Frequency and geographic distribution of gyrA and gyrB mutations associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates: A systematic review

PLoS ONE

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2015, Pages

  Avalos, Elisea ^a   Catanzaro, Donald ^b   Catanzaro, Antonino ^c   Ganiats, Theodore ^a   Brodine, Stephanie ^d   Alcaraz, John ^d   Rodwell, Timothy ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS   (United States)

^c UCSD MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALANINE; ARGININE; CYSTEINE; DNA TOPOISOMERASE (ATP HYDROLYSING) A; DNA TOPOISOMERASE (ATP HYDROLYSING) B; GATIFLOXACIN; GLYCINE; LEVOFLOXACIN; MOXIFLOXACIN; OFLOXACIN; PROLINE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; SERINE; SITAFLOXACIN; SPARFLOXACIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; DNA TOPOISOMERASE (ATP HYDROLYSING); QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE;

AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTION; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GENOME; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; CHINA; CODON; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE MUTATION; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS; MULTIDRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RUSSIAN FEDERATION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TUBERCULOSIS; DRUG EFFECTS; GENETICS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MICROBIOLOGY; MUTATION; TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY;

MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; DNA GYRASE; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; FLUOROQUINOLONES; HUMANS; META-ANALYSIS AS TOPIC; MUTATION; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY;

EID: 84929492224     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120470     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. WHO. Global Tuberculosis Report 2013. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2013.
2. Al-Mutairi NM, Ahmad S, Mokaddas E. First report of molecular detection of fluoroquinolone resistance-associated gyrA mutations in multidrug-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Kuwait. BMC research notes. 2011; 4:123. PMID: MEDLINE:21492420. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-123
3. Ando H, Mitarai S, Kondo Y, Suetake T, Kato S, Mori T, et al. Evaluation of a line probe assay for the rapid detection of gyrA mutations associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2011; 60(2):184-8. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.024729-0 PMID: WOS:000287569700006.
4. Kontsevaya I, Mironova S, Nikolayevskyy V, Balabanova Y, Mitchell S, Drobniewski F. Evaluation of Two Molecular Assays for Rapid Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Resistance to Fluoroquinolones in High-Tuberculosis and -Multidrug-Resistance Settings. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2011; 49(8):2832-7. doi: 10.1128/jcm.01889-10 PMID: WOS:000293221900008.
5. Pantel A, Petrella S, Matrat S, Brossier F, Bastian S, Reitter D, et al. DNA Gyrase Inhibition Assays Are Necessary To Demonstrate Fluoroquinolone Resistance Secondary to gyrB Mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2011; 55(10):4524-9. doi: 10.1128/aac.00707-11 PMID: WOS:000294952600005.
6. Soudani A, Hadjfredj S, Zribi M, Messaoud T, Masmoudi A, Majed B, et al. First report of molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from a Tunisian hospital. Clinical microbiology and infection: the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2010; 16(9):1454-7. PMID: MEDLINE:19845696. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03087.x
7. Pantel A, Petrella S, Veziris N, Brossier F, Bastian S, Jarlier V, et al. Extending the Definition of the GyrB Quinolone Resistance-Determining Region in Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA Gyrase for Assessing Fluoroquinolone Resistance in M. tuberculosis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2012; 56(4):1990-6. doi: 10.1128/aac.06272-11 PMID: WOS:000301898500042.
8. Mokrousov I, Otten T, Manicheva O, Potapova Y, Vishnevsky B, Narvskaya O, et al. Molecular characterization of ofloxacin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from Russia. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2008; 52(8):2937-9. doi: 10.1128/aac.00036-08 PMID: MEDLINE:18559646.
9. Hillemann D, Ruesch-Gerdes S, Richter E. Feasibility of the GenoType MTBDRsl Assay for Fluoroquinolone, Amikacin-Capreomycin, and Ethambutol Resistance Testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains and Clinical Specimens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2009; 47(6):1767-72. doi: 10.1128/jcm.00081-09 PMID: WOS:000266454400025.
10. Bravo LTC, Tuohy MJ, Ang C, Destura RV, Mendoza M, Procop GW, et al. Pyrosequencing for Rapid Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Resistance to Rifampin, Isoniazid, and Fluoroquinolones. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2009; 47(12):3985-90. doi: 10.1128/jcm.01229-09 PMID: WOS:000272230500028.
11. An DD, Duyen NTH, Lan NTN, Hoa DV, Ha DTM, Kiet VS, et al. Beijing Genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Significantly Associated with High-Level Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Vietnam. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2009; 53(11):4835-9. doi: 10.1128/aac.00541-09 PMID: WOS:000270881200035.
12. Duong DA, Nguyen THD, Nguyen TNL, Dai VH, Dang TMH, Vo SK, et al. Beijing genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is significantly associated with high-level fluoroquinolone resistance in Vietnam. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2009; 53(11):4835-9. PMID: MEDLINE:19721073. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00541-09
13. Takiff HE, Salazar L, Guerrero C, Philipp W, Huang WM, Kreiswirth B, et al. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrA and gyrB genes and detection of quinolone resistance mutations. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 1994; 38(4):773-80. PMID: MEDLINE:8031045.
14. Chakravorty S, Aladegbami B, Thoms K, Lee JS, Lee EG, Rajan V, et al. Rapid Detection of Fluoroquinolone- Resistant and Heteroresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Use of Sloppy Molecular Beacons and Dual Melting-Temperature Codes in a Real-Time PCR Assay. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2011; 49(3):932-40. doi: 10.1128/jcm.02271-10 PMID: WOS:000287967100026.
15. Cui Z, Wang J, Lu J, Huang X, Hu Z. Association of mutation patterns in gyrA/B genes and ofloxacin resistance levels in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from East China in 2009. Bmc Infectious Diseases. 2011; 11. doi: 78. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-78 PMID: WOS:000289349000001.
16. Maruri F, Sterling TR, Kaiga AW, Blackman A, van der Heijden YF, Mayer C, et al. A systematic review of gyrase mutations associated with fluoroquinolone-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a proposed gyrase numbering system. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2012; 67(4):819-31. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkr566 PMID: WOS:000301684900005.
17. Devasia R, Blackman A, Eden S, Li H, Maruri F, Shintani A, et al. High Proportion of Fluoroquinolone- Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates with Novel Gyrase Polymorphisms and a gyrA Region Associated with Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2012; 50(4):1390-6. doi: 10.1128/jcm.05286-11 PMID: WOS:000302148700040.
18. Lau RWT, Ho PL, Kao RYT, Yew WW, Lau TCK, Cheng VCC, et al. Molecular Characterization of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Functional Analysis of gyrA Mutation at Position 74. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2011; 55(2):608-14. doi: 10.1128/aac.00920-10 PMID: WOS:000286422500021.
19. Alangaden GJ, Manavathu EK, Vakulenko SB, Zvonok NM, Lerner SA. Characterization of fluoroquinolone- resistant mutant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis selected in the laboratory and isolated from patients. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 1995; 39(8):1700-3. PMID: MEDLINE:7486904.
20. Wang J-Y, Lee L-N, Lai H-C, Wang S-K, Jan IS, Yu C-J, et al. Fluoroquinolone resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates: associated genetic mutations and relationship to antimicrobial exposure. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2007; 59(5):860-5. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkm061 PMID: MEDLINE:17412727.
21. Malik S, Willby M, Sikes D, Tsodikov OV, Posey JE. New Insights into Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Functional Genetic Analysis of gyrA and gyrB Mutations. Plos One. 2012; 7(6). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039754 PMID: WOS:000305826400035.
22. Anand RS, Somasundaram S, Doble M, Paramasivan CN. Docking studies on novel analogues of 8 methoxy fluoroquinolones against GyrA mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BMC structural biology. 2011; 11:47. doi: 10.1186/1472-6807-11-47 PMID: MEDLINE:22152119.
23. Aubry A, Veziris N, Cambau E, Truffot-Pernot C, Jarlier V, Fisher LM. Novel gyrase mutations in quinolone- resistant and-hypersusceptible clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Functional analysis of mutant enzymes. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2006; 50(1):104-12. doi: 10.1128/aac.50.1.104-112.2006 PMID: WOS:000234988000013.
24. Prammananan T, Chaiprasert A, Leechawengwongs M. 8-years experience of fluoroquinolone susceptibility testing of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Siriraj Hospital, Thailand. International journal of antimicrobial agents. 2011; 37(1):84-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.09.005 PMID: MEDLINE:21075609.
25. WHO. Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance in the World. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2008.
26. Georghiou SB, Magana M, Garfein RS, Catanzaro DG, Catanzaro A, Rodwell TC. Evaluation of Genetic Mutations Associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Resistance to Amikacin, Kanamycin and Capreomycin: A Systematic Review. Plos One. 2012; 7(3). PMID: WOS:000304523400018.
27. Sun Z, Zhang J, Zhang X, Wang S, Zhang Y, Li C. Comparison of gyrA gene mutations between laboratory- selected ofloxacin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and clinical isolates. International journal of antimicrobial agents. 2008; 31(2):115-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.10.014 PMID: MEDLINE:18164184.
28. Yin X, Yu Z. Mutation characterization of gyrA and gyrB genes in levofloxacin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from Guangdong Province in China. The Journal of infection. 2010; 61 (2):150-4. PMID: MEDLINE:20452372. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2010.05.001
29. Antonova OV, Gryadunov DA, Lapa SA, Kuz'min AV, Larionova EE, Smirnova TG, et al. Detection of mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome determining resistance to fluoroquinolones by hybridization on biological microchips. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2008; 145(1):108-13. doi: 10.1007/s10517-008-0034-5 PMID: WOS:000258527700030.
30. Lee ASG, Tang LLH, Lim IHK, Wong SY. Characterization of pyrazinamide and ofloxacin resistance among drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Singapore. International journal of infectious diseases: IJID: official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2002; 6 (1):48-51. doi: 10.1016/s1201-9712(02)90136-0 PMID: MEDLINE:12044302.
31. Williams KJ, Chan R, Piddock LJ. gyrA of ofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Hong Kong. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 1996; 37(5):1032-4. doi: 10.1093/jac/37.5.1032 PMID: MEDLINE:8737156.
32. Xu C, Kreiswirth BN, Sreevatsan S, Musser JM, Drlica K. Fluoroquinolone resistance associated with specific gyrase mutations in clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The Journal of infectious diseases. 1996; 174(5):1127-30. PMID: MEDLINE:8896523.
33. Siddiqi N, Shamim M, Hussain S, Choudhary RK, Ahmed N, Prachee, et al. Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from patients in North India. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2002; 46(2):443-50. doi: 10.1128/aac.46.2.443-450.2002 PMID: MEDLINE:11796356.
34. Post FA, Willcox PA, Mathema B, Steyn LM, Shean K, Ramaswamy SV, et al. Genetic polymorphism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients with chronic multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2004; 190(1):99-106. doi: 10.1086/421501 PMID: MEDLINE:15195248.
35. Huang TS, Kunin CM, Lee SSJ, Chen YS, Tu HZ, Liu YC. Trends in fluoroquinolone resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in a Taiwanese medical centre: 1995-2003. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2005; 56(6):1058-62. doi: 10.1093/jac/dki353 PMID: WOS:000233989900010.
36. Chan RCY, Hui M, Chan EWC, Au TK, Chin ML, Yip CK, et al. Genetic and phenotypic characterization of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Hong Kong. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2007; 59(5):866-73. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkm054 PMID: WOS:000247006200009.
37. Escribano I, Rodriguez C, Llorca B, Garcia-Pachon E, Ruiz M, Royo G. Importance of the efflux pump systems in the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Fluoroquinolones and linezolid. Chemotherapy. 2007; 53(6):397-401. doi: 10.1159/000109769 PMID: WOS:000251048900003.
38. Sulochana S, Narayanan S, Paramasivan CN, Suganthi C, Narayanan PR. Analysis of fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from India. Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2007; 19(2):166-71. PMID: MEDLINE:17434825.
39. van Doorn HR, An DD, de Jong MD, Lan NTN, Hoa DV, Quy HT, et al. Fluoroquinolone resistance detection in Mycobacterium tuberculosis with locked nucleic acid probe real-time PCR. The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease: the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2008; 12(7):736-42. PMID: MEDLINE:18544197.
40. Kiet VS, Lan NTN, An DD, Dung NH, Hoa DV, van Vinh Chau N, et al. Evaluation of the MTBDRsl test for detection of second-line-drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2010; 48(8):2934-9. PMID: MEDLINE:20573868. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00201-10
41. Zhao L-L, Xia Q, Lin N, Liu Z-G, Zhao X-Q, Wan K-L. Multiplex allele-specific PCR combined with PCRRFLP analysis for rapid detection of gyrA gene fluoroquinolone resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Journal of microbiological methods. 2012; 88(1):175-8. PMID: MEDLINE:22115861. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2011.10.015
42. Ali A, Hasan R, Jabeen K, Jabeen N, Qadeer E, Hasan Z. Characterization of Mutations Conferring Extensive Drug Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates in Pakistan. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2011; 55(12):5654-9. doi: 10.1128/aac.05101-11 PMID: WOS:000296920600032.
43. El Sahly HM, Teeter LD, Jost KC Jr, Dunbar D, Lew J, Graviss EA. Incidence of Moxifloxacin Resistance in Clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates in Houston, Texas. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2011; 49(8):2942-5. doi: 10.1128/jcm.00231-11 PMID: WOS:000293221900025.
44. Singh M, Jadaun GPS, Ramdas, Srivastava K, Chauhan V, Mishra R, et al. Effect of efflux pump inhibitors on drug susceptibility of ofloxacin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2011; 133(5):535-40. PMID: WOS:000291324400016.
45. Huang W-L, Chi T-L, Wu M-H, Jou R. Performance Assessment of the GenoType MTBDRsl Test and DNA Sequencing for Detection of Second-Line and Ethambutol Drug Resistance among Patients Infected with Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2011; 49 (7):2502-8. doi: 10.1128/jcm.00197-11 PMID: WOS:000292276200018.
46. Hu Y, Mathema B, Wang W, Kreiswirth B, Jiang W, Xu B. Population-based investigation of fluoroquinolones resistant tuberculosis in rural eastern China. Tuberculosis. 2011; 91(3):238-43. doi: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.03.001 PMID: WOS:000290296900008.
47. Brossier F, Veziris N, Aubry A, Jarlier V, Sougakoff W. Detection by GenoType MTBDRsl Test of Complex Mechanisms of Resistance to Second-Line Drugs and Ethambutol in Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Isolates. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2010; 48(5):1683-9. doi: 10.1128/jcm.01947-09 PMID: WOS:000277356600026.
48. Perdigao J, Macedo R, Malaquias A, Ferreira A, Brum L, Portugal I. Genetic analysis of extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in Lisbon, Portugal. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2010; 65(2):224-7. PMID: MEDLINE:20028780. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkp452
49. Kam KM, Yip CW, Cheung TL, Tang HS, Leung OC, Chan MY. Stepwise decrease in moxifloxacin susceptibility amongst clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Correlation with ofloxacin susceptibility. Microbial Drug Resistance-Mechanisms Epidemiology and Disease. 2006; 12 (1):7-11. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2006.12.7 PMID: WOS:000236686300002.
50. Sekiguchi J-i, Disratthakit A, Maeda S, Doi N. Characteristic Resistance Mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to DC-159a, a New Respiratory Quinolone. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2011; 55(8):3958-60. doi: 10.1128/aac.00417-10 PMID: WOS:000292733800044.
51. Chernyaeva E, Fedorova E, Zhemkova G, Korneev Y, Kozlov A. Characterization of multiple and extensively drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates with different ofloxacin-resistance levels. Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2013; 93(3):291-5. doi: 10.1016/j.tube.2013.02.005 PMID: MEDLINE:23491718.
52. Tahmasebi P, Farnia P, Sheikholslami F, Velayati A. Rapid identification of extensively and extremely drug resistant tuberculosis from multidrug resistant strains; using PCR-RFLP and PCR-SSCP. Iranian journal of microbiology. 2012; 4(4):165-70. PMID: MEDLINE:23205246.
53. Chen J, Chen Z, Li Y, Xia W, Chen X, Chen T, et al. Characterization of gyrA and gyrB mutations and fluoroquinolone resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from Hubei Province, China. The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases: an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases. 2012; 16(2):136-41. PMID: MEDLINE:22552454.
54. Poudel A, Maharjan B, Nakajima C, Fukushima Y, Pandey BD, Beneke A, et al. Characterization of extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Nepal. Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2013; 93(1):84-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tube.2012.10.007 PMID: MEDLINE:23146281.
55. Yuan X, Zhang T, Kawakami K, Zhu J, Li H, Lei J, et al. Molecular characterization of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in Jiangxi, China. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2012; 50(7):2404-13. doi: 10.1128/jcm.06860-11 PMID: MEDLINE:22553245.
56. Jnawali HN, Hwang SC, Park YK, Kim H, Lee YS, Chung GT, et al. Characterization of mutations in multi- and extensive drug resistance among strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates in Republic of Korea. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease. 2013; 76(2):187-96. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.02.035 PMID: MEDLINE:23561273.
57. Nosova EY, Bukatina AA, Isaeva YD, Makarova MV, Galkina KY, Moroz AM. Analysis of mutations in the gyrA and gyrB genes and their association with the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin. Journal of medical microbiology. 2013; 62(Pt 1):108-13. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.046821-0 PMID: MEDLINE:23019190.
58. Zhu C, Zhang Y, Shen Y, Siu GKH, Wu W, Qian X, et al. Molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from Shanghai, China. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease. 2012; 73(3):260-3. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.03.025 PMID: MEDLINE:22560167.
59. Streicher EM, Bergval I, Dheda K, Bottger EC, Gey van Pittius NC, Bosman M, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis population structure determines the outcome of genetics-based second-line drug resistance testing. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2012; 56(5):2420-7. doi: 10.1128/aac.05905-11 PMID: MEDLINE:22330913.
60. Sirgel FA, Wiid IJF, van Helden PD. Measuring minimum inhibitory concentrations in mycobacteria. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, NJ). 2009; 465:173-86. PMID: MEDLINE:20560078. doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-207-6-11
61. Suzuki Y, Nakajima C, Tamaru A, Kim H, Matsuba T, Saito H. Sensitivities of ciprofloxacin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates to fluoroquinolones: role of mutant DNA gyrase subunits in drug resistance. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2012; 39(5):435-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.01.007 PMID: WOS:000302233000012.
62. Long Q, Li W, Du Q, Fu Y, Liang Q, Huang H, et al. gyrA/B fluoroquinolone resistance allele profiles amongst Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from mainland China. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2012; 39(6):486-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.02.015 PMID: WOS:000303545200006.
63. Giannoni F, Iona E, Sementilli F, Brunori L, Pardini M, Migliori GB, et al. Evaluation of a new line probe assay for rapid identification of gyrA mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2005; 49(7):2928-33. doi: 10.1128/aac.49.7.2928-2933.2005 PMID: WOS:000230181800049.
64. Louw GE, Warren RM, van Pittius NCG, McEvoy CRE, Van Helden PD, Victor TC. A Balancing Act: Efflux/Influx in Mycobacterial Drug Resistance. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2009; 53 (8):3181-9. doi: 10.1128/aac.01577-08 PMID: WOS:000268098300001.
65. Sun G, Luo T, Yang C, Dong X, Li J, Zhu Y, et al. Dynamic Population Changes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis During Acquisition and Fixation of Drug Resistance in Patients. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2012; 206(11):1724-33. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jis601 PMID: WOS:000310968700014.
66. Zhang Z, Lu J, Wang Y, Pang Y, Zhao Y. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Fluoroquinolone- Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates in China. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2014; 58(1):364-9. doi: 10.1128/aac.01228-13 PMID: WOS:000329581100046.
67. Jeon CY, Calver AD, Victor TC, Warren RM, Shin SS, Murray MB. Use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics leads to tuberculosis treatment delay in a South African gold mining community. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2011; 15(1):77-83. PMID: WOS:000286488700015.
68. Surcouf C, Heng S, Pierre-Audigier C, Cadet-Daniel V, Namouchi A, Murray A, et al. Molecular detection of fluoroquinolone-resistance in multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in Cambodia suggests low association with XDR phenotypes. Bmc Infectious Diseases. 2011; 11. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-255 PMID: WOS:000296350600001.
69. Barnard M, Warren R, Van Pittius NG, van Helden P, Bosman M, Streicher E, et al. GenoType MTBDRsl Line Probe Assay Shortens Time to Diagnosis of Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in a High-Throughput Diagnostic Laboratory. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2012; 186(12):1298-305. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201205-0960OC PMID: WOS:000312574200018.
70. Feng Y, Liu S, Wang Q, Wang L, Tang S, Wang J, et al. Rapid Diagnosis of Drug Resistance to Fluoroquinolones, Amikacin, Capreomycin, Kanamycin and Ethambutol Using Genotype MTBDRsl Assay: A Meta-Analysis. Plos One. 2013; 8(2). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055292 PMID: WOS:000314597900027.
71. Theron G, Peter J, Richardson M, Barnard M, Donegan S, Warren R, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of the GenoType(r) MTBDRsl assay for the detection of resistance to second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; 2014.
72. WHO. The Use of Molecular Line Probe Assay for the Detection of Resistance to Second-Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2013.
73. Rodwell TC, Valafar F, Douglas J, Qian L, Garfein RS, Chawla A, et al. Predicting Extensively Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phenotypes with Genetic Mutations. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2014; 52(3):781-9. doi: 10.1128/jcm.02701-13 PMID: WOS:000332164200011.
74. Campbell PJ, Morlock GP, Sikes RD, Dalton TL, Metchock B, Starks AM, et al. Molecular Detection of Mutations Associated with First- and Second-Line Drug Resistance Compared with Conventional Drug Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2011; 55(5):2032-41. doi: 10.1128/aac.01550-10 PMID: WOS:000290019200028.
75. WHO. Global Tuberculosis Report 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2014.