An ontology to represent energy-related occupant behavior in buildings. Part I: Introduction to the DNAs framework

Building and Environment

Volumn 92, Issue , 2015, Pages 764-777

  Hong, Tianzhen ^a   D'Oca, Simona ^a,b   Turner, William J N ^a,c   Taylor Lange, Sarah C ^a  

^a LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b POLITECNICO DI TORINO   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Building energy; Human building system interaction; Modeling; Occupant behavior; Ontology; Simulation

Indexed keywords

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN; BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING; ENERGY UTILIZATION; HYPERTEXT SYSTEMS; MODELING LANGUAGES; MODELS; ONTOLOGY; XML;

BUILDING ENERGY; BUILDING SYSTEMS; HUMAN MACHINE INTERACTION; OCCUPANT BEHAVIOR; REDUCING ENERGY CONSUMPTION; SIMULATION; SYSTEMATIC REPRESENTATION; XML (EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE);

ENERGY EFFICIENCY;

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; BUILDING; ENERGY CONSERVATION; ENERGY USE; MODELING; SIMULATION;

EID: 84929489501     PISSN: 03601323     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.02.019     Document Type: Article

References (153)

1. BPIE Database. http://www.buildingsdata.eu/.
2. 2 Abatement: a U.S.-China comparison 2013.
3. Turner C., Frankel M. Energy performance of LEED for new construction buildings 2008, Technical Report, New Buildings Institute, Vancouver, WA.
4. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), U.S.Department of Energy Buildings performance database 2014, http://bpd.lbl.gov.
5. Fabi V., Andersen R.V., Corgnati S.P., Olesen B.W. Amethodology for modelling energy-related human behaviour: application to window opening behaviour in residential buildings. Build Simul J 2013, 10.1007/s12273-013-0119-6.
6. Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S.Department of Energy International energy outlook 2013, Report No. EIA/DOE-0484:111.
7. IEA Annex 53 - total energy use in buildings, analysis and evaluation methods 2013, Final Report, IEA.
8. IEA Annex 53 - total energy use in buildings, analysis and evaluation methods. Occupant behavior and modeling. Separate document 2013, vol. II. Final Report, IEA.
9. International Energy Agency. Energy in buildings and communities program. Annex 66: definition and simulation of occupant behavior in buildings; 2013-2017. http://www.annex66.org/.
10. Powers W.T. Behavior: the control of perception 1973, Benchmark, New Canaan, CT.
11. Wherry R.J. The human operator simulator - HOS. Monitoring behavior and supervisory control, NATO Conference Series 1976, vol. 1:283-293.
12. Card S.K., Moran T.P., Newell A. The psychology of human-computer interaction 1983, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
13. Kieras D.E., Meyer D.E. An overview of the EPIC architecture for cognition and performance with application to human computer interaction. Psychol Human-computer Interact 1997, 12:391-438.
14. Lehman J.F., Laird J., Rosenbloom P. Agentle introduction to SOAR, an architecture for human cognition 2006, University of Southern California, Information Sciences Institute.
15. Anderson J.R., Lebiere C. The atomic components of thought 1998, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
16. Zachary W.W., Ryder J.M., Hicinbothom H.J. Cognitive task analysis and modeling of decision making in complex environments. Decision making under stress: implications for training and simulation 1998, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
17. Freed M.A. Simulating human performance in complex, dynamic environments 1998, [PhD Dissertation], Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
18. Sierhuis M., Clancey W.J., van Hoof R.J.J. Brahms: a multi-agent modelling environment for simulating work processes and practices. Int J Simul Process Model 2007, 3:134-152.
19. Bordass B., Cohen R., Standeven M., Leaman A. Assessing building performance in use. Build Res Information 2010, 29(2):103-113.
20. Gunay G.B., O'Brien W., Beausoleil-Morrison I. Acritical review of observation studies, modeling and simulation of adaptive occupant behaviors in offices. Build Environ 2013, 70:31-47.
21. Fritsch R., Kohler A., Ferguson M., Scartezzini J.L. Astochastic model of user regarding ventilation behavior. Build Environ 1990, 25(2):173-181.
22. Haldi F., Robinson D. The impact of occupants' behaviour on building energy demand. JBuild Perform Simul 2011, 4:323-338.
23. Warren P.R., Parkins L.M. Window-opening behaviour in office buildings. Build Serv Eng Res Technol 1984, 5-89.
24. Frontczak M., Andersen R.V., Wargocki P. Questionnaire survey on factors influencing comfort with indoor environmental quality in Danish housing. Build Environ 2012, 50:56-64.
25. Yun G.Y., Steemers K. Time-dependent occupant behaviour models of window control in summer. Build Environ 2008, 43:1471-1482.
26. Andersen R.V., Toftum J., Andersen K.K., Olesen B.W. Survey of occupant behaviour and control of indoor environment in Danish dwellings. Energy Build 2009, 41:11-16.
27. Wilke U., Haldi F., Scartezzini J.L., Robinson D. Abottom-up stochastic model to predict building occupants' time-dependent activities. Build Environ 2013, 60:254-264.
28. Inkarojrit V., Paliaga G. Indoor climatic influences on the operation of windows in a naturally ventilated building. Plea2004-The 21th conference on passive and low energy architecture. Eindhoven. The Netherlands 2004.
29. Sutter Y., Dumortier D., Fontoynont M. The use of shading systems in VDU task offices: a pilot study. Energy Build 2006, 38:780-789.
30. Sanati L., Utzinger M. The effect of window shading design on occupant use of blinds and electric lighting. Build Environ 2013, 64:67-76.
31. Moore T., Carter D.J., Slater A.I. Long-term patterns of use of occupant controlled office lighting. Light Res Technol 2003, 35:43.
32. Yao J. Determining the energy performance of manually controlled solar shades: a stochastic model based co-simulation analysis. Appl Energy 2014, 27:64-80.
33. Karjalainen S. Thermal comfort and use of thermostats in Finnish homes and offices. Build Environ 2009, 44:1237-1245.
34. Alan M., Aragon C., Peffer T., Perry D., Pritoni M. Usability of residential thermostats: preliminary investigations. Build Environ 2011, 46:1891-1898.
35. Guerra-Santin O., Itard L., Visscher H. The effect of occupancy and building characteristics on energy use for space and water heating in Dutch residential stock. Energy Build 2009, 41:1223-1232.
36. Schweiker M., Shukuya M. Comparison of theoretical and statistical models of air-conditioning-unit usage behaviour in a residential setting under Japanese climatic conditions. Build Environ 2009, 44:2137-2149.
37. Tanimoto J., Hagishima A., Sagara H. Amethodology for peak energy requirement considering actual variation of occupants' behavior schedules. Build Environ 2008, 43:610-619.
38. Dong B., Lam L.K. Building energy and comfort management through occupant behaviour pattern detection based on a large-scale environmental sensor network. JBuild Perform Simul 2011, 4:359-369.
39. Dong B., Lam K.P. Areal-time model predictive control for building heating and cooling systems based on the occupancy behavior pattern detection and local weather forecasting. Build Simul 2014, 7:89-106.
40. Duarte C., Van Den Wymelenberg K., Rieger C. Revealing occupancy patterns in an office building through the use of occupancy sensor data. Energy Build 2013, 67:587-595.
41. Reinhart C.F., Wienold J. The daylighting dashboard - a simulation-based design analysis for daylit spaces. Build Environ 2011, 46:386-396.
42. Emery A.F., Kippenhan C.J. Along term study of residential home heating consumption and the effect of occupant behavior on homes in the Pacific Northwest constructed according to improved thermal standards. Energy 2006, 31:677-693.
43. Dodier R., Henze H., Tiller G.P., Guo X. Building occupancy detection through sensor belief networks. Energy Build 2006, 38(9):1033-1043.
44. Guo X., Tiller D.K., Henze G.P., Waters C.E. The performance of occupancy-based lighting control systems: a review. Light Res Technol 2010, 42:415.
45. Zhao J., Lasternas B., Lam K.P., Yun R., Loftness V. Occupant behavior and schedule modeling for building energy simulation through office appliance power consumption data mining. Energy Build 2014, 07.
46. Wang D., Federspiel C.C., Rubinstein F. Modeling occupancy in single person offices. Energy Build 2005, 37:121-126.
47. Richardson I., Thomson M., Infield D., Clifford C. Domestic electricity use: a high-resolution energy demand model. Energy Build 2010, 42:1878-1887.
48. Hoes P., Hensen J., Loomans M., Devries B., Bourgeois D. User behavior in whole building simulation. Energy Build 2009, 41(3):295-302.
49. Stokes M., Rylatt M., Lomas K. Asimple model of domestic lighting demand. Energy Build 2004, 36:103-116.
50. Parys W., Saelens D., Hensa H. Coupling of dynamic building simulation with stochastic modelling of occupant behaviour in offices - a review-based integrated methodology. JBuild Perform Simul 2011, 4.
51. Widen J., Nilsson A., Wäckelgard E. Constructing load profiles for household electricity and hot water from time use data - modelling approach and validation. Energy Build 2009, 41:753-768.
52. D'Oca S., Corgnati S.P., Buso T. Smart meters and energy savings in Italy: determining the effectiveness of persuasive communication in dwellings. Energy Res Soc Sci 2014, 3:131-142.
53. Dutton S., Shao L. Window opening behavior in a naturally ventilated school. Fourth National conference of IBPSA-USA New York City 2010.
54. Guillaume A.A. Estimating occupancy using indoor carbon dioxide concentrations only in an office building: a method and qualitative assessment. Proceeding Clima 2013, [Prague].
55. Bekö G., Toftum J., Clausen G. Modeling ventilation rates in bedrooms based on building characteristics and occupant behavior. Build Environ 2011, 46:2230-2237.
56. Iwashita G., Akasaka H. The effects of human behavior on natural ventilation rate and indoor air environment in summer- a field study in southern Japan. Energy Build 1997, 25:195-205.
57. Kvistgaard B., Collet P.F. The User's influence on air change, air change rate and air tightness in buildings 1990, 67-76. American Society for Testing and Materials.
58. Wallace L.A., Howard-Reed C., Ott W.R. The effect of opening windows on air change rates in two homes. JAir & Waste Manage Assoc 2002, 52:174-185. Technical Report.
59. Chang W., Hong T. Statistical analysis and modeling of occupancy patterns in open-Plan offices using measured lighting-switch data. Build Simul 2013, 6:23-32.
60. Boyce P.R. Observations of the manual switching of lighting. Light Res Technol 1980, 12-195.
61. Branco G., Lachal B., Gallinelli P., Weber W. Predicted versus observed heat consumption of a low energy multifamily complex in Switzerland based on long-term experimental data. Energy Build 2004, 36:543-555.
62. Tarzia S.P., Dinda P.A., Dick R.P., Memik G. Display power management policies in practice. Proceeding of the 7th international conference on autonomic computing, New York, NY, USA 2010.
63. Christensen K., Melfi R., Nordman B., Rosenblum B., Viera R. Using existing network infrastructure to estimate building occupancy and control plugged-in devices in user workspaces. Int J Commun Netw Distributed Syst 2014, 12(1):4-29.
64. Dong B., Andrews B., Lam K.P., Höynck M., Zhang R., Chiou Y.S., et al. An information technology enabled sustainability test-bed (ITEST) for occupancy detection through an environmental sensing network. Energy Build 2010, 7.
65. Foster M., Oreszczyn T. Occupant control of passive systems: the use of Venetian blinds. Build Environ 2001, 36:149-155.
66. Rea M.S. Window blind occlusion: a pilot study. Build Environ 1984, 19(2):133-137.
67. Lindsay C.R.T., Littlefair P.J. Occupant use of Venetian blinds in offices 1992, vol. PD 233/92, Watford Building Research Establishment.
68. Day J.K., Gunderson D.E. Understanding high performance buildings: the link between occupant knowledge of passive design systems, corresponding behaviors, occupant comfort and environmental satisfaction. Build Environ 2015, 84:114-124.
69. Rubin A.I., Collins B.L., Tibbott R.L. Window blinds as a potential energy saver - a case study. NSB building Science Series 112 1978, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC.
70. O'Brien W., Kapsis K., Athienitis A.K. Manually-operated window shade patterns in office buildings: a critical review. Build Environ 2013, 60:319-338.
71. Hunt D.R.G. The use of artificial lighting in relation to daylight levels and occupancy. Build Environ 1980, 14:21-33.
72. Mahdavi A., Mohammadi A., Kabir E., Lambeva L. Occupants' operation of lighting and shading systems in office buildings. JBuild Perform Simul 2008, 1(1):57-65.
73. Zhang Y., Barrett P. Factors influencing the occupants' window opening behaviour in a naturally ventilated office building. Build Environ 2012, 50:125-134.
74. Ramoser H., Schlögl T., Beleznai C., Winter M., Bischof H. Shape-based detection of humans for video surveillance. Proceedings of IEEE Int. Conf. on image processing 2003.
75. Huang-Chia S. Arobust occupancy detection and tracking algorithm for the automatic monitoring and commissioning of a building. Energy Build 2014, 77:270-280.
76. Johnson T., Long T. Determining the frequency of open windows in residences: a pilot study in Durham, North Carolina during varying temperature conditions. JExpo Analysis Environ Epidemiol 2005, 15:329-349.
77. Brundrett G.W. Ventilation: a behavioral approach. Energy Res 1997, 1:289-298.
78. Raja I.A., Nicol J.F., Mccartney K.J., Humphreys M.A. Thermal comfort: use of controls in naturally ventilated buildings. Energy Build 2001, 33:235-244.
79. Nicol J.F., Humphreys M.A. Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings. Energy Build 2002, 34(6):563-572.
80. Wei S., Buswell R., Loveday D. Probabilistic modelling of human adaptive behaviour in non-air-conditioned buildings. Proceedings of conference: adapting to change: new thinking on Comfort 2010, Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK.
81. Veitch J.A., Gifford R. Assessing beliefs about lighting effects on health, performance, mood, and social behavior. Environ Behav 1996, 28:446.
82. Peffer T., Pritoni M., Meier A., Aragon C., Perry D. How people use thermostats in homes: a review. Build Environ 2011, 46:2529-2541.
83. Meier H., Rehdanz K. Determinants of residential space heating expenditures in Great Britain. Energy Econ 2008, 32(5):949-959.
84. Lutzenhiser L. Aquestion of control: alternative patterns of room air-conditioner use. Energy Build 1992, 18:193-200.
85. Conner C.C., Lucas R.L. End-use load and consumer assessment program: thermostat related behavior and internal temperatures based on measured data in residences 1990, Pacific Northwest Laboratory Report.
86. Papakostas K.T., Sotiropoulos B.A. Occupational and energy behaviour patterns in Greek residences. Energy Build 1997, 26:207-213.
87. Al-Mumin A., Khattab O., Sridhar G. Occupants' behavior and activity patterns influencing the energy consumption in the Kuwaiti residences. Energy Build 2003, 35:549-559.
88. Brager G.S., Paliaga G., de Dear R. Operable windows, personal control, and occupant Comfort. AHREAE Transact Res 2004, 110:4695-4713.
89. Karjalainen S. Gender differences in thermal comfort and use of thermostats in everyday thermal environments. Build Environ 2007, 42(4):1594-1603.
90. Humphreys M.A., Rijal H.B., Nicol J.F. Updating the adaptive relation between climate and comfort indoors; new insights and an extended database. Build Environ 2013, 63:40-55.
91. Jensen J.O. Lifestyle, housing and resource consumption 2002, [Phd-thesis], Danish Building Research Institute, SBI.
92. Haldi F., Robinson D. Modelling occupants' personal characteristics for thermal comfort prediction. Int J Biometeorology 2011, 55(5):681-694.
93. Inkarojrit V. Balancing comfort: occupants' control of window blinds in private offices 2005, [PhD thesis], Univesity of California, Berkeley.
94. Tabak V., de Vries B. Methods for the prediction of intermediate activities by office occupants. Build Environ 2010, 45:1366-1372.
95. Gunay H.B., O'Brien W., Beausoleil-Morrison I., Goldstein R., Breslav S., Khan A. Coupling stochastic occupant models to building performance simulation using the discrete event system specification formalism. JBuild Perform Simul 2014, 7:6.
96. Stoppel C.M., Leite F. Integrating probabilistic methods for describing occupant presence with building energy simulation models. Energy Build 2014, 68:99-107.
97. Liao C., Barooah P. An integrated approach to occupancy modeling and estimation in commercial buildings. ACC American control conference 2010, 3130-3135.
98. Virote J., Neves-Silva R. Stochastic models for building energy prediction based on occupant behavior assessment. Energy Build 2012, 53:183-193.
99. Rijal H.B., Tuohy P., Humphreys M.A., Nicol J.F., Samuel A., Clarke J. Using results from field surveys to predict the effect of open windows on thermal comfort and energy use in buildings. Energy Build 2007, 39:823-836.
100. Herkel S., Knapp U., Pfafferott J. Towards a model of user behaviour regarding the manual control of windows in office buildings. Build Environ 2008, 43:588-600.
101. Reinhart C.F. Lightswitch-2002: a model for manual and automated control of electric lighting and blinds. Sol Energy 2004, 77:15-28.
102. Andersen R.V., Olesen B.W., Toftum J. Modelling occupants' heating set-point preferences. Proceedings of building simulation, Sydney 2011.
103. D'Oca S., Fabi V., Andersen R.K., Corgnati S.P. Effect of thermostat and window opening occupant behavior models on energy use in homes. Build Simul J 2014, 7:683-694.
104. Fabi V., Camisassi V., Causone F., Corgnati S.P., Andersen R.K. Light switch behaviour: occupant behaviour stochastic models in office buildings. Proceedings of 8th Windsor conference: counting the cost of Comfort in a changing world Cumberland Lodge, UK 2014.
105. Andersen R.V., Fabi V., Toftum J., Corgnati S.P., Olesen B.W. Window opening behavior modelled from measurements in Danish dwellings. Build Environ 2013, 69:101-113.
106. Rijal H.B., Tuohy P., Nicol J.F., Humphreys M.A., Samuel A., Clarke J. Development of an adaptive window-opening algorithm to predict the thermal comfort, energy use and overheating in buildings. JBuild Perform Simul 2008, 1:17-30.
107. Borgeson S., Brager G.S. Occupant control of windows: accounting for human behavior in building simulation 2008, Center for the Built Environment, UC, Berkeley, Internal Report.
108. Daum D., Morela N. Assessing the total energy impact of manual and optimized blind control in combination with different lighting schedules in a building simulation environment. JBuild Perform Simul 2010, 3(1):1-16.
109. Duan Y., Dong B. The impact of occupancy behavior on energy consumption in low income residential buildings. International high performance buildings conference 2014, 3107-3115.
110. Newsham G.R. Manual control of window blinds and electric Lighting: Implications for Comfort and energy consumption. Indoor Built Environ 1994, 3:135-144.
111. Love J.A. Manual switching patterns in private offices. Light Res Technol 1998, 30:45-50.
112. Sun K., Yan D., Hong T., Guo S. Stochastic modeling of overtime occupancy and its application in building energy simulation and calibration. Build Environ 2014, 79:1-12.
113. Jakubiec J.A., Christoph F., Reinhart C.F. The 'adaptive zone' - a concept for assessing discomfort glare throughout daylit spaces. Light Res Technol 2012, 44:149-170.
114. Lindelöf D., Morel N. Afield investigation of the intermediate light switching by users. Energy Build 2006, 38(7):790-801.
115. Robinson D., Wilke U.R.S., Haldi F. Multi agent simulation of occupants' presence and behavior. Proceedings of building simulation, Sydney 2011.
116. Hoes P., Hensen J.L.K., Loomans M.C.L.G., de Vries G., Bourgeois D. User behavior in whole building simulation. Energy Build 2009, 41:295-302.
117. Widen J., Nilsson A., Wäckelgard E. Acombined Markov-chain and bottom-up approach to modelling of domestic lighting demand. Energy Build 2009, 41:1001-1012.
118. Yun G.Y., Tuohy P., Steemers K. Thermal performance of a naturally ventilated building using a combined algorithm of probabilistic occupant behaviour and deterministic heat and mass balance models. Energy Build 2009, 41:489-499.
119. Pfafferott J., Herkel S. Statistical simulation of user behaviour in low-energy office buildings. Sol Energy 2007, 81:676-682.
120. Duong B., Thi V., Hung H., Phung P.Q., Svetha V. Activity recognition and abnormality detection with the switching hidden semi-Markov model, in CVPR 2005. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition 2005, IEEE, Washington, D. C.
121. Degelman L.O. Amodel for simulation of daylighting and occupancy sensors as an energy control strategy for office buildings. Proceedings of building simulation IBPSA conference, Kyoto, Japan 1999.
122. Yamaguchi Y., Shimoda Y., Mizuno T. Development of district energy system simulation model based on detailed energy demand model. Eighth international IBPSA conference, Eindhoven, The Netherlands 2003.
123. Page J., Robinson D., Morel N., Scartezzini J.L. Ageneralized stochastic model for the simulation of occupant presence. Energy Build 2008, 40:83-98.
124. Wang C., Yan D., Jiang Y. Anovel approach for building occupancy simulation. Build Simul 2011, 4:149-167.
125. Kashif A., Ploix S., Dugdale J., Lea X.H.B. Simulating the dynamics of occupant behaviour for power management in residential buildings. Energy Build 2013, 56:85-93.
126. Langevin J., Wen J., Gurian P.L. Modeling thermal comfort holistically: Bayesian estimation of thermal sensation, acceptability, and preference distributions for office building occupants. Build Environ 2013, 69:206-226.
127. Langevin J., Wen J., Gurian P.L. Simulating the human-building interaction: development and validation of an agent-based model of office occupant behaviors. Build Environ 2014, 1-19.
128. Yu Z., Haghighat F., Fung B.C.M., Yoshino H. Adecision tree method for building energy demand modeling. Energy Build 2010, 42:1637-1646.
129. Yu Z., Fung B.C.M., Haghighat F., Yoshino H., Morofsky E. Asystematic procedure to study the influence of occupant behavior on building energy consumption. Energy Build 2011, 43:1409-1417.
130. Yu Z., Haghighat F., Fung B.C.M., Zhou L. Anovel methodology for knowledge discovery through mining associations between building operational data. Energy Build 2012, 47:430-440.
131. D'Oca S., Hong T. Adata-mining approach to discover patterns of window opening and closing behavior in offices. Building and Environment 2014, Under Press.
132. Youngblood G.M., Cook D. Data mining for hierarchical model creation. IEEE Trans Syst man Cybern 2007, 37(4).
133. Hailemariam E., Glueck M., Attar R., Tessier A., McCrae J., Khan A. Toward a unified representation system of performance-related data. In the 6th IBPSA conference, Canada 2010.
134. EnergyPlus. Engineering reference, version 8.2 2014, Copyright LBNL Press.
135. IDA ICE indoor climate and energy. User manual, version 4.5 2013, Copyright EQUA Simulation.
136. Hand J. The ESP-r cookbook 2011, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland. http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk.
137. TRNSYS ATRaNsient SYstem simulation program, Version 17.1 2013, Copyright of the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin.
138. Zhu Y., Jiang Y. DeSt - a simulation tool in HVAC commissioning. Proceedings of IEA ANNEX 40 Workshop. Kyoto Japan 2003.
139. 2014. http://doe2.com/.
140. Reinhart C.F. Simulation-based daylight performance predictions. Building performance simulation for design and operation 2011, Book chapter, Taylor & Francis.
141. 2014. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vstudio/lightswitch.aspx.
142. Turner W.J.N., Hong T. Atechnical framework to describe energy-related occupant behavior in buildings. Proceedings of BEEC conference, Sacramento, CA 2013.
143. Goldstein R., Tessier A., Khan A. Space layout in occupant behavior simulation. Proceedings of building simulation, Sydney 2011.
144. Indraganti M., Rao K.D. Effect of age, gender, economic group and tenure on thermal comfort: a field study in residential buildings in hot and dry climate with seasonal variations. Energy Build 2010, 42(3):273-281.
145. Parsons K.C. The effects of gender, acclimation state, the opportunity to adjust clothing and physical disability on requirements for thermal comfort. Energy Build 2002, 34(6):593-599.
146. Hong T., Lin G. Occupant behavior: impact on energy use of private offices. Proceedings of Asim IBSPA Asia conference 2012.
147. D'Oca S., Hong T. Occupancy schedules learning process through a data mining framework. Energy Build 2015, 88:395-408.
148. Guerra-Santin O. Behavioural patterns and user profiles related to energy consumption for heating. Energy Build 2011, 43:2662-2672.
149. Dong B., Lam K.P. Building energy and comfort management through occupant behavior pattern detection based on a large-scale environmental sensor network. JBuild Perform Simul 2011, 4(4):359-369.
150. Fanger P.O. Thermal comfort. Analysis and applications in environmental engineering 1970, Danish Technical Press, Copenhagen, Denmark.
151. de Dear R., Brager G. Developing an adaptive model of Thermal Comfort preference. ASHRAE Trans 1998, 104(1):27-49.
152. Hawkes D., Owers J. User response in environmental control. The architecture of energy 1981, 45-63. Construction Press/Longmans, London.
153. Milliken M.E. Understanding human behavior: a guide for health care providers 1965, The Free Press.