메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 194-266

Synoptic and mesoscale rain producing systems in the humid tropics

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 84928854078     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511535666.017     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (14)

References (166)
  • 1
    • 84928853299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses) CNES, CNRS/INSU, IRD, Meteo-France, version February 2002, 52 pp + 14 Figures (available from web site)
    • AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses) (2002) On African Monsoon and its components, CNES, CNRS/INSU, IRD, Meteo-France, version February 2002, 52 pp + 14 Figures (available from web site: Http://medias.obs-mip.fr/amma).
    • (2002) On African Monsoon and its components
    • Amma1
  • 2
    • 0028808423 scopus 로고
    • Air mass characteristics as related to trop-ical wave precipitation over Lesser Antilles archipelago
    • Asselin de Beauville, C. (1995) Air mass characteristics as related to trop-ical wave precipitation over Lesser Antilles archipelago. Atmospheric Research 36: 157-170.
    • (1995) Atmospheric Research , vol.36 , pp. 157-170
    • Asselin De Beauville, C.1
  • 5
    • 0027086565 scopus 로고
    • Atlantic tropical systems of 1991
    • Avila, L. A. And Pasch, R. J. (1992). Atlantic tropical systems of 1991. Mon. Weath. Rev. 120: 2688-2696.
    • (1992) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.120 , pp. 2688-2696
    • Avila, L.A.1    Pasch, R.J.2
  • 6
    • 0006376716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Major Rainfall Event: The 27 February-5 March 1993 Rains on the Southeastern Slope of Piton de la Fournaise Massif (Reunion Island, Southwest Indian Ocean)
    • Barcelo, A., Robert, R. And Coudray, J. (1997). A Major Rainfall Event: The 27 February-5 March 1993 Rains on the Southeastern Slope of Piton de la Fournaise Massif (Reunion Island, Southwest Indian Ocean). Mon. Weath. Rev. 125: 3341-3346.
    • (1997) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.125 , pp. 3341-3346
    • Barcelo, A.1    Robert, R.2    Coudray, J.3
  • 7
    • 0024165501 scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal scales in rainfall analysis - some aspects and future perspectives
    • Berndtsson, R. And Niemczynowicz, J. (1988). Spatial and temporal scales in rainfall analysis - some aspects and future perspectives. J. Hydrol. 100: 293-313.
    • (1988) J. Hydrol. , vol.100 , pp. 293-313
    • Berndtsson, R.1    Niemczynowicz, J.2
  • 8
    • 0001513612 scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic classification of tropical convective sound-ings
    • Betts, A. (1974). Thermodynamic classification of tropical convective sound-ings. Mon. Weath. Rev., 102: 760-764.
    • (1974) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.102 , pp. 760-764
    • Betts, A.1
  • 10
    • 0036734721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eastern Pacific hurricanes Jimena of 1991 and Olivia of 1994: The effect of vertical shear on structure and intensity
    • Black, M. L., Gamache, J. F., Marks, F. D., Jr., Samsury, C. E. And Willoughby, H. E. 2002. Eastern Pacific hurricanes Jimena of 1991 and Olivia of 1994: The effect of vertical shear on structure and intensity. Mon. Weath. Rev. 130(9): 2291-2312.
    • (2002) Mon. Weath. Rev , vol.130 , Issue.9 , pp. 2291-2312
    • Black, M.L.1    Gamache, J.F.2    Marks, F.D.3    Samsury, C.E.4    Willoughby, H.E.5
  • 11
    • 0031695731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesoscale Circula-tion Growth under Conditions of Weak Inertial Instability
    • Blanchard, D. O., Cotton, W. R. And Brown, J. M. (1998). Mesoscale Circula-tion Growth under Conditions of Weak Inertial Instability. Mon. Weath. Rev. 126: 118-140.
    • (1998) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.126 , pp. 118-140
    • Blanchard, D.O.1    Cotton, W.R.2    Brown, J.M.3
  • 13
    • 0027790008 scopus 로고
    • Progress in the understanding of runoff generation dynam-ics in forests
    • Bonell, M. (1993). Progress in the understanding of runoff generation dynam-ics in forests. J. Hydrol., 150: 217-275.
    • (1993) J. Hydrol. , vol.150 , pp. 217-275
    • Bonell, M.1
  • 14
    • 0031853791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible impacts of climate variability and change on trop-ical forest hydrology
    • Based on the WWF Conference on the Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Tropical For-est Ecosystems, Puerto Rico, 24-28 April 1995
    • Bonell, M. (1998). Possible impacts of climate variability and change on trop-ical forest hydrology. Climatic change 39: 215-272. Based on the WWF Conference on the Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Tropical For-est Ecosystems, Puerto Rico, 24-28 April 1995.
    • (1998) Climatic change , vol.39 , pp. 215-272
    • Bonell, M.1
  • 15
    • 84928871679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conference on Forestry and Forest Products 1999 Series: Forestry and Land Use Perspectives, 31 March-1 April 1999, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 25 pp. To be published as a UNESCO Technical Document in Hydrology (UNESCO Jakarta Office), in press
    • Bonell, M. (2004) Selected Issues on Mountain Hydrology of the Humid Trop-ics. Conference on Forestry and Forest Products 1999 Series: Forestry and Land Use Perspectives, 31 March-1 April 1999, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 25 pp. To be published as a UNESCO Technical Document in Hydrology (UNESCO Jakarta Office), in press.
    • (2004) Selected Issues on Mountain Hydrology of the Humid Trop-ics
    • Bonell, M.1
  • 17
    • 0019113783 scopus 로고
    • Variations in short-term rainfall intensity in relation to synoptic climatological aspects of the humid tropical north-east Queensland coast
    • Bonell, M. And Gilmour, D. A. (1980). Variations in short-term rainfall intensity in relation to synoptic climatological aspects of the humid tropical north-east Queensland coast. Singapore J. Trop. Geog. 1(2): 16-30.
    • (1980) Singapore J. Trop. Geog. , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 16-30
    • Bonell, M.1    Gilmour, D.A.2
  • 18
    • 0001917173 scopus 로고
    • The links between synoptic climatology and the runoff response of rainforest catchments on the wet tropical coast of north-eastern Queensland
    • P. A. Kershaw and G. Werran, (eds.), Australian Heritage Commission, Canberra, Australia
    • Bonell, M., Gilmour, D. A. And Cassels, D. S. (1991). The links between synoptic climatology and the runoff response of rainforest catchments on the wet tropical coast of north-eastern Queensland. In: P. A. Kershaw and G. Werran, (eds.) Australian National Rain Forests Study Report 2: 27-62, Australian Heritage Commission, Canberra, Australia.
    • (1991) Australian National Rain Forests Study Report , vol.2 , pp. 27-62
    • Bonell, M.1    Gilmour, D.A.2    Cassels, D.S.3
  • 19
    • 0034029925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of synoptic-scale flow during tropical cyclogenesis over the North Atlantic Ocean
    • Bracken, W. E. And L. F. Bosart., (2000). The role of synoptic-scale flow during tropical cyclogenesis over the North Atlantic Ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128: 353-376.
    • (2000) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.128 , pp. 353-376
    • Bracken, W.E.1    Bosart, L.F.2
  • 20
    • 84928871680 scopus 로고
    • Rainfall associated with tropical cyclones in the northeast Australian regions
    • Brunt, A. T. (1966). Rainfall associated with tropical cyclones in the northeast Australian regions. Aust. Met. Mag., 14: 85-109.
    • (1966) Aust. Met. Mag. , vol.14 , pp. 85-109
    • Brunt, A.T.1
  • 22
    • 0002559831 scopus 로고
    • The origin and structure of easterly waves in the lower troposphere of North Africa
    • Burpee, R. W. (1972). The origin and structure of easterly waves in the lower troposphere of North Africa. J. Atmos. Sci. 29: 77-90.
    • (1972) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.29 , pp. 77-90
    • Burpee, R.W.1
  • 23
    • 0000782542 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of the North African easterly waves during the summers of 1968 and 1969
    • Burpee, R. W. (1974). Characteristics of the North African easterly waves during the summers of 1968 and 1969. J. Atmos. Sci. 31: 1556-1570.
    • (1974) J. Atmos. Sci , vol.31 , pp. 1556-1570
    • Burpee, R.W.1
  • 24
    • 0000187218 scopus 로고
    • On the forcing of flow reversal along the windward slopes of Hawaii
    • Carbone, R. E., Cooper, W. A., and Lee, W. C. (1995). On the forcing of flow reversal along the windward slopes of Hawaii. Mon. Weath. Rev., 123: 3466-3480.
    • (1995) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.123 , pp. 3466-3480
    • Carbone, R.E.1    Cooper, W.A.2    Lee, W.C.3
  • 25
    • 0001397145 scopus 로고
    • Synoptic histories of three African disturbances that developed into Atlantic hurricanes
    • Carlson, T. N. (1969a) Synoptic histories of three African disturbances that developed into Atlantic hurricanes. Mon. Weath. Rev. 97: 256-276.
    • (1969) Mon. Weath. Rev , vol.97 , pp. 256-276
    • Carlson, T.N.1
  • 26
    • 0000367424 scopus 로고
    • Some remarks on African disturbances and their progress over the tropical Atlantic
    • Carlson, T. N. (1969b). Some remarks on African disturbances and their progress over the tropical Atlantic. Mon. Weath. Rev. 97: 716-726.
    • (1969) Mon. Weath. Rev , vol.97 , pp. 716-726
    • Carlson, T.N.1
  • 27
    • 0033753007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climatological Relationships between Tropical Cyclones and Rainfall
    • Cerveny, R. S. And Newman, L. E., (2000). Climatological Relationships between Tropical Cyclones and Rainfall. Mon. Weath. Rev., 128: 3329-3336.
    • (2000) Mon. Weath. Rev , vol.128 , pp. 3329-3336
    • Cerveny, R.S.1    Newman, L.E.2
  • 28
    • 0018688210 scopus 로고
    • Northeasterly cold surges and near - equatorial disturbances over the winter MONEX area dur-ing December 1974 Part 1 synoptic aspects
    • Chang, C.-P., Erickson, J. E. And Lau, K. M. (1979). Northeasterly cold surges and near - equatorial disturbances over the winter MONEX area dur-ing December 1974. Part 1 synoptic aspects. Mon. Weath. Rev., 107, 812-829.
    • (1979) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.107 , pp. 812-829
    • Chang, C.-P.1    Erickson, J.E.2    Lau, K.M.3
  • 31
    • 0001067182 scopus 로고
    • The influences of inversion height on pre-cipitation and airflow over the island of Hawaii
    • Chen, Y.-L., and Feng, J. (1995). The influences of inversion height on pre-cipitation and airflow over the island of Hawaii. Mon. Weath. Rev., 123: 1660-1676.
    • (1995) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.123 , pp. 1660-1676
    • Chen, Y.-L.1    Feng, J.2
  • 32
    • 0030839553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diurnal Variation and life-cycle of deep convective systems over the tropical Pacific warm pool
    • Chen, S. S. And Houze, Jr., R. A. (1997). Diurnal Variation and life-cycle of deep convective systems over the tropical Pacific warm pool. Int. J. Climatol. 123: 357-388.
    • (1997) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.123 , pp. 357-388
    • Chen, S.S.1    Houze, R.A.2
  • 33
    • 0021641206 scopus 로고
    • Development and structure of winter monsoon cloud clusters on 10 December 1978
    • Churchill, D.D and Houze, Jr., R. A. (1984). Development and structure of winter monsoon cloud clusters on 10 December 1978. J. Atmos. Sci. 41: 933-960.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 933-960
    • Churchill, D.D.1    Houze, R.A.2
  • 34
    • 0000236427 scopus 로고
    • Vertical motion structure in maritime continent mesoscale convective systems: Results from a 50 HRz profiler
    • Cifelli, R. And Rutledge, S. A. (1994). Vertical motion structure in maritime continent mesoscale convective systems: Results from a 50 HRz profiler. J. Atmos. Sci. 51: 2631-2652.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.51 , pp. 2631-2652
    • Cifelli, R.1    Rutledge, S.A.2
  • 35
    • 0031707797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertical motion, diabatic heating, and rainfall characteristics in north Australia convective systems
    • Cifelli, R. And Rutledge, S. A. (1998). Vertical motion, diabatic heating, and rainfall characteristics in north Australia convective systems. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 124: 1133-1162.
    • (1998) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.124 , pp. 1133-1162
    • Cifelli, R.1    Rutledge, S.A.2
  • 36
    • 0003725263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LBA, Compiled by the LBA Science Planning Group, Available from LBA project offices:- Centro de Previsao de Tempo e Estudos Climaticos, Institutio Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 12630-000 Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil; (EU-LBA office) DLO Winand Staring Centre for Integrated Land, Soil and Water Research, PO Box 125, NL-6700AC Wageningen, The Netherlands and (North American LBA-office) NASA, 300 E Street SW, DC 20546 Wash-ington, USA
    • Concise Experimental Plan, LBA: (1996). The Large Scale Biosphere - Atmo-sphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA), Compiled by the LBA Science Planning Group, 40pp. Available from LBA project offices:- Centro de Previsao de Tempo e Estudos Climaticos, Institutio Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 12630-000 Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil; (EU-LBA office) DLO Winand Staring Centre for Integrated Land, Soil and Water Research, PO Box 125, NL-6700AC Wageningen, The Netherlands and (North American LBA-office) NASA, 300 E Street SW, DC 20546 Wash-ington, USA.
    • (1996) The Large Scale Biosphere - Atmo-sphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) , pp. 40
    • Concise Experimental Plan1
  • 37
    • 0141684107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An exploratory study into synoptic classification tech-niques for tropical precipitation forecasting
    • Connor, G. J. (1999). An exploratory study into synoptic classification tech-niques for tropical precipitation forecasting. Aust. Met. Mag., 48: 241-253.
    • (1999) Aust. Met. Mag , vol.48 , pp. 241-253
    • Connor, G.J.1
  • 38
    • 0032460677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Air mass and dynamic parameters affect-ing trade wind precipitation on the northeast Queensland tropical coast
    • Connor, G. J., and Bonell, M. (1998). Air mass and dynamic parameters affect-ing trade wind precipitation on the northeast Queensland tropical coast. Int. J. Climatol., 18: 1357-1372.
    • (1998) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.18 , pp. 1357-1372
    • Connor, G.J.1    Bonell, M.2
  • 39
    • 0034210135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The application of synoptic strat-ification to precipitation forecasting in the trade wind regime
    • Connor, G. J. And Woodcock, F. (2000). The application of synoptic strat-ification to precipitation forecasting in the trade wind regime. Weath. Forecasting, 15: 276-297.
    • (2000) Weath. Forecasting. , vol.15 , pp. 276-297
    • Connor, G.J.1    Woodcock, F.2
  • 41
    • 70450046745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced oceanic and atmospheric monitoring under-way in eastern pacific
    • 7 May 2002, 210-211
    • Cronin, M. F., Bond, N., Fairall, C., Hare, J., McPhaden, M. J. And Weller, R. A. (2002). Enhanced oceanic and atmospheric monitoring under-way in eastern pacific. EOS, 83(19), 7 May 2002, pp. 205, 210-211.
    • (2002) EOS , vol.83 , Issue.19 , pp. 205
    • Cronin, M.F.1    Bond, N.2    Fairall, C.3    Hare, J.4    Mc Phaden, M.J.5    Weller, R.A.6
  • 43
    • 0030831551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of a simulated tropical squall line to long-wave radiation
    • Dharssi, I., Kershaw, R. And Tao, W. K. (1997). Sensitivity of a simulated tropical squall line to long-wave radiation. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc. 123: 187-206.
    • (1997) Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.123 , pp. 187-206
    • Dharssi, I.1    Kershaw, R.2    Tao, W.K.3
  • 44
    • 0024921060 scopus 로고
    • Numerical study of convection observed during the Win-ter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensionnal model
    • Dudhia, J. (1989). Numerical study of convection observed during the Win-ter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensionnal model. J. Atmos. Sci. 46: 3077-3107.
    • (1989) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.46 , pp. 3077-3107
    • Dudhia, J.1
  • 45
    • 0022213669 scopus 로고
    • Regional-scale diurnal variations of outgoing infrared radiation observed by METEOSAT
    • Duvel, J. P. And Kandel, R. S. (1985). Regional-scale diurnal variations of outgoing infrared radiation observed by METEOSAT. J. Climate Appl. Meteorol. 24: 335-349.
    • (1985) J. Climate Appl. Meteorol. , vol.24 , pp. 335-349
    • Duvel, J.P.1    Kandel, R.S.2
  • 46
    • 0001971584 scopus 로고
    • Slow thermally or frictionally controlled meridional cir-culation in acircular vortex
    • Elassien, A. (1951). Slow thermally or frictionally controlled meridional cir-culation in acircular vortex. Astrophys. Norv. 5: 19-60.
    • (1951) Astrophys. Norv. , vol.5 , pp. 19-60
    • Elassien, A.1
  • 47
    • 0028561678 scopus 로고
    • Throughfall in the terra firme forest of western Amazonia
    • Elsenbeer, H., Cassel, D. K. And Zuniga, L. (1994). Throughfall in the terra firme forest of western Amazonia. J. Hydrol.(NZ), 32(2): 30-44.
    • (1994) J. Hydrol.(NZ). , vol.32 , Issue.2 , pp. 30-44
    • Elsenbeer, H.1    Cassel, D.K.2    Zuniga, L.3
  • 48
  • 49
    • 0003578015 scopus 로고
    • 2nd Edition, Social Science Research Council. Heinemann, London, 136pp
    • Everitt, B. (1980). Cluster analysis. 2nd Edition, Social Science Research Council. Heinemann, London, 136pp.
    • (1980) Cluster analysis
    • Everitt, B.1
  • 50
    • 0001338429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satellites Techniques Yield Insight into Devastating Rainfall from Hurricane Mitch EOS, Trans
    • 80, No 43: 505, 512-514
    • Ferraro, R., Vicente, G., Ba, M., Gruber, A., Scofield, R., Li, Q. And Weldon, R. (1999). Satellites Techniques Yield Insight into Devastating Rainfall from Hurricane Mitch. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophy. Un. 80, No 43: 505, 512-514.
    • (1999) Am. Geophy. Un
    • Ferraro, R.1    Vicente, G.2    Ba, M.3    Gruber, A.4    Scofield, R.5    Li, Q.6    Weldon, R.7
  • 51
    • 0000236001 scopus 로고
    • Atlantic tropical systems of 1969
    • Frank, N. L. (1970). Atlantic tropical systems of 1969. Mon. Weath. Rev. 98: 307-314.
    • (1970) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.98 , pp. 307-314
    • Frank, N.L.1
  • 52
    • 0001098991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Diurnal March of Convective Cloudiness over the Americas
    • Garreaud, R. D. And Wallace, J. M. (1997). The Diurnal March of Convective Cloudiness over the Americas. Mon. Weath. Rev. 125: 3157-3171.
    • (1997) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.125 , pp. 3157-3171
    • Garreaud, R.D.1    Wallace, J.M.2
  • 53
    • 0032455193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summertime Incursions of Mid-latitude Air into Subtropical and Tropical South America
    • Garreaud, R. D. And Wallace, J. M. (1998). Summertime Incursions of Mid-latitude Air into Subtropical and Tropical South America. Mon. Weath. Rev., 126: 2713-2733.
    • (1998) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.126 , pp. 2713-2733
    • Garreaud, R.D.1    Wallace, J.M.2
  • 56
    • 0343842581 scopus 로고
    • Yes, precipitation forecasts have improved
    • Glahn, H. R. (1985). Yes, precipitation forecasts have improved. Bull. Am. Met. Soc., 66: 820-830.
    • (1985) Bull. Am. Met. Soc. , vol.66 , pp. 820-830
    • Glahn, H.R.1
  • 57
    • 0029863795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sources of moisture for rainfall in west Africa, Wat
    • Gong, C. And Eltahir, E.: (1996). Sources of moisture for rainfall in west Africa, Wat. Resour. Res., 32: 3115-3121.
    • (1996) Resour. Res. , vol.32 , pp. 3115-3121
    • Gong, C.1    Eltahir, E.2
  • 58
    • 0001562342 scopus 로고
    • Diurnal variation of deep cumulus convection
    • Gray, W. And Jacobson, R. W. (1977). Diurnal variation of deep cumulus convection. Mon. Weath. Rev. 105: 1171-1188.
    • (1977) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.105 , pp. 1171-1188
    • Gray, W.1    Jacobson, R.W.2
  • 59
    • 0028175577 scopus 로고
    • Pre-dicting Atlantic basin seasonal tropical cyclone activity by June 1
    • Gray, W. M., Landsea, C. W., Mielke, Jr. P. W. And Berry, K. J. (1994). Pre-dicting Atlantic basin seasonal tropical cyclone activity by June 1. Weath. Forecasting 9: 103-115.
    • (1994) Weath. Forecasting , vol.9 , pp. 103-115
    • Gray, W.M.1    Landsea, C.W.2    Mielke, P.W.3    Berry, K.J.4
  • 61
    • 0003211355 scopus 로고
    • World Survey of Climatology, Elsevier, Amsterdam
    • Griffiths, J. F. (1972). Climates of Africa, World Survey of Climatology 10, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 604 pp.
    • (1972) Climates of Africa , vol.10 , pp. 604
    • Griffiths, J.F.1
  • 62
    • 0031747304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two-day disturbances in the equatorial western Pacific
    • Haertel, P. T. And Johnson, R. H. (1998). Two-day disturbances in the equatorial western Pacific. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 124: 615-636.
    • (1998) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.124 , pp. 615-636
    • Haertel, P.T.1    Johnson, R.H.2
  • 63
    • 0021557858 scopus 로고
    • Hydrology in tropical Australia and Papua New Guinea
    • Hall, A. J. (1984). Hydrology in tropical Australia and Papua New Guinea. Hydrol. Sci. J. 29: 399-423.
    • (1984) Hydrol. Sci. J. , vol.29 , pp. 399-423
    • Hall, A.J.1
  • 64
    • 85042853811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rainfall characteristics of hurricane Mitch
    • Hellin, J., Haight, M. And Marks, F. (1999). Rainfall characteristics of hurricane Mitch. Nature, 399: 316.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.399 , pp. 316
    • Hellin, J.1    Haight, M.2    Marks, F.3
  • 65
    • 0026286951 scopus 로고
    • Tropopause undulations and the development of extratropical cyclones Part I: Overview and observations from a cyclone event
    • Hirschberg, P. A., and Fritsch, J. M. (1991a). Tropopause undulations and the development of extratropical cyclones. Part I: Overview and observations from a cyclone event. Mon. Weath. Rev. 119: 496-517.
    • (1991) Mon. Weath. Rev , vol.119 , pp. 496-517
    • Hirschberg, P.A.1    Fritsch, J.M.2
  • 66
    • 0026313117 scopus 로고
    • Tropopause undulations and the development of extratropical cyclones Part II: Diagnostic analysis and conceptual modal
    • Hirschberg, P. A., and Fritsch, J. M. (1991b). Tropopause undulations and the development of extratropical cyclones. Part II: Diagnostic analysis and conceptual modal. Mon. Weath. Rev. 119: 518-550.
    • (1991) Mon. Weath. Rev , vol.119 , pp. 518-550
    • Hirschberg, P.A.1    Fritsch, J.M.2
  • 67
    • 0027384039 scopus 로고
    • A study of the development of extratropical cyclones with an ana-lytic model Part I: The effects of stratospheric structure
    • Hirschberg, P. A., and Fritsch, J. M. (1993a). A study of the development of extratropical cyclones with an ana-lytic model. Part I: The effects of stratospheric structure. J. Atmos. Sci. 50: 311-307.
    • (1993) J. Atmos. Sci , vol.50 , pp. 311-407
    • Hirschberg, P.A.1    Fritsch, J.M.2
  • 68
    • 0027882959 scopus 로고
    • On understanding height tendency
    • Hirschberg, P. A., and Fritsch, J. M. (1993b). On understanding height tendency. Mon. Weath. Rev. 121: 2646-2661.
    • (1993) Mon. Weath. Rev , vol.121 , pp. 2646-2661
    • Hirschberg, P.A.1    Fritsch, J.M.2
  • 69
    • 0028669002 scopus 로고
    • A study of the development of extratropical cyclones with an ana-lytic model Part II: Sensitivity to tropospheric structure and analysis of height tendency dynamics
    • Hirschberg, P. A., and Fritsch, J. M. (1994). A study of the development of extratropical cyclones with an ana-lytic model. Part II: Sensitivity to tropospheric structure and analysis of height tendency dynamics. Mon. Weath. Rev. 122: 2312-2330.
    • (1994) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.122 , pp. 2312-2330
    • Hirschberg, P.A.1    Fritsch, J.M.2
  • 70
    • 0347689322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil water storage and groundwater behaviour in a catenary sequence beneath forest in central Amazonia: I Comparisons between plateau, slope and valley floor, Hydrol
    • Hodnett, M. G., Vendrame, I., De O. Marques Filho, A., Oyama, M. D. And Tomasella, J., (1997). Soil water storage and groundwater behaviour in a catenary sequence beneath forest in central Amazonia: I Comparisons between plateau, slope and valley floor, Hydrol. Earth Sys. Sc., 1(2), 265-277.
    • (1997) Earth Sys. Sc. , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 265-277
    • Hodnett, M.G.1    Vendrame, I.2    De, O.3    Marques Filho, A.4    Oyama, M.D.5    Tomasella, J.6
  • 71
    • 0021551984 scopus 로고
    • On the dynamics of tropical cyclone structure change
    • Holland, G. J. And Merrill R. T. (1984). On the dynamics of tropical cyclone structure change. Q. J. R. Met. Soc., 110: 723-745.
    • (1984) Q. J. R. Met. Soc. , vol.110 , pp. 723-745
    • Holland, G.J.1    Merrill, R.T.2
  • 74
    • 0022167076 scopus 로고
    • On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps
    • Hoskins, B. L., McIntyre, M. E., and Robertson, A. W. (1985). On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 111: 877-946.
    • (1985) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.111 , pp. 877-946
    • Hoskins, B.L.1    Mc Intyre, M.E.2    Robertson, A.W.3
  • 76
    • 0024849936 scopus 로고
    • Observed structure of mesoscale covective systems and implications for large-scale heating
    • Houze, R. A. (1989). Observed structure of mesoscale covective systems and implications for large-scale heating. Q. J. R. Met. Soc. 115: 425-461.
    • (1989) Q. J. R. Met. Soc. , vol.115 , pp. 425-461
    • Houze, R.A.1
  • 77
    • 0021639735 scopus 로고
    • Air motions and precipitation structure of an early summer squall line over the eastern tropical Atlantic
    • Houze, R. A. And Rappaport, E. N. (1984). Air motions and precipitation structure of an early summer squall line over the eastern tropical Atlantic. J. Atmos. Sci. 41: 553-574.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 553-574
    • Houze, R.A.1    Rappaport, E.N.2
  • 78
    • 0022856357 scopus 로고
    • Relationships between raindays, mean daily intensity and monthly rainfall in the tropics
    • Jackson, I. J. (1986). Relationships between raindays, mean daily intensity and monthly rainfall in the tropics. J. Climatol. 6: 117-134.
    • (1986) J. Climatol. , vol.6 , pp. 117-134
    • Jackson, I.J.1
  • 79
    • 0024258668 scopus 로고
    • Daily rainfall over Northern Australia: Deviations from the world pattern
    • Jackson, I. J. (1988). Daily rainfall over Northern Australia: Deviations from the world pattern. J. Climatol. 8: 463-476.
    • (1988) J. Climatol. , vol.8 , pp. 463-476
    • Jackson, I.J.1
  • 81
    • 0028333331 scopus 로고
    • Towards a classification of tropical rainfall stations
    • Jackson, I. J. And Weinand, H. (1994). Towards a classification of tropical rainfall stations. Int. J. Climatol. 14: 263-286.
    • (1994) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.14 , pp. 263-286
    • Jackson, I.J.1    Weinand, H.2
  • 82
    • 0029477301 scopus 로고
    • Classification of tropical rainfall sta-tions: A comparison of clustering techniques
    • Jackson, I. J. And Weinand, H. (1995). Classification of tropical rainfall sta-tions: A comparison of clustering techniques. Int. J. Climatol. 15: 985-994.
    • (1995) Int. J. Climatol , vol.15 , pp. 985-994
    • Jackson, I.J.1    Weinand, H.2
  • 83
    • 0028563183 scopus 로고
    • An examination of the diurnal cycle in oceanic tropical rainfall using satellite and in situ data
    • Janowiak, J. E., Arkin, P. A. And Morrissey, M. (1994). An examination of the diurnal cycle in oceanic tropical rainfall using satellite and in situ data. Mon. Weath. Rev. 122: 2296-2311.
    • (1994) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.122 , pp. 2296-2311
    • Janowiak, J.E.1    Arkin, P.A.2    Morrissey, M.3
  • 84
    • 0031153950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heavy rain events over the south-facing slopes of Hawaii: Attendant conditions
    • Kodama, K. And Barnes, G. M. (1997). Heavy rain events over the south-facing slopes of Hawaii: Attendant conditions. Weath. Forecasting, 12: 347-367.
    • (1997) Weath. Forecasting. , vol.12 , pp. 347-367
    • Kodama, K.1    Barnes, G.M.2
  • 85
    • 0027871621 scopus 로고
    • Mesoscale convective complexes in Africa
    • 1993
    • Laing, A. G. And Fritsch J. M. (1993). Mesoscale convective complexes in Africa, Mon. Weath. Rev., 121: 2254-2263, 1993.
    • (1993) Mon. Weath. Rev , vol.121 , pp. 2254-2263
    • Laing, A.G.1    Fritsch, J.M.2
  • 86
    • 84977738481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal forecasting of Atlantic hurricane activity
    • Landsea, C. W., Gray, W. M., Mielke, Jr. P. W. And Berry, K. J. (1998). Seasonal forecasting of Atlantic hurricane activity. Weather 49: 273-283.
    • (1998) Weather , vol.49 , pp. 273-283
    • Landsea, C.W.1    Gray, W.M.2    Mielke, P.W.3    Berry, K.J.4
  • 87
    • 0020862053 scopus 로고
    • Short-term planetary scale interactions over the tropics and mid latitudes Part II: Winter MONEX periods
    • Lau, N.-P., Chang, C.-P. And Chan, P. H. (1983). Short-term planetary scale interactions over the tropics and mid latitudes. Part II: Winter MONEX periods. Mon. Weath. Rev., 111: 1372-1388.
    • (1983) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.111 , pp. 1372-1388
    • Lau, N.-P.1    Chang, C.-P.2    Chan, P.H.3
  • 88
    • 0000702028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the sensitivity of a GCM simulation of Amazonian deforestation to the specification of vegetation and soil characteristics
    • Lean, J. And Rowntree, P. R. (1997). Understanding the sensitivity of a GCM simulation of Amazonian deforestation to the specification of vegetation and soil characteristics. J. Climate, 10: 1216-1235.
    • (1997) J. Climate. , vol.10 , pp. 1216-1235
    • Lean, J.1    Rowntree, P.R.2
  • 89
    • 0002014822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The simulated impact of Amazonian deforestation on climate using measured ABRACOS vegetation characteristics
    • Gash, J. H. C., Nobre, C. A., Roberts, J. M. And Victoria, R. L., eds., Wiley, Chichester
    • Lean, J., Bunton, C. B., Nobre, C. A. And Rowntree, P. R.: (1996). The simulated impact of Amazonian deforestation on climate using measured ABRACOS vegetation characteristics. In: Amazonian Deforestation and Climate, Gash, J. H. C., Nobre, C. A., Roberts, J. M. and Victoria, R. L., eds., Wiley, Chichester, pp. 549-576.
    • (1996) In: Amazonian Deforestation and Climate , pp. 549-576
    • Lean, J.1    Bunton, C.B.2    Nobre, C.A.3    Rowntree, P.R.4
  • 90
    • 0030615682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rainfall monitoring dur-ing HAPEX-Sahel 1. General conditions and climatology
    • Lebel, T., Taupin, J. D. And D'Amato, N. (1997). Rainfall monitoring dur-ing HAPEX-Sahel. 1. General conditions and climatology. J. Hydrol. 188-189: 74-96.
    • (1997) J. Hydrol , vol.188-189 , pp. 74-96
    • Lebel, T.1    Taupin, J.D.2    D'amato, N.3
  • 91
    • 0031863836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A space-time rainfall disaggre-gation model adapted to Sahelian mesoscale convective complexes
    • Lebel, T., Braud, I. And Creutin, J.-D. (1998). A space-time rainfall disaggre-gation model adapted to Sahelian mesoscale convective complexes. Wat. Resour. Res. 34: 1711-1726.
    • (1998) Wat. Resour. Res. , vol.34 , pp. 1711-1726
    • Lebel, T.1    Braud, I.2    Creutin, J.-D.3
  • 92
    • 0032722554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summertime Precipitation Variability over South America: Role of the Large-Scale Circulation
    • Lenters, J. D. And Cook, K. H. (1999). Summertime Precipitation Variability over South America: Role of the Large-Scale Circulation. Mon. Weath. Rev. 127: 409-431.
    • (1999) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.127 , pp. 409-431
    • Lenters, J.D.1    Cook, K.H.2
  • 93
    • 0000953240 scopus 로고
    • The interaction of trade wind and sea breeze, Hawaii
    • Leopold, L. B. (1949). The interaction of trade wind and sea breeze, Hawaii. J. Meteorol., 6: 312-320.
    • (1949) J. Meteorol. , vol.6 , pp. 312-320
    • Leopold, L.B.1
  • 94
    • 0021557620 scopus 로고
    • The Southern Oscillation and El Nino
    • Lockwood, J. G. (1984). The Southern Oscillation and El Nino. Progress in Physical Geography 8(1): 102-110.
    • (1984) Progress in Physical Geography , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 102-110
    • Lockwood, J.G.1
  • 95
    • 0020330335 scopus 로고
    • Empirical orthogonal function analysis of Hawaiian rain-fall
    • Lyons, S. W. (1982). Empirical orthogonal function analysis of Hawaiian rain-fall. J. Appl. Meteorol., 21: 1713-1729.
    • (1982) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.21 , pp. 1713-1729
    • Lyons, S.W.1
  • 96
    • 0027094544 scopus 로고
    • Daily, meso-scale rainfall in the tropical wet/dry climate of the Townsville area, North-East Queensland during the 1988-1989 wet season: Synoptic-scale airflow considerations
    • Lyons, W. F. And Bonell, M. (1992). Daily, meso-scale rainfall in the tropical wet/dry climate of the Townsville area, North-East Queensland during the 1988-1989 wet season: Synoptic-scale airflow considerations. Int. J. Climatol. 12: 655-684.
    • (1992) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.12 , pp. 655-684
    • Lyons, W.F.1    Bonell, M.2
  • 97
    • 0028192346 scopus 로고
    • Regionalization of daily mesoscale rain-fall in the tropical wet/dry climate of the Townsville area of North-East Queensland during the 1988-1989 wet season
    • Lyons, W. F. And Bonell, M. (1994). Regionalization of daily mesoscale rain-fall in the tropical wet/dry climate of the Townsville area of North-East Queensland during the 1988-1989 wet season. Int. J. Climatol. 14: 135-163.
    • (1994) Int. J. Climatol , vol.14 , pp. 135-163
    • Lyons, W.F.1    Bonell, M.2
  • 98
    • 0032418429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life cycle variations of mesoscale convective systems over the Americas
    • Machado, L. A. T., Rossow, W. B., Guedes, R. L. And Walker, A. W. (1998). Life cycle variations of mesoscale convective systems over the Americas. Mon. Weath. Rev. 126: 1631-1654.
    • (1998) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.126 , pp. 1631-1654
    • Machado, L.A.T.1    Rossow, W.B.2    Guedes, R.L.3    Walker, A.W.4
  • 99
    • 0019140471 scopus 로고
    • Mesoscale convective complexes
    • Maddox, R. A. (1980). Mesoscale convective complexes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 61: 1374-1387.
    • (1980) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.61 , pp. 1374-1387
    • Maddox, R.A.1
  • 101
    • 0027849791 scopus 로고
    • Cloud clusters and superclusters over the oceanic warm pool
    • Mapes, B. E. And Houze, Jr. R. A. (1993). Cloud clusters and superclusters over the oceanic warm pool. Mon. Weath. Rev. 121: 1398-1415.
    • (1993) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.121 , pp. 1398-1415
    • Mapes, B.E.1    Houze, R.A.2
  • 103
    • 0002239315 scopus 로고
    • Quasi-geostrophic motions in the equatorial area
    • Matsuno, T. (1966). Quasi-geostrophic motions in the equatorial area. J. Mete-orol. Soc. Japan 44: 25-42.
    • (1966) J. Mete-orol. Soc. Japan , vol.44 , pp. 25-42
    • Matsuno, T.1
  • 104
    • 0032717385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Tropical-Extratropical Interac-tion between High-Frequency Transients and the Madden-Julian Oscil-lation
    • Matthews, A. J. And Kiladis, G. N. (1999). The Tropical-Extratropical Interac-tion between High-Frequency Transients and the Madden-Julian Oscil-lation. Mon. Weath. Rev. 127: 661-677.
    • (1999) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.127 , pp. 661-677
    • Matthews, A.J.1    Kiladis, G.N.2
  • 106
    • 0020418908 scopus 로고
    • Climatology of tropical cyclone genesis in the Australian region
    • McBride, J. L. And Keenan, T. D., (1982). Climatology of tropical cyclone genesis in the Australian region. J. Climatol., 2: 13-33.
    • (1982) J. Climatol. , vol.2 , pp. 13-33
    • Mc Bride, J.L.1    Keenan, T.D.2
  • 107
    • 84928871684 scopus 로고
    • The formation and development of tropical cyclones during the 1955-56 summer in Australia
    • Bureau of Meteorology, Australia
    • McRae, J. N. (1956). The formation and development of tropical cyclones during the 1955-56 summer in Australia. Proceedings of the Tropical Cyclone Symposium Brisbane 1956, Bureau of Meteorology, Australia, 233-262.
    • (1956) Proceedings of the Tropical Cyclone Symposium Brisbane 1956 , pp. 233-262
    • Mc Rae, J.N.1
  • 108
    • 84928855100 scopus 로고
    • Easterly waves and perturbations, a reappraisal
    • Merritt, E. S. (1964). Easterly waves and perturbations, a reappraisal. J. Applied Met. 4: 367-382.
    • (1964) J. Applied Met. , vol.4 , pp. 367-382
    • Merritt, E.S.1
  • 109
    • 7044245952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential Vorticity, Easterly Waves, and Eastern Pacific Tropical Cyclo-genesis
    • Molinari, J., Knight, D., Dickinson, M., Vollaro, D. And Skubis, S. (1997). Potential Vorticity, Easterly Waves, and Eastern Pacific Tropical Cyclo-genesis. Mon. Weath. Rev. 125: 2699-2708.
    • (1997) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.125 , pp. 2699-2708
    • Molinari, J.1    Knight, D.2    Dickinson, M.3    Vollaro, D.4    Skubis, S.5
  • 110
    • 0034063381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origins and Mechanisms of Eastern Pacific Tropical Cyclogenesis: A Case Study
    • Molinari, J., Vollaro, D., Skubis, S and Dickinson, M. (2000). Origins and Mechanisms of Eastern Pacific Tropical Cyclogenesis: A Case Study. Mon. Weath. Rev., 128: 125-139.
    • (2000) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.128 , pp. 125-139
    • Molinari, J.1    Vollaro, D.2    Skubis, S.3    Dickinson, M.4
  • 112
    • 0038921286 scopus 로고
    • On the use of deep layer mean geopotential height fields in statistical prediction of tropical cyclone motion
    • 6th Conference on Probability and Statistics in Atmospheric Sciences, Boston
    • Neumann, C. J. (1979). On the use of deep layer mean geopotential height fields in statistical prediction of tropical cyclone motion. 6th Conference on Probability and Statistics in Atmospheric Sciences, Amer. Met. Society, Boston 32-38.
    • (1979) Amer. Met. Society , pp. 32-38
    • Neumann, C.J.1
  • 115
    • 0029538471 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of 33 years of quantitative precipitation forecasting at NMC
    • Olsen, D. A., Junker, N. W., and Korty, B. (1995). Evaluation of 33 years of quantitative precipitation forecasting at NMC. Weath. Forecasting, 10: 498-511.
    • (1995) Weath. Forecasting. , vol.10 , pp. 498-511
    • Olsen, D.A.1    Junker, N.W.2    Korty, B.3
  • 116
    • 0022169280 scopus 로고
    • The separate contributions of line squalls, thunder-storms and the monsoon to the total rainfall in Nigeria
    • Omotosho, J. B. (1985). The separate contributions of line squalls, thunder-storms and the monsoon to the total rainfall in Nigeria, J. Climatol., 5: 543-552.
    • (1985) J Climatol. , vol.5 , pp. 543-552
    • Omotosho, J.B.1
  • 117
    • 0001640663 scopus 로고
    • A relatipnal subdivision of scales for atmosphere processes
    • Orlanski, I. (1975). A relatipnal subdivision of scales for atmosphere processes. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 56: 527-530.
    • (1975) Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. , vol.56 , pp. 527-530
    • Orlanski, I.1
  • 118
    • 0003006596 scopus 로고
    • On the formation and structure of tropical cyclones
    • Palmen. E. (1948). On the formation and structure of tropical cyclones. Geophysics, 3, 26-38.
    • (1948) Geophysics. , vol.3 , pp. 26-38
    • Palmen, E.1
  • 119
    • 0031852321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems: Influence on weather and climate
    • Pielke, R. A., Avissar, R., Raupach, M., Dolman, A. J., Zeng, X. And Den-ning, A. S. (1998). Interactions between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems: Influence on weather and climate. Global Change Biology 4: 461-475.
    • (1998) Global Change Biology , vol.4 , pp. 461-475
    • Pielke, R.A.1    Avissar, R.2    Raupach, M.3    Dolman, A.J.4    Zeng, X.5    Denning, A.S.6
  • 121
    • 84924178260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study of the rainfall intensity pattern in western Ghats, Karnataka
    • Proc. Work-shop on Watershed Development in Western Ghats Region of India, 28-29 February 2000, Varadan, K. M. (Ed.), Kozhikode-673 571, Kerala
    • Putty, M. R., Prasad, V. S. R. K. And Ramaswamy, R., (2000). A study of the rainfall intensity pattern in western Ghats, Karnataka. In: Proc. Work-shop on Watershed Development in Western Ghats Region of India, 28-29 February 2000, Varadan, K. M. (Ed.), Centre for Water Resources Devel-opment and Management, Kozhikode-673 571, Kerala.: Pp 44-51.
    • (2000) Centre for Water Resources Devel-opment and Management , pp. 44-51
    • Putty, M.R.1    Prasad, V.S.R.K.2    Ramaswamy, R.3
  • 122
    • 0033383928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The low-level structure of African easterly waves in 1995
    • Pytharoulis, I. And Thorncroft, C. D, (1999). The low-level structure of African easterly waves in 1995. Mon. Weath. Rev. 127: 2266-2280.
    • (1999) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.127 , pp. 2266-2280
    • Pytharoulis, I.1    Thorncroft, C.D.2
  • 123
    • 0000479263 scopus 로고
    • Role of a ‘Maritime Continent’ in the atmospheric circulation
    • Ramage, C. S., (1968). Role of a ‘Maritime Continent’ in the atmospheric circulation. Mon. Weath. Rev. 96: 365-370.
    • (1968) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.96 , pp. 365-370
    • Ramage, C.S.1
  • 124
    • 0033390610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trade wind rainfall atop Mount Waialeale, Kauai
    • Ramage, C. S., and Schroeder, T. A. (1999). Trade wind rainfall atop Mount Waialeale, Kauai. Mon. Weath. Rev. 127: 2217-2226.
    • (1999) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.127 , pp. 2217-2226
    • Ramage, C.S.1    Schroeder, T.A.2
  • 125
    • 0024816019 scopus 로고
    • On the dynam-ics of Hawaiian cloud bands: Comparison of model results with observa-tions and island climatology
    • Rasmussen, R. M., Smolarkiewicz, P. K., and Warner, J. (1989). On the dynam-ics of Hawaiian cloud bands: Comparison of model results with observa-tions and island climatology. J. Atmos. Sci. 46: 1589-1608.
    • (1989) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.46 , pp. 1589-1608
    • Rasmussen, R.M.1    Smolarkiewicz, P.K.2    Warner, J.3
  • 126
    • 0028667307 scopus 로고
    • Convective processes and tropical atmospheric circu-lations Q. J. R
    • Raymond, D. J. (1994). Convective processes and tropical atmospheric circu-lations. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 120: 1431-1455.
    • (1994) Meteorol. Soc. , vol.120 , pp. 1431-1455
    • Raymond, D.J.1
  • 127
    • 0028973684 scopus 로고
    • Rotating convective disturbances in the trades Q. J. R
    • Raymond, D. J. And Lewis, S. A. (1995). Rotating convective disturbances in the trades. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 121: 271-299.
    • (1995) Meteorol. Soc. , vol.121 , pp. 271-299
    • Raymond, D.J.1    Lewis, S.A.2
  • 128
    • 0001741567 scopus 로고
    • Structure and properties of synoptic wave disturbance in the equatorial western Pacific
    • Reed, R. J. And Recker, E. E. (1971). Structure and properties of synoptic wave disturbance in the equatorial western Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci. 28: 1117-1133.
    • (1971) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.28 , pp. 1117-1133
    • Reed, R.J.1    Recker, E.E.2
  • 129
    • 0024193556 scopus 로고
    • An evalu-ation of the performance of the ECMWF forecasting operational system in analyzing and forecasting easterly wave disturbances over Africa and the tropical Atlantic
    • Reed, R. J., Hollingsworth, A., Heckley, W. And Delsol, F. (1988a). An evalu-ation of the performance of the ECMWF forecasting operational system in analyzing and forecasting easterly wave disturbances over Africa and the tropical Atlantic. Mon. Weath. Rev. 116: 824-865.
    • (1988) Mon. Weath. Rev , vol.116 , pp. 824-865
    • Reed, R.J.1    Hollingsworth, A.2    Heckley, W.3    Delsol, F.4
  • 130
    • 0024199241 scopus 로고
    • The structure and characteristics of African easterly wave disturbances as determined from the ECMWF operational analysis/forecast system
    • Reed, R. J., Klinker, E. And Hollingsworth, A. (1988b). The structure and characteristics of African easterly wave disturbances as determined from the ECMWF operational analysis/forecast system. Meteor. Atmos. Phys. 38: 22-33.
    • (1988) Meteor. Atmos. Phys , vol.38 , pp. 22-33
    • Reed, R.J.1    Klinker, E.2    Hollingsworth, A.3
  • 132
    • 0033383390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-ScalePatterns Associated with Tropical Cyclogenesis in the Western Pacific
    • Ritchie, E. A. And Holland, G. H. (1999). Large-ScalePatterns Associated with Tropical Cyclogenesis in the Western Pacific. Mon. Weath. Rev. 127: 2027-2043.
    • (1999) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.127 , pp. 2027-2043
    • Ritchie, E.A.1    Holland, G.H.2
  • 133
    • 0031779873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The oceanic mesoscale convective system observed with airborne Doppler radars on 9 February 1993 during TOGA-COARE: Structure, evolution and budgets Q. J. R
    • Roux, F. (1998). The oceanic mesoscale convective system observed with airborne Doppler radars on 9 February 1993 during TOGA-COARE: Structure, evolution and budgets. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 124: 585-614.
    • (1998) Meteorol. Soc. , vol.124 , pp. 585-614
    • Roux, F.1
  • 136
    • 0000716380 scopus 로고
    • The monsoon circulation and cloudiness over the GATE area
    • Sadler, J. C. (1975b). The monsoon circulation and cloudiness over the GATE area. Mon. Weath. Rev. 104: 369-387.
    • (1975) Mon. Weath. Rev , vol.104 , pp. 369-387
    • Sadler, J.C.1
  • 137
    • 0001629736 scopus 로고
    • Mid-season typhoon development and intensity changes and the Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough
    • Sadler, J. C. (1978). Mid-season typhoon development and intensity changes and the Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough. Mon. Weath. Rev. 106: 1137-1152.
    • (1978) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.106 , pp. 1137-1152
    • Sadler, J.C.1
  • 139
    • 0035270052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical Simulation of the Diurnal Evolution of Tropical Island Convection over the Maritime Continent
    • Saito, K., Keenan, T., Holland, G. And Puri, K. (2001). Numerical Simulation of the Diurnal Evolution of Tropical Island Convection over the Maritime Continent. Mon. Weath. Rev. 129: 378-400.
    • (2001) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.129 , pp. 378-400
    • Saito, K.1    Keenan, T.2    Holland, G.3    Puri, K.4
  • 140
    • 0018689150 scopus 로고
    • Recycling of Water in the Amazon Basin: An Isotope Study
    • Salati, E., Dallo'Olio, A., Marsui, E. And Gat, J. R. (1979). Recycling of Water in the Amazon Basin: An Isotope Study. Wat. Resour. Res. 15: 1250-1258.
    • (1979) Wat. Resour. Res , vol.15 , pp. 1250-1258
    • Salati, E.1    Dallo'olio, A.2    Marsui, E.3    Gat, J.R.4
  • 141
    • 0022825308 scopus 로고
    • The three-dimensionnal structure of synoptic-scale disturbances over the tropical Atlantic
    • Shapiro, L. J. (1986). The three-dimensionnal structure of synoptic-scale disturbances over the tropical Atlantic. Mon. Weath. Rev. 114: 1876-1891.
    • (1986) Mon. Weath. Rev , vol.114 , pp. 1876-1891
    • Shapiro, L.J.1
  • 142
    • 84928871687 scopus 로고
    • Rappor-teur Reports of the Fourth WMO International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones (IWTC-IV), Haikou, China
    • Shay, L. K. (1988). Ocean Processes excited by tropical cyclones. Rappor-teur Reports of the Fourth WMO International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones (IWTC-IV), Haikou, China.
    • (1988) Ocean Processes excited by tropical cyclones
    • Shay, L.K.1
  • 143
    • 0033044066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diurnal variations of rainfall over Niger in the West African Sahel: A comparison between wet and drought Years
    • Shinoda, M., Okatani, T. And Saloum, M. (1999). Diurnal variations of rainfall over Niger in the West African Sahel: A comparison between wet and drought Years. Int. J. Climatol. 19: 81-94.
    • (1999) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.19 , pp. 81-94
    • Shinoda, M.1    Okatani, T.2    Saloum, M.3
  • 144
    • 0024247988 scopus 로고
    • On the dynamics of Hawaiian cloud bands: Island forcing
    • Smolarkiewicz, P. K., Rasmussen, R. M., and Clark, T. L. (1988). On the dynamics of Hawaiian cloud bands: Island forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 45: 1872-1905.
    • (1988) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.45 , pp. 1872-1905
    • Smolarkiewicz, P.K.1    Rasmussen, R.M.2    Clark, T.L.3
  • 146
    • 0022841482 scopus 로고
    • Circulation and daily rainfall in the north Queensland wet season 1979-1982
    • Sumner, G. N. And Bonell, M. (1986). Circulation and daily rainfall in the north Queensland wet season 1979-1982. J. Climatol. 6: 531-549.
    • (1986) J. Climatol , vol.6 , pp. 531-549
    • Sumner, G.N.1    Bonell, M.2
  • 147
    • 0024254467 scopus 로고
    • Variation in the spatial organisation of daily rainfall during the north Queensland wet season, 1979-82
    • Sumner, G. N. And Bonell, M. (1988). Variation in the spatial organisation of daily rainfall during the north Queensland wet season, 1979-82. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 39: 59-72.
    • (1988) Theor. Appl. Climatol. , vol.39 , pp. 59-72
    • Sumner, G.N.1    Bonell, M.2
  • 148
    • 3643146681 scopus 로고
    • Wind shear effects on water accumulation and rain duration in Hawaiian warm clouds
    • Takehashi, T. (1986). Wind shear effects on water accumulation and rain duration in Hawaiian warm clouds. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 64: 575-584.
    • (1986) J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan. , vol.64 , pp. 575-584
    • Takehashi, T.1
  • 149
    • 0030422799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of cloud-radiation interaction in the tropical lati-tudes
    • Tao, W.-K., Lang, S., Simpson, J., Sui, C.-H., Ferrier, B. And Chou, M.-D. (1996). Mechanisms of cloud-radiation interaction in the tropical lati-tudes. J. Atmos. Sci. 53: 2624-2651.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 2624-2651
    • Tao, W.-K.1    Lang, S.2    Simpson, J.3    Sui, C.-H.4    Ferrier, B.5    Chou, M.-D.6
  • 150
    • 0000775293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observational Evidence of Persis-tent Convective-Scale Rainfall Patterns
    • Taylor, C. M. And Lebel, T. (1998). Observational Evidence of Persis-tent Convective-Scale Rainfall Patterns. Mon. Weath. Rev. 126: 1597-1607.
    • (1998) Mon. Weath. Rev , vol.126 , pp. 1597-1607
    • Taylor, C.M.1    Lebel, T.2
  • 151
    • 0001674685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between the Land Surface and Mesoscale Rainfall Variability during HAPEX-Sahel
    • Taylor, C. M., Said, F. And Lebel, T. (1997). Interactions between the Land Surface and Mesoscale Rainfall Variability during HAPEX-Sahel. Mon. Weath. Rev. 125: 2211-2227.
    • (1997) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.125 , pp. 2211-2227
    • Taylor, C.M.1    Said, F.2    Lebel, T.3
  • 153
    • 0026358235 scopus 로고
    • International workshop on precipitation measurement IV: EPSAT-NIGER-Study of rainfall over the Sahel at small time steps using a dense network of recording raingauges
    • Thauvin, V. And Lebel, T. (1991). International workshop on precipitation measurement IV: EPSAT-NIGER-Study of rainfall over the Sahel at small time steps using a dense network of recording raingauges. Hydrol. Proc. 5: 251-260.
    • (1991) Hydrol. Proc. , vol.5 , pp. 251-260
    • Thauvin, V.1    Lebel, T.2
  • 154
    • 0029515364 scopus 로고
    • An idealized study of African easterly waves III: More realistic basic states. Q. J. R
    • Thorncroft, C. D. (1995). An idealized study of African easterly waves. III: More realistic basic states. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 121: 1589-1614.
    • (1995) Meteorol. Soc , vol.121 , pp. 1589-1614
    • Thorncroft, C.D.1
  • 155
    • 0028594682 scopus 로고
    • An idealized study of African easterly waves. I: A linear view. Q. J. R
    • Thorncroft, C. D. And Hoskins, B. J. (1994a) An idealized study of African easterly waves. I: A linear view. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 120: 953-982.
    • (1994) Meteorol. Soc , vol.120 , pp. 953-982
    • Thorncroft, C.D.1    Hoskins, B.J.2
  • 156
    • 0028582470 scopus 로고
    • An idealized study of African easterly waves II: A nonlinear view
    • Thorncroft, C. D. And Hoskins, B. J. (1994b). An idealized study of African easterly waves. II: A nonlinear view. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 120: 983-1015.
    • (1994) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc , vol.120 , pp. 983-1015
    • Thorncroft, C.D.1    Hoskins, B.J.2
  • 157
    • 0032468741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interannual Variability of African Wave Activity in a General Circulation Model
    • Thorncroft, C. D. And Rowell, D. P. (1998). Interannual Variability of African Wave Activity in a General Circulation Model. Int. J. Climatol. 18: 1305-1323.
    • (1998) Int. J. Climatol , vol.18 , pp. 1305-1323
    • Thorncroft, C.D.1    Rowell, D.P.2
  • 158
    • 0035869797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African Easterly Wave Variability and Its Realtionship to Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity
    • Thorncroft, C. D. And Hodges, K. (2001). African Easterly Wave Variability and Its Realtionship to Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity. J. Clim., 14: 1166-1179.
    • (2001) J. Clim. , vol.14 , pp. 1166-1179
    • Thorncroft, C.D.1    Hodges, K.2
  • 159
    • 0032824373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric Moisture Recycling: Role of Advection and Local Evaporation
    • Trenberth, K. E. (1999). Atmospheric Moisture Recycling: Role of Advection and Local Evaporation. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 12: 1368-1381.
    • (1999) Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.12 , pp. 1368-1381
    • Trenberth, K.E.1
  • 160
    • 84944178665 scopus 로고
    • Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function
    • Ward, J. H. (1963). Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Am. Sci. Assoc. J. 58: 236-244.
    • (1963) Am. Sci. Assoc. J. , vol.58 , pp. 236-244
    • Ward, J.H.1
  • 161
    • 0027098515 scopus 로고
    • TOGA COARE: The coupled ocean-atmosphere response experiment
    • Webster, P. J. And Lukas, R. (1992). TOGA COARE: The coupled ocean-atmosphere response experiment. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 73: 1377-1416.
    • (1992) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc , vol.73 , pp. 1377-1416
    • Webster, P.J.1    Lukas, R.2
  • 162
    • 0019144568 scopus 로고
    • Tropical upper-tropospheric extended clouds: Inferences from Winter MONEX
    • Webster, P. J. And Stephens, G. L. (1980). Tropical upper-tropospheric extended clouds: Inferences from Winter MONEX. J. Atmos. Sci. 37: 1521-1541.
    • (1980) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.37 , pp. 1521-1541
    • Webster, P.J.1    Stephens, G.L.2
  • 164
    • 0000017391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Upper-Level features associated with winter monsoon surges over South China
    • Wu, M. C., and Chan, J. C. L. (1997). Upper-Level features associated with winter monsoon surges over South China. Mon. Weath. Rev. 125: 317-340.
    • (1997) Mon. Weath. Rev , vol.125 , pp. 317-340
    • Wu, M.C.1    Chan, J.C.L.2
  • 165
    • 0001828006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The natural variability of precipitating clouds over the western pacific warm pool Q. J. R
    • Yuter, S. E. And Houze, Jr., R. A. (1998). The natural variability of precipitating clouds over the western pacific warm pool. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 124: 53-99.
    • (1998) Meteorol. Soc. , vol.124 , pp. 53-99
    • Yuter, S.E.1    Houze, R.A.2
  • 166
    • 0032453675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of vegetation in the dynamics of west African monsoons
    • Zheng, X. And Eltahir, E. A. B. (1998). The role of vegetation in the dynamics of west African monsoons. J. Climate 11: 2078-2096.
    • (1998) J. Climate , vol.11 , pp. 2078-2096
    • Zheng, X.1    Eltahir, E.A.B.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.