," Case Western Reserve Law Review, 45, 1995, p. 918.
437. Pam Robbins and Robley Whitson, "Mary Baker Eddy's Christian Science," in Christian Science: A Sourcebook of Contemporary Materials (Boston, MA: Christian Science Publishing Company, 1990), cited in Lederman, "When Religious Parents Decline Conventional Medical Treatment," p. 918.
438. Ian Shapiro, Democratic Justice (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 86. 26 Janna C. Merrick, "Spiritual Healing, Sick Kids and the Law: Inequities in the American Healthcare System," American Journal of Law & Medicine, 29, 2003, pp. 269-299.
439. Janna C. Merrick, "Spiritual Healing, Sick Kids and the Law: Inequities in the American Healthcare System". American Journal of Law & Medicine29, 2003, pp. 269-299.
440. Georgia Warnke, Legitimate Differences: Interpretation in the Abortion Controversy and other Public Debates (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999).
441. Judith Butler, "The Question of Social Transformation," in Judith Butler, Undoing Gender (New York, Routledge, 2004), p. 222.