메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 35, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 487-500

The effect of different graphical and numerical likelihood formats on perception of likelihood and choice

Author keywords

choice; graphical risk formats; numerical risk formats; risk communication; risk perception

Indexed keywords

ADULT; COMPUTER GRAPHICS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DECISION MAKING; DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM; FEMALE; GAMBLING; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MALE; NETHERLANDS; PERCEPTION; PROBABILITY; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; STATISTICAL MODEL; STUDENT; UNIVERSITY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84928984745     PISSN: 0272989X     EISSN: 1552681X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0272989X15576487     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (38)

References (56)
  • 1
    • 85002674440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personalised risk communication for informed decision making about taking screening tests
    • Edwards AGK, Naik G, Ahmed H, et al. Personalised risk communication for informed decision making about taking screening tests. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 ; (2). CD001865
    • (2013) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.2 , pp. 001865
    • Agk, E.1    Naik, G.2    Ahmed, H.3
  • 2
    • 85047697559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency or probability? A qualitative study of risk communication formats used in health care
    • Schapira MM, Nattinger AB, McHorney CA. Frequency or probability? A qualitative study of risk communication formats used in health care. Med Decis Making. 2001 ; 21 (6). 459-67
    • (2001) Med Decis Making , vol.21 , Issue.6 , pp. 459-467
    • Schapira, M.M.1    Nattinger, A.B.2    McHorney, C.A.3
  • 3
    • 8444252069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different formats for communicating surgical risks to patients and the effect on choice of treatment
    • Timmermans D, Molewijk B, Stiggelbout A, Kievit J. Different formats for communicating surgical risks to patients and the effect on choice of treatment. Patient Educ Couns. 2004 ; 54 (3). 255-63
    • (2004) Patient Educ Couns , vol.54 , Issue.3 , pp. 255-263
    • Timmermans, D.1    Molewijk, B.2    Stiggelbout, A.3    Kievit, J.4
  • 5
    • 58849089025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probability information in risk communication: A review of the research literature
    • Visschers VH, Meertens RM, Passchier WW, de Vries NN. Probability information in risk communication: a review of the research literature. Risk Anal. 2009 ; 29 (2). 267-87
    • (2009) Risk Anal , vol.29 , Issue.2 , pp. 267-287
    • Visschers, V.H.1    Meertens, R.M.2    Passchier, W.W.3    De Vries, N.N.4
  • 6
    • 0036267071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representation facilitates reasoning: What natural frequencies are and what they are not
    • Hoffrage U, Gigerenzer G, Krauss S, Martignon L. Representation facilitates reasoning: what natural frequencies are and what they are not. Cognition. 2002 ; 84 (3). 343-52
    • (2002) Cognition , vol.84 , Issue.3 , pp. 343-352
    • Hoffrage, U.1    Gigerenzer, G.2    Krauss, S.3    Martignon, L.4
  • 7
    • 11944267218 scopus 로고
    • How to improve Bayesian reasoning without instruction - Frequency formats
    • Gigerenzer G, Hoffrage U. How to improve Bayesian reasoning without instruction - frequency formats. Psychol Rev. 1995 ; 102 (4). 684-704
    • (1995) Psychol Rev , vol.102 , Issue.4 , pp. 684-704
    • Gigerenzer, G.1    Hoffrage, U.2
  • 8
    • 0034672862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency versus probability formats in statistical word problems
    • Evans JSBT, Handley SJ, Perham N, Over DE, Thompson VA. Frequency versus probability formats in statistical word problems. Cognition. 2000 ; 77 (3). 197-213
    • (2000) Cognition , vol.77 , Issue.3 , pp. 197-213
    • Jsbt, E.1    Handley, S.J.2    Perham, N.3    Over, D.E.4    Thompson, V.A.5
  • 9
    • 70349932309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency formats, probability formats, or problem structure? A test of the nested-sets hypothesis in an extensional reasoning task
    • Neace WP, Michaud S, Bolling L, Deer K, Zecevic L. Frequency formats, probability formats, or problem structure? A test of the nested-sets hypothesis in an extensional reasoning task. Judgm Decis Mak. 2008 ; 3 (2). 140-52
    • (2008) Judgm Decis Mak , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 140-152
    • Neace, W.P.1    Michaud, S.2    Bolling, L.3    Deer, K.4    Zecevic, L.5
  • 10
    • 0141596114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simple tools for understanding risks: From innumeracy to insight
    • Gigerenzer G, Edwards A. Simple tools for understanding risks: from innumeracy to insight. BMJ. 2003 ; 327 (7417). 741-4
    • (2003) BMJ , vol.327 , Issue.7417 , pp. 741-744
    • Gigerenzer, G.1    Edwards, A.2
  • 11
    • 0034077530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Violence risk assessment and risk communication: The effects of using actual cases, providing instruction, and employing probability versus frequency formats
    • Slovic P, Monahan J, MacGregor DG. Violence risk assessment and risk communication: the effects of using actual cases, providing instruction, and employing probability versus frequency formats. Law Hum Behav. 2000 ; 24 (3). 271-96
    • (2000) Law Hum Behav , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 271-296
    • Slovic, P.1    Monahan, J.2    MacGregor, D.G.3
  • 13
    • 53049106227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Communicating side effect risks in a tamoxifen prophylaxis decision aid: The debiasing influence of pictographs
    • Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Ubel PA, Smith DM, et al. Communicating side effect risks in a tamoxifen prophylaxis decision aid: the debiasing influence of pictographs. Patient Educ Couns. 2008 ; 73 (2). 209-14
    • (2008) Patient Educ Couns , vol.73 , Issue.2 , pp. 209-214
    • Zikmund-Fisher, B.J.1    Ubel, P.A.2    Smith, D.M.3
  • 15
    • 79957603687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Informing patients: The influence of numeracy, framing, and format of side effect information on risk perceptions
    • Peters E, Hart P, Fraenkel L. Informing patients: the influence of numeracy, framing, and format of side effect information on risk perceptions. Med Decis Making. 2011 ; 31 (3). 432-6
    • (2011) Med Decis Making , vol.31 , Issue.3 , pp. 432-436
    • Peters, E.1    Hart, P.2    Fraenkel, L.3
  • 16
    • 44149085143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patients prefer pictures to numbers to express cardiovascular benefit from treatment
    • Goodyear-Smith F, Arroll B, Chan L, Jackson R, Wells S, Kenealy T. Patients prefer pictures to numbers to express cardiovascular benefit from treatment. Ann Fam Med. 2008 ; 6 (3). 213-7
    • (2008) Ann Fam Med , vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp. 213-217
    • Goodyear-Smith, F.1    Arroll, B.2    Chan, L.3    Jackson, R.4    Wells, S.5    Kenealy, T.6
  • 17
    • 67650996738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived risk of medicine side effects in users of a patient information website: A study of the use of verbal descriptors, percentages and natural frequencies
    • Knapp P, Gardner P, Carrigan N, Raynor D, Woolf E. Perceived risk of medicine side effects in users of a patient information website: a study of the use of verbal descriptors, percentages and natural frequencies. Br J Health Psychol. 2009 ; 14: 579-94
    • (2009) Br J Health Psychol , vol.14 , pp. 579-594
    • Knapp, P.1    Gardner, P.2    Carrigan, N.3    Raynor, D.4    Woolf, E.5
  • 18
    • 55349094202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presenting health risk information in different formats: The effect on participants' cognitive and emotional evaluation and decisions
    • Timmermans DR, Ockhuysen-Vermey CF, Henneman L. Presenting health risk information in different formats: the effect on participants' cognitive and emotional evaluation and decisions. Patient Educ Couns. 2008 ; 73 (3). 443-7
    • (2008) Patient Educ Couns , vol.73 , Issue.3 , pp. 443-447
    • Timmermans, D.R.1    Ockhuysen-Vermey, C.F.2    Henneman, L.3
  • 19
    • 21844519809 scopus 로고
    • The generality of the ratio-bias phenomenon
    • Denesraj V, Epstein S, Cole J. The generality of the ratio-bias phenomenon. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 1995 ; 21 (10). 1083-92
    • (1995) Pers Soc Psychol Bull , vol.21 , Issue.10 , pp. 1083-1092
    • Denesraj, V.1    Epstein, S.2    Cole, J.3
  • 20
    • 0033238098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation of rational and experiential information processing styles to personality, basic beliefs, and the ratio-bias phenomenon
    • Pacini R, Epstein S. The relation of rational and experiential information processing styles to personality, basic beliefs, and the ratio-bias phenomenon. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1999 ; 76 (6). 972-87
    • (1999) J Pers Soc Psychol , vol.76 , Issue.6 , pp. 972-987
    • Pacini, R.1    Epstein, S.2
  • 21
    • 2542637299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When a 12.86% mortality is more dangerous than 24.14%: Implications for risk communication
    • Yamagishi K. When a 12.86% mortality is more dangerous than 24.14%: implications for risk communication. Appl Cogn Psychol. 1997 ; 11 (6). 495-506
    • (1997) Appl Cogn Psychol , vol.11 , Issue.6 , pp. 495-506
    • Yamagishi, K.1
  • 23
    • 84899583240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decisive evidence on a smaller-than-you-think phenomenon: Revisiting the "1-in-X" effect on subjective medical probabilities
    • Sirota M, Juanchich M, Kostopoulou O, Hanak R. Decisive evidence on a smaller-than-you-think phenomenon: revisiting the "1-in-X" effect on subjective medical probabilities. Med Decis Making. 2014 ; 34: 419-29
    • (2014) Med Decis Making , vol.34 , pp. 419-429
    • Sirota, M.1    Juanchich, M.2    Kostopoulou, O.3    Hanak, R.4
  • 25
    • 35148880584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numeric, verbal, and visual formats of conveying health risk: Suggested best practices and future recommendations
    • Lipkus IM. Numeric, verbal, and visual formats of conveying health risk: suggested best practices and future recommendations. Med Decis Making. 2007 ; 27 (5). 696-713
    • (2007) Med Decis Making , vol.27 , Issue.5 , pp. 696-713
    • Lipkus, I.M.1
  • 26
    • 33644984486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formats for improving risk communication in medical tradeoff decisions
    • Waters EA, Weinstein ND, Colditz GA, Emmons K. Formats for improving risk communication in medical tradeoff decisions. J Health Commun. 2006 ; 11 (2). 167-82
    • (2006) J Health Commun , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 167-182
    • Waters, E.A.1    Weinstein, N.D.2    Colditz, G.A.3    Emmons, K.4
  • 27
    • 33846059908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Further insight into the perception of quantitative information: Judgments of gist in treatment decisions
    • Feldman-Stewart D, Brundage MD, Zotov V. Further insight into the perception of quantitative information: judgments of gist in treatment decisions. Med Decis Making. 2007 ; 27 (1). 34-43
    • (2007) Med Decis Making , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 34-43
    • Feldman-Stewart, D.1    Brundage, M.D.2    Zotov, V.3
  • 29
    • 66149111017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pictorial representations in statistical reasoning
    • Brase GL. Pictorial representations in statistical reasoning. Appl Cogn Psychol. 2009 ; 23 (3). 369-81
    • (2009) Appl Cogn Psychol , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 369-381
    • Brase, G.L.1
  • 30
    • 77953078929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of various risk/benefit trade-offs on parents' understanding of a pediatric research study
    • Tait AR, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Fagerlin A, Voepel-Lewis T. Effect of various risk/benefit trade-offs on parents' understanding of a pediatric research study. Pediatrics. 2010 ; 125 (6). E1475 - E1482
    • (2010) Pediatrics , vol.125 , Issue.6 , pp. 1475-E1482
    • Tait, A.R.1    Zikmund-Fisher, B.J.2    Fagerlin, A.3    Voepel-Lewis, T.4
  • 31
    • 68349145997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of risk communication formats on risk perception depending on numeracy
    • Keller C, Siegrist M. Effect of risk communication formats on risk perception depending on numeracy. Med Decis Making. 2009 ; 29 (4). 483-90
    • (2009) Med Decis Making , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 483-490
    • Keller, C.1    Siegrist, M.2
  • 33
    • 79955765244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk communication with pictographs: The role of numeracy and graph processing
    • Hess R, Visschers VH, Siegrist M. Risk communication with pictographs: the role of numeracy and graph processing. Judgm Decis Mak. 2011 ; 6 (3). 263-74
    • (2011) Judgm Decis Mak , vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp. 263-274
    • Hess, R.1    Visschers, V.H.2    Siegrist, M.3
  • 34
    • 43249117100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numeracy and the perception and communication of risk
    • Peters E. Numeracy and the perception and communication of risk. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 ; 1128: 1-7
    • (2008) Ann N y Acad Sci , vol.1128 , pp. 1-7
    • Peters, E.1
  • 35
    • 39049147144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numeracy, ratio bias, and denominator neglect in judgments of risk and probability
    • Reyna VF, Brainerd CJ. Numeracy, ratio bias, and denominator neglect in judgments of risk and probability. Learn Individ Differ. 2008 ; 18 (1). 89-107
    • (2008) Learn Individ Differ , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 89-107
    • Reyna, V.F.1    Brainerd, C.J.2
  • 36
    • 0030666187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of numeracy in understanding the benefit of screening mammography
    • Schwartz LM, Woloshin S, Black WC, Welch HG. The role of numeracy in understanding the benefit of screening mammography. Ann Intern Med. 1997 ; 127 (11). 966-72
    • (1997) Ann Intern Med , vol.127 , Issue.11 , pp. 966-972
    • Schwartz, L.M.1    Woloshin, S.2    Black, W.C.3    Welch, H.G.4
  • 37
    • 47249114012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of graphical and numerical presentation of hypothetical prenatal diagnosis results on risk perception
    • Siegrist M, Orlow P, Keller C. The effect of graphical and numerical presentation of hypothetical prenatal diagnosis results on risk perception. Med Decis Making. 2008 ; 28 (4). 567-74
    • (2008) Med Decis Making , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 567-574
    • Siegrist, M.1    Orlow, P.2    Keller, C.3
  • 38
    • 64249118311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using icon arrays to communicate medical risks: Overcoming low numeracy
    • Galesic M, Garcia-Retamero R, Gigerenzer G. Using icon arrays to communicate medical risks: overcoming low numeracy. Health Psychol. 2009 ; 28 (2). 210-6
    • (2009) Health Psychol , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 210-216
    • Galesic, M.1    Garcia-Retamero, R.2    Gigerenzer, G.3
  • 39
    • 33748440770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of graphic format on breast cancer risk communication
    • Schapira MM, Nattinger AB, McAuliffe TL. The influence of graphic format on breast cancer risk communication. J Health Commun. 2006 ; 11 (6). 569-82
    • (2006) J Health Commun , vol.11 , Issue.6 , pp. 569-582
    • Schapira, M.M.1    Nattinger, A.B.2    McAuliffe, T.L.3
  • 40
    • 33745655042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk avoidance: Graphs versus numbers
    • Chua HF, Yates JF, Shah P. Risk avoidance: graphs versus numbers. Memory Cogn. 2006 ; 34 (2). 399-410
    • (2006) Memory Cogn , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 399-410
    • Chua, H.F.1    Yates, J.F.2    Shah, P.3
  • 41
    • 0036370180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numeracy and the medical student's ability to interpret data
    • Sheridan SL, Pignone M. Numeracy and the medical student's ability to interpret data. Eff Clin Pract. 2002 ; 5 (1). 35-40
    • (2002) Eff Clin Pract , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 35-40
    • Sheridan, S.L.1    Pignone, M.2
  • 42
    • 79960573080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Communicating data about the benefits and harms of treatment a randomized trial
    • Woloshin S, Schwartz LM. Communicating data about the benefits and harms of treatment a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2011 ; 155 (2). 87 - U70
    • (2011) Ann Intern Med , vol.155 , Issue.2 , pp. 87-U70
    • Woloshin, S.1    Schwartz, L.M.2
  • 43
    • 0036453159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Which statistical formats facilitate what decisions? the perception and influence of different statistical information formats
    • Brase GL. Which statistical formats facilitate what decisions? The perception and influence of different statistical information formats. J Behav Decis Making. 2002 ; 15 (5). 381-401
    • (2002) J Behav Decis Making , vol.15 , Issue.5 , pp. 381-401
    • Brase, G.L.1
  • 44
    • 0036936763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpreting information: What is said, what is heard - A questionnaire study of health professionals and members of the public
    • Abramsky L, Fletcher O. Interpreting information: what is said, what is heard - a questionnaire study of health professionals and members of the public. Prenat Diagn. 2002 ; 22 (13). 1188-94
    • (2002) Prenat Diagn , vol.22 , Issue.13 , pp. 1188-1194
    • Abramsky, L.1    Fletcher, O.2
  • 45
    • 40549125939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using hypothetical data to assess the effect of numerical format and context on the perception of coronary heart disease risk
    • Fair AK, I, Murray PG, Thomas A, Cobain MR. Using hypothetical data to assess the effect of numerical format and context on the perception of coronary heart disease risk. Am J Health Promot. 2008 ; 22 (4). 291-6
    • (2008) Am J Health Promot , vol.22 , Issue.4 , pp. 291-296
    • Fair, A.K.I.1    Murray, P.G.2    Thomas, A.3    Cobain, M.R.4
  • 46
    • 80052856692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time to retire the 1-in-X risk format
    • Zikmund-Fisher BJ. Time to retire the 1-in-X risk format. Med Decis Making. 2011 ; 31 (5). 703-4
    • (2011) Med Decis Making , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 703-704
    • Zikmund-Fisher, B.J.1
  • 47
    • 84864356744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immediate small number perception: Evidence from a new numerical carry-over procedure
    • Demeyere N, Humphreys GW. Immediate small number perception: evidence from a new numerical carry-over procedure. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2012 ; 38 (1). 18-22
    • (2012) J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform , vol.38 , Issue.1 , pp. 18-22
    • Demeyere, N.1    Humphreys, G.W.2
  • 48
    • 0026841994 scopus 로고
    • Cross-linguistic regularities in the frequency of number words
    • Dehaene S, Mehler J. Cross-linguistic regularities in the frequency of number words. Cognition. 1992 ; 43: 1-29
    • (1992) Cognition , vol.43 , pp. 1-29
    • Dehaene, S.1    Mehler, J.2
  • 49
    • 0030187405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Domain-specific rationality in human choices: Violations of utility axioms and social contexts
    • Wang XT. Domain-specific rationality in human choices: violations of utility axioms and social contexts. Cognition. 1996 ; 60 (1). 31-63
    • (1996) Cognition , vol.60 , Issue.1 , pp. 31-63
    • Wang, X.T.1
  • 50
    • 44049087539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A test of numeric formats for communicating risk probabilities
    • Cuite CL, Weinstein ND, Emmons K, Colditz G. A test of numeric formats for communicating risk probabilities. Med Decis Making. 2008 ; 28 (3). 377-84
    • (2008) Med Decis Making , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 377-384
    • Cuite, C.L.1    Weinstein, N.D.2    Emmons, K.3    Colditz, G.4
  • 51
    • 33750492615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design features of graphs in health risk communication: A systematic review
    • Ancker JS, Senathirajah Y, Kukafka R, Starren JB. Design features of graphs in health risk communication: a systematic review. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2006 ; 13 (6). 608-18
    • (2006) J Am Med Inform Assoc , vol.13 , Issue.6 , pp. 608-618
    • Ancker, J.S.1    Senathirajah, Y.2    Kukafka, R.3    Starren, J.B.4
  • 52
    • 77951240798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who profits from visual aids: Overcoming challenges in people's understanding of risks
    • Garcia-Retamero R, Galesic M. Who profits from visual aids: overcoming challenges in people's understanding of risks. Soc Sci Med. 2010 ; 70 (7). 1019-25
    • (2010) Soc Sci Med , vol.70 , Issue.7 , pp. 1019-1025
    • Garcia-Retamero, R.1    Galesic, M.2
  • 53
    • 22544435495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing the influence of anecdotal reasoning on people's health care decisions: Is a picture worth a thousand statistics?
    • Fagerlin A, Wang C, Ubel PA. Reducing the influence of anecdotal reasoning on people's health care decisions: is a picture worth a thousand statistics?. Med Decis Making. 2005 ; 25 (4). 398-405
    • (2005) Med Decis Making , vol.25 , Issue.4 , pp. 398-405
    • Fagerlin, A.1    Wang, C.2    Ubel, P.A.3
  • 54
    • 84862784231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using visual displays to communicate risk of cancer to women from diverse race/ethnic backgrounds
    • Wong ST, Perez-Stable EJ, Kim SE, et al. Using visual displays to communicate risk of cancer to women from diverse race/ethnic backgrounds. Patient Educ Couns. 2012 ; 87 (3). 327-35
    • (2012) Patient Educ Couns , vol.87 , Issue.3 , pp. 327-335
    • Wong, S.T.1    Perez-Stable, E.J.2    Kim, S.E.3
  • 55
    • 2342422096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breast and colorectal cancer risk communication approaches with low-income African-American and Hispanic women: Implications for healthcare providers
    • Royak-Schaler R, Blocker DE, Yali AM, Bynoe M, Briant KJ, Smith S. Breast and colorectal cancer risk communication approaches with low-income African-American and Hispanic women: implications for healthcare providers. J Natl Med Assoc. 2004 ; 96 (5). 598-608
    • (2004) J Natl Med Assoc , vol.96 , Issue.5 , pp. 598-608
    • Royak-Schaler, R.1    Blocker, D.E.2    Yali, A.M.3    Bynoe, M.4    Briant, K.J.5    Smith, S.6
  • 56
    • 0032988978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of data display formats on physician investigators' decisions to stop clinical trials: Prospective trial with repeated measures
    • Elting LS, Martin CG, Cantor SB, Rubenstein EB. Influence of data display formats on physician investigators' decisions to stop clinical trials: prospective trial with repeated measures. BMJ. 1999 ; 318 (7197). 1527-31
    • (1999) BMJ , vol.318 , Issue.7197 , pp. 1527-1531
    • Elting, L.S.1    Martin, C.G.2    Cantor, S.B.3    Rubenstein, E.B.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.