Simvastatin as an adjuvant therapy to fluoxetine in patients with moderate to severe major depression: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial

Journal of Psychopharmacology

Volumn 29, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 575-581

  Gougol, Amirhossein ^a   Zareh Mohammadi, Nahid ^a   Raheb, Samira ^a   Farokhnia, Mehdi ^a   Salimi, Samrand ^b   Iranpour, Negar ^a   Yekehtaz, Habibeh ^a   Akhondzadeh, Shahin ^a  

^a TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

major depressive disorder; randomized controlled trial; simvastatin; Statins

Indexed keywords

FLUOXETINE; PLACEBO; SIMVASTATIN;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ADJUVANT THERAPY; ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONSTIPATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DECREASED APPETITE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG SAFETY; FEMALE; HAMILTON DEPRESSION RATING SCALE; HEADACHE; HUMAN; INCREASED APPETITE; INSOMNIA; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; MULTICENTER STUDY; MYALGIA; NAUSEA; PARALLEL DESIGN; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REMISSION; VOMITING; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DRUG COMBINATION; MIDDLE AGED; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; FEMALE; FLUOXETINE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SIMVASTATIN; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84929595120     PISSN: 02698811     EISSN: 14617285     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0269881115578160     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Abbasi SH, Hosseini F, Modabbernia A, et al. Effect of celecoxib add-on treatment on symptoms and serum IL-6 concentrations in patients with major depressive disorder: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord. 2012 ; 141: 308-314
2. Akhondzadeh S, Jafari S, Raisi F, et al. Clinical trial of adjunctive celecoxib treatment in patients with major depression: A double blind and placebo controlled trial. Depress Anxiety. 2009 ; 26: 607-611
3. Diagnostic Criteria from Dsm-Iv-Tr. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association ; 2000 :
4. Berthold-Losleben M, Himmerich H. The TNF-alpha system: Functional aspects in depression, narcolepsy and psychopharmacology. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2008 ; 6: 193-202
5. Bosel J, Gandor F, Harms C, et al. Neuroprotective effects of atorvastatin against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in primary cortical neurones. J Neurochem. 2005 ; 92: 1386-1398
6. Corrao G, Ibrahim B, Nicotra F, et al. Long-term use of statins reduces the risk of hospitalization for dementia. Atherosclerosis. 2013 ; 230: 171-176
7. Dang YH, Ma XC, Zhang JC, et al. Targeting of NMDA receptors in the treatment of major depression. Curr Pharm Des. 2014 ; 20: 5151-5159
8. Devaraj S, Rogers J, Jialal I. Statins and biomarkers of inflammation. Curr Atherosclerosis Rep. 2007 ; 9: 33-41
9. Domoki F, Kis B, Gaspar T, et al. Rosuvastatin induces delayed preconditioning against L-glutamate excitotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons. Neurochem Int. 2010 ; 56: 404-409
10. Feng L, Tan C-H, Merchant RA, et al. Association between depressive symptoms and use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), corticosteroids and histamine H2 receptor antagonists in community-dwelling older persons. Drugs Aging. 2008 ; 25: 795-805
11. Fiedorowicz JG, Coryell WH. Cholesterol and suicide attempts: A prospective study of depressed inpatients. Psychiatry Res. 2007 ; 152: 11-20
12. Frank E, Prien RF, Jarrett RB, et al. Conceptualization and rationale for consensus definitions of terms in major depressive disorder. Remission, recovery, relapse, and recurrence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991 ; 48: 851-855
13. Ghanizadeh A, Hedayati A. Augmentation of fluoxetine with lovastatin for treating major depressive disorder, a randomized double-blind placebo controlled-clinical trial. Depress Anxiety. 2013 ; 30: 1084-1088
14. Karlovic D, Serretti A, Vrkic N, et al. Serum concentrations of CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha and cortisol in major depressive disorder with melancholic or atypical features. Psychiatry Res. 2012 ; 198: 74-80
15. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA. 2003 ; 289: 3095-3105
16. Khajavi D, Farokhnia M, Modabbernia A, et al. Oral scopolamine augmentation in moderate to severe major depressive disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 ; 73: 1428-1433
17. Koh CS. [Effects of atorvastatin in multiple sclerosis]. Nihon Rinsho. 2003 ; 61: 1455-1460
18. Lee BH, Kim H, Park SH, et al. Decreased plasma BDNF level in depressive patients. J Affect Disord. 2007 ; 101: 239-244
19. Li N, Lee B, Liu RJ, et al. mTOR-dependent synapse formation underlies the rapid antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists. Science. 2010 ; 329: 959-964
20. Ludka FK, Zomkowski AD, Cunha MP, et al. Acute atorvastatin treatment exerts antidepressant-like effect in mice via the L-arginine-nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway and increases BDNF levels. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013 ; 23: 400-412
21. McIntyre RS, Filteau MJ, Martin L, et al. Treatment-resistant depression: Definitions, review of the evidence, and algorithmic approach. J Affect Disord. 2014 ; 156: 1-7
22. Martinowich K, Manji H, Lu B. New insights into BDNF function in depression and anxiety. Nature Neurosci. 2007 ; 10: 1089-1093
23. Muldoon MF, Barger SD, Ryan CM, et al. Effects of lovastatin on cognitive function and psychological well-being. Am J Med. 2000 ; 108: 538-546
24. Nakao M, Yano E. Relationship between major depression and high serum cholesterol in Japanese men. Tohoku Exp Med. 2004 ; 204: 273-287
25. Nakazawa T, Takahashi H, Nishijima K, et al. Pitavastatin prevents NMDA-induced retinal ganglion cell death by suppressing leukocyte recruitment. J Neurochem. 2007 ; 100: 1018-1031
26. Otte C, Zhao S, Whooley MA. Statin use and risk of depression in patients with coronary heart disease: Longitudinal data from the Heart and Soul Study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 ; 73: 610-615
27. Ponce J, de la, Ossa NP, Hurtado O, et al. Simvastatin reduces the association of NMDA receptors to lipid rafts: A cholesterol-mediated effect in neuroprotection. Stroke. 2008 ; 39: 1269-1275
28. Sanacora G, Treccani G, Popoli M. Towards a glutamate hypothesis of depression: An emerging frontier of neuropsychopharmacology for mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012 ; 62: 63-77
29. Sepanjnia K, Modabbernia A, Ashrafi M, et al. Pioglitazone adjunctive therapy for moderate-to-severe major depressive disorder: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012 ; 37: 2093-2100
30. Shahmansouri N, Farokhnia M, Abbasi SH, et al. A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of Crocus sativus L. with fluoxetine for improving mild to moderate depression in post percutaneous coronary intervention patients. J Affect Disord. 2014 ; 155: 216-222
31. Sonawalla SB, Papakostas GI, Petersen TJ, et al. Elevated cholesterol levels associated with nonresponse to fluoxetine treatment in major depressive disorder. Psychosomatics. 2002 ; 43: 310-316
32. Stafford L, Berk M. The use of statins after a cardiac intervention is associated with reduced risk of subsequent depression: Proof of concept for the inflammatory and oxidative hypotheses of depression?. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 ; 72: 1229-1235
33. Stewart RA, Sharples KJ, North FM, et al. Long-term assessment of psychological well-being in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of cholesterol reduction with pravastatin. The LIPID Study Investigators. Arch Intern Med. 2000 ; 160: 3144-3152
34. Stimpson N, Agrawal N, Lewis G. Randomised controlled trials investigating pharmacological and psychological interventions for treatment-refractory depression. Systematic review. Brit J Psychiatry. 2002 ; 181: 284-294
35. Stuve O, Prod'homme T, Slavin A, et al. Statins and their potential targets in multiple sclerosis therapy. Exp Opin Therap Targets. 2003 ; 7: 613-622
36. Szegedi A, Jansen WT, van Willigenburg AP, et al. Early improvement in the first 2 weeks as a predictor of treatment outcome in patients with major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis including 6562 patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009 ; 70: 344-353
37. Tadic A, Helmreich I, Mergl R, et al. Early improvement is a predictor of treatment outcome in patients with mild major, minor or subsyndromal depression. J Affect Disord. 2010 ; 120: 86-93
38. Thuile J, Even C, Guelfi JD. [Validity of vascular depression as a specific diagnostic: A review]. L'Encephale. 2007 ; 33: 39-48
39. Tramontina AC, Wartchow KM, Rodrigues L, et al. The neuroprotective effect of two statins: Simvastatin and pravastatin on a streptozotocin-induced model of Alzheimer's disease in rats. J Neural Transm. 2011 ; 118: 1641-1649
40. Van Reedt Dortland AK, Giltay EJ, et al. Associations between serum lipids and major depressive disorder: Results from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 ; 71: 729-736
41. Vuletic S, Riekse RG, Marcovina SM, et al. Statins of different brain penetrability differentially affect CSF PLTP activity. Dement Geriatr Cog Disord. 2006 ; 22: 392-398
42. Weidner G, Connor SL, Gerhard GT, et al. The effects of dietary cholesterol-lowering on psychological symptoms: A randomised controlled study. Psychol Health Med. 2009 ; 14: 255-261
43. Willey JZ, Elkind MS. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in the treatment of central nervous system diseases. Arch Neurol. 2010 ; 67: 1062-1067
44. Zunszain PA, Hepgul N, Pariante CM. Inflammation and depression. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2013 ; 14: 135-151