Interannual variability of African wave activity in a general circulation model

International Journal of Climatology

Volumn 18, Issue 12, 1998, Pages 1305-1323

  Thorncroft, C D ^a   Rowell, D P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

African wave activity; General circulation model; Interannual variability

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC WAVE; GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; SEASONALITY; TEMPORAL VARIATION; TROPICAL METEOROLOGY;

AFRICA;

EID: 0032468741     PISSN: 08998418     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(1998100)18:12<1305::AID-JOC281>3.0.CO;2-N     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Albignat, J.P. and Reed, R.J. 1980. 'The origin of African wave disturbances during phase III of GATE', Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1827-1839.
2. Avila, L.A. and Pasch, R.J. 1992. 'Atlantic tropical systems of 1991', Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 2688-2696.
3. Burpee, R.W. 1972. 'The origin and structure of easterly waves in the lower troposphere of North Africa', J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 77-90.
4. Carlson, T.N. 1969. 'Some remarks on African disturbances and their progress over the tropical Atlantic', Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 716-726.
5. Druyan, L.M. and Hall, T.M. 1994. 'Studies of African wave disturbances with the GISS GCM', J. Clim., 7, 261-276.
6. Emanuel, K.A. 1989. 'The finite-amplitude nature of tropical cyclogenesis', J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3431-3456.
7. Goldenburg, S.B. and Shapiro, L.J. 1996. 'Physical mechanisms for the association of El Nino and West African rainfall with Atlantic major hurricane activity', J. Clim., 9, 1169-1187.
8. Gray, W.M. 1979. 'Hurricanes: their formation, structure and likely role in the tropical circulation', in Meteorology over the Tropical Oceans, pp. 155-215.
9. Gray, W.M., Landsea, C.W., Mielke, Jr. P.W. and Berry, K.J. 1994. 'Predicting Atlantic basin seasonal tropical cyclone activity by June 1', Wea. Forecasting, 9, 103-115.
10. Gregory, D. and Rowntree, P.R. 1990, 'A mass flux scheme with representation of cloud ensemble characteristics and stability-dependent closure', Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1483-1506.
11. Haynes, P.H. and McIntyre, M.E. 1987. 'On the evolution of vorticity and potential vorticity in the presence of diabatic heating and frictional or other forces', J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 828-841.
12. Hoskins, B.J., McIntyre, M.E. and Robertson, A.W. 1985. 'On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps', Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 111, 877-946.
13. Hulme, M. 1994. 'Validation of largescale precipitation fields in general circulation models', in Debois, M. and Desalmand, F. (eds), Global Precipitation and Climate Change, NATO ASI Series, Vol. 126, Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 387-405.
14. Janicot, S., Moron, V. and Fontaine, B. 1996. 'Sahel droughts and ENSO dynamics', Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 515-518.
15. Lamb, P.J. 1978. 'Large-scale tropical Atlantic surface circulation patterns associated with sub-Saharan weather anomalies', Tellus, 30, 240-251.
16. Landsea, C. and Gray, W.M. 1992. 'The strong association between western Sahel monsoon rainfall and intense Atlantic hurricanes', J. Climate, 5, 435-453.
17. Mapes, B.E. 1998. 'Equilibrium vs. activation controls on large-scale variations of tropical deep convection', in Smith, R.J. (ed.), The Physics and Parameterization of Moist Atmospheric Convection, NATO ASI Series, Vol. 505, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 321-358.
18. Molinari, J., Knight, D., Dickenson, M., Vollaro, D. and Skubis, S. 1997. 'Potential vorticity, easterly waves and eastern pacific cyclogenesis', Mon. Wea. Rev. (in press).
19. Mozer, J.B. and Zehnder, J.A. 1996. 'Lee vorticity production by large-scale tropical mountain ranges Part II: A mechanism for the production of African waves', J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 539-549.
20. Newell, R.E. and Kidson, J.W. 1984. 'African mean wind changes between Sahelian wet and dry periods', J. Climatol., 4, 27-33.
21. Nicholson, S.E. 1989. 'African drought: characteristics, causal theories and global teleconnections', Am. Geophys. Union, Geophys. Monogr. 52(IUGG 7), 79-100.
22. Nicholson, S.E. and Palao, I.M. 1993. 'A re-evaluation of rainfall variability in the Sahel. Part I. Characteristics of rainfall fluctuations', Int. J. Climatol., 13, 371-389.
23. Parker, D.E., Folland, C.K., Bevan, A., Ward, M.N., Jackson, M. and Maskell, K. 1995. 'Marine surface data for analyses of climatic fluctuations on interannual to century time scales', in Martinson, D.G., Bryan, K., Ghil, M. et al. (eds), Natural Climate Variability on Decade to Century Time Scales, National Academy Press, Washington, pp. 241-250.
24. Phillips, T.J. 1994. A Summary Documentation of the AMIP Models, PCMDI Report No. 18, University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California.
25. Reed, R.J., Norquist, D.C. and Recker, E.E. 1977. 'The structure and properties of African wave disturbances as observed during Phase III of GATE', Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 317-333.
26. Reed, R.J., Hollingsworth, A., Heckley, W.A., and Delsol, F. 1988. 'An evaluation of the performance of the ECMWF operational system in analyzing and forecasting easterly wave disturbances over Africa and the Tropical Atlantic', Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 825-865.
27. Rowell, D.P., Folland, C.K., Maskell, K., Owen, J.A. and Ward, M.N. 1992. 'Modelling the influence of global sea surface temperatures on the variability and predictability of seasonal Sahel rainfall', Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 905-908.
28. Rowell, D.P., Folland, C.K., Maskell, K. and Ward, M.N. 1995. 'Variability of summer rainfall over Tropical North Africa (1906-92): Observations and modelling', Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 121, 669-704.
29. Rowell, D.P. 1996. 'Reply to comments by Y.C. Sud and W.K.-M. Lau on "Variability of summer rainfall over tropical north Africa (1906-92): Observations and modelling" by Rowell, D.P., Folland, C.K., Maskell, K. and Ward, M.N. (April 4 1995, 121, 669-704). Further analysis of simulated interdecadal and interannual variability of summer rainfall over tropical north Africa', Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 122, 1007-1013.
30. Rowell, D.P. 1998. 'Assessing potential seasonal predictability with an ensemble of multi-decadel GCM simulations', J. Climate, 11, 109-120.
31. Schubert, W.H., Ciesielski, P.E., Stevens, D.E. and Kuo, H.-C. 1991. 'Potential vorticity modelling of the ITCZ and the Hadley circulation', J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1493-1509.
32. Sud, Y.C. and Lau, W.K.-M. 1996. 'Comments on "Variability of summer rainfall over tropical north Africa (1906-92): Observations and modelling" by Rowell, D.P., Folland, C.K., Maskell, K. and Ward, M.N. (April 4 1995, 121, 669-704)', Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 122, 1001-1006.
33. Thorncroft, C.D. and Hoskins, B.J. 1994. 'An idealized study of African easterly waves Part 1: A linear view', Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 120, 953-982.
34. Thorncroft, C.D. 1995. 'An idealized study of African easterly waves Part 3: More realistic basic states', Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 121, 1589-1614.
35. Walker, J. and Rowntree, P.R. 1977. 'The effect of soil moisture and rainfall in a tropical model', Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 103, 29-46.
36. Walraven, R. 1984. 'Digital filters', in Proceedings of the Digital Equipment Users Society, Anaheim, California, December 1984, unpublished document available from the Department of Applied Science, University of California, Davis, CA, pp. 23-30.
37. Xue, Y. and Shukla, J. 1993. 'The influence of land surface properties on Sahel climate. Part I: Desertification', J. Climate, 5, 2232-2245.