Apathy in schizophrenia as a deficit in the generation of options for action

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

Volumn 124, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 309-318

  Hartmann, Matthias N ^a,b   Kluge, Agne ^a   Kalis, Annemarie ^c   Mojzisch, Andreas ^d   Tobler, Philippe N ^b   Kaiser, Stefan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF PSYCHIATRY   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^c UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^d UNIVERSITY OF HILDESHEIM   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cognitive effort; Decision making; Negative symptoms; Option generation; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ADULT; APATHY; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITIVE REMEDIATION THERAPY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HUMAN; LANGUAGE ABILITY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MOTIVATION; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; SCHIZOAFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; VERBAL COMMUNICATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ADULT; APATHY; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; GOALS; HUMANS; MALE; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 84929507823     PISSN: 0021843X     EISSN: 19391846     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/abn0000048     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Addington, D., Addington, J., & Schissel, B. (1990). A depression rating scale for schizophrenics. Schizophrenia Research, 3, 247-251. http://dx .doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(90)90005-R
2. Adelman, L. (1987). Supporting option generation. Large Scale Systems in Information and Decision Technologies, 13, 83-91.
3. Adelman, L., Gualtieri, J., & Stanford, S. (1995). Examining the effect of causal focus on the option generation process: An experiment using protocol analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 61, 54-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1995.1005
4. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. Barch, D. M. (2005). The relationships among cognition, motivation, and emotion in schizophrenia: How much and how little we know. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31, 875-881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbi040
6. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
7. Berman, I., Viegner, B., Merson, A., Allan, E., Pappas, D., & Green, A. I. (1997). Differential relationships between positive and negative symptoms and neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 25, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(96)00098-9
8. BFS [Swiss Federal Statistical Office]. (2012). Medizinische Statistik der Krankenhäuser: Anzahl Fälle und durchschnittliche Aufenthaltsdauer (DAD) nach Altersklasse und Diagnosekode. Neuchatel, Switzerland: BFS.
9. Blanchard, J. J., & Cohen, A. S. (2006). The structure of negative symptoms within schizophrenia: Implications for assessment. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, 238-245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbj013
10. Bozikas, V. P., Kosmidis, M. H., Kioperlidou, K., & Karavatos, A. (2004). Relationship between psychopathology and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 45, 392-400. http://dx.doi .org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.03.006
11. Brown, R. G., & Pluck, G. (2000). Negative symptoms: The 'pathology' of motivation and goal-directed behaviour. Trends in Neurosciences, 23, 412-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01626-X
12. Channon, S. (2004). Frontal lobe dysfunction and everyday problemsolving: Social and non-social contributions. Acta Psychologica, 115, 235-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.12.008
13. Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. (2001). Delis Kaplan Executive Function System. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
14. Dibben, C. R. M., Rice, C., Laws, K., & McKenna, P. J. (2009). Is executive impairment associated with schizophrenic syndromes? A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 39, 381-392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708003887
15. Drake, R. J., Day, C. J., Picucci, R., Warburton, J., Larkin, W., Husain, N., . . . Marshall, M. (2013). A naturalistic, randomized, controlled trial combining cognitive remediation with cognitive-behavioural therapy after first-episode non-affective psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 44, 1889-1899.
16. Erhart, S. M., Marder, S. R., & Carpenter, W. T. (2006). Treatment of schizophrenia negative symptoms: Future prospects. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, 234-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbj055
17. Evans, J. J., Chua, S. E., McKenna, P. J., & Wilson, B. A. (1997). Assessment of the dysexecutive syndrome in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 27, 635-646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291797004790
18. Faerden, A., Friis, S., Agartz, I., Barrett, E. A., Nesvåg, R., Finset, A., & Melle, I. (2009). Apathy and functioning in first-episode psychosis. Psychiatric Services, 60, 1495-1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.2009.60.11.1495
19. Fellows, L. K. (2004). The cognitive neuroscience of human decision making: A review and conceptual framework. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3, 159-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534582304273251
20. Fervaha, G., Foussias, G., Agid, O., & Remington, G. (2013). Amotivation and functional outcomes in early schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 210, 665-668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.024
21. Fervaha, G., Graff-Guerrero, A., Zakzanis, K. K., Foussias, G., Agid, O., & Remington, G. (2013). Incentive motivation deficits in schizophrenia reflect effort computation impairments during cost-benefit decisionmaking. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47, 1590-1596. http://dx.doi .org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.08.003
22. Foussias, G., & Remington, G. (2010). Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: Avolition and Occam's razor. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36, 359-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn094
23. Gettys, C. F., Pliske, R. M., Manning, C., & Casey, J. T. (1987). An evaluation of human act generation performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 39, 23-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(87)90044-6
24. Gigerenzer, G., & Todd, P. M. (1999). Simple heuristics that make us smart. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
25. Goel, V., Vartanian, O., Bartolo, A., Hakim, L., Ferraro, A. M., Isella, V., . . . Nichelli, P. (2013). Lesions to right prefrontal cortex impair realworld planning through premature commitments. Neuropsychologia, 51, 713-724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.11.029
26. Gold, J. M., Strauss, G. P., Waltz, J. A., Robinson, B. M., Brown, J. K., & Frank, M. J. (2013). Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with abnormal effort-cost computations. Biological Psychiatry, 74, 130-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.12.022
27. Gold, J. M., Waltz, J. A., Prentice, K. J., Morris, S. E., & Heerey, E. A. (2008). Reward processing in schizophrenia: A deficit in the representation of value. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 835-847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn068
28. Gorissen, M., Sanz, J. C., & Schmand, B. (2005). Effort and cognition in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research, 78, 199-208. http://dx .doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.02.016
29. Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
30. Hartmann, M. N., Hager, O. M., Reimann, A. V., Chumbley, J. R., Kirschner, M., Seifritz, E., . . . Kaiser, S. (2014). Apathy but not diminished expression in schizophrenia is associated with discounting of monetary rewards by physical effort. Schizophrenia Bulletin. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu102
31. Häusser, J. A., Schlemmer, A., Kaiser, S., Kalis, A., & Mojzisch, A. (2014). The effects of caffeine on option generation and subsequent choice. Psychopharmacology, 231, 3719-3727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3506-5
32. Hayes, A. F. (2013). An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
33. Heerey, E. A., Bell-Warren, K. R., & Gold, J. M. (2008). Decision-making impairments in the context of intact reward sensitivity in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 64, 62-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych .2008.02.015
34. Heerey, E. A., Robinson, B. M., McMahon, R. P., & Gold, J. M. (2007). Delay discounting in schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 12, 213-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546800601005900
35. Heinrichs, R. W., & Zakzanis, K. K. (1998). Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: A quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology, 12, 426-445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.12.3.426
36. Helmstaedter, C., Lendt, M., & Lux, S. (2001). VLMT. Verbaler Lern-und Merkfähigkeitstest [Auditory Verbal Learning Memory Test]. Göttingen, Germany: Beltz Test GmbH.
37. Kaiser, S., Simon, J. J., Kalis, A., Schweizer, S., Tobler, P. N., & Mojzisch, A. (2013). The cognitive and neural basis of option generation and subsequent choice. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 13, 814-829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-013-0175-5
38. Kalis, A., Kaiser, S., & Mojzisch, A. (2013). Why we should talk about option generation in decision-making research. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00555
39. Kalis, A., Mojzisch, A., Schweizer, T. S., & Kaiser, S. (2008). Weakness of will, akrasia, and the neuropsychiatry of decision making: An interdisciplinary perspective. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 402-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/CABN.8.4.402
40. Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987). The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 261-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/13.2.261
41. Keefe, R. S. E., Bilder, R. M., Harvey, P. D., Davis, S. M., Palmer, B. W., Gold, J. M., . . . Lieberman, J. A. (2006). Baseline neurocognitive deficits in the CATIE schizophrenia trial. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 2033-2046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301072
42. Keller, L. R., & Ho, J. L. (1988). Decision problem structuring: Generating options. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 18, 715-728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/21.21599
43. Kiang, M., Christensen, B. K., Remington, G., & Kapur, S. (2003). Apathy in schizophrenia: Clinical correlates and association with functional outcome. Schizophrenia Research, 63, 79-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00433-4
44. Kirkpatrick, B. (2014). Developing concepts in negative symptoms: Primary vs. secondary and apathy vs. expression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75, 3-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13049su1c.01
45. Kirkpatrick, B., Strauss, G. P., Nguyen, L., Fischer, B. A., Daniel, D. G., Cienfuegos, A., & Marder, S. R. (2011). The brief negative symptom scale: Psychometric properties. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 300-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq059
46. Klein, G., Wolf, S., Militello, L., & Zsambok, C. (1995). Characteristics of skilled option generation in chess. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 62, 63-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1995.1031
47. Kraepelin, E. (1919). Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. Edinburgh, UK: E&S Livingstone.
48. Lehrl, S. (1999). Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest MWT-B [Multiple-Choice Vocabulary Intelligence Test]. Manual mit Block MWT-B. Balingen, Germany: Spitta Verlag.
49. Levy, R., & Dubois, B. (2006). Apathy and the functional anatomy of the prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia circuits. Cerebral Cortex, 16, 916-928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj043
50. Marin, R. S., Biedrzycki, R. C., & Firinciogullari, S. (1991). Reliability and validity of the Apathy Evaluation Scale. Psychiatry Research, 38, 143-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(91)90040-V
51. Meng, X. L., Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1992). Comparing correlated correlation-coefficients. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 172-175. http://dx .doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.172
52. Messinger, J. W., Trémeau, F., Antonius, D., Mendelsohn, E., Prudent, V., Stanford, A. D., & Malaspina, D. (2011). Avolition and expressive deficits capture negative symptom phenomenology: Implications for DSM-5 and schizophrenia research. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 161-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.002
53. O'Leary, D. S., Flaum, M., Kesler, M. L., Flashman, L. A., Arndt, S., & Andreasen, N. C. (2000). Cognitive correlates of the negative, disorganized, and psychotic symptom dimensions of schizophrenia. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 12, 4-15. http://dx.doi .org/10.1176/jnp.12.1.4
54. Raab, M., & Johnson, J. G. (2007). Expertise-based differences in search and option-generation strategies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 13, 158-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.13.3.158
55. Reitman, W. R. (1964). Heuristic decision procedures, open constraints, and the structure of ill-defined problems. In M. W. Shelly & G. L. Bryan (Eds.), Human judgements and optimality (pp. 282-315). New York, NY: Wiley and Sons.
56. Revheim, N., Schechter, I., Kim, D., Silipo, G., Allingham, B., Butler, P., & Javitt, D. C. (2006). Neurocognitive and symptom correlates of daily problem-solving skills in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 83, 237-245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.12.849
57. Schaub, D., & Juckel, G. (2011). [PSP Scale: German version of the Personal and Social Performance Scale: Valid instrument for the assessment of psychosocial functioning in the treatment of schizophrenia]. Der Nervenarzt, 82, 1178-1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00115-010-3204-4
58. Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., . . . Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M. I. N. I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 22-33.
59. Sinha, N., Manohar, S., & Husain, M. (2013). Impulsivity and apathy in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neuropsychology, 7, 255-283. http://dx .doi.org/10.1111/jnp.12013
60. Smaldino, P. E., & Richerson, P. J. (2012). The origins of options. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 6, 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2012.00050
61. Stahl, S. M., & Buckley, P. F. (2007). Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: A problem that will not go away. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 115, 4-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00947.x
62. Steiger, J. H. (1980). Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 245-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.245
63. Strauss, G. P., Hong, L. E., Gold, J. M., Buchanan, R. W., McMahon, R. P., Keller, W. R., . . . Kirkpatrick, B. (2012). Factor structure of the brief negative symptom scale. Schizophrenia Research, 142, 96-98. http://dx .doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.09.007
64. Strauss, G. P., Horan, W. P., Kirkpatrick, B., Fischer, B. A., Keller, W. R., Miski, P., . . . Carpenter, W. T., Jr. (2013). Deconstructing negative symptoms of schizophrenia: Avolition-apathy and diminished expression clusters predict clinical presentation and functional outcome. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47, 783-790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j .jpsychires.2013.01.015
65. Strauss, G. P., Waltz, J. A., & Gold, J. M. (2014). A review of reward processing and motivational impairment in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40, S107-S116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt197
66. Trémeau, F., Nolan, K. A., Malaspina, D., & Javitt, D. C. (2012). Behavioral validation of avolition in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 138, 255-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.02.018
67. Von Aster, M., Neubauer, A., & Horn, R. (2006). Wechsler Intelligenztest für Erwachsene WIE. Deutschsprachige Bearbeitung und Adaption des WAIS-III von David Wechsler [Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III]. Frankfurt, Germany: Pearson Assessment.
68. Ward, P., Suss, J., Eccles, D. W., Williams, A. M., & Harris, K. R. (2011). Skill-based differences in option generation in a complex task: A verbal protocol analysis. Cognitive Processing, 12, 289-300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10339-011-0397-9
69. Ward, P., Torof, J., Whyte, J., Eccles, D. W., & Harris, K. R. (2010, September). Option generation and decision making in critical-care nursing. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society 54th annual meeting, San Francisco, CA.
70. Wykes, T., Huddy, V., Cellard, C., McGurk, S. R., & Czobor, P. (2011). A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: Methodology and effect sizes. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 472-485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10060855