The acetylcholine index: An electroencephalographic marker of cholinergic activity in the living human brain applied to Alzheimer's disease and other dementias

Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders

Volumn 39, Issue 3-4, 2015, Pages 132-142

  Johannsson, Magnus ^a   Snaedal, Jon ^b   Johannesson, Gisli Holmar ^a   Gudmundsson, Thorkell Eli ^b   Johnsen, Kristinn ^a  

^a MentisCura Ehf   (Iceland)

^b LANDSPITALI UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Iceland)

Author keywords

Acetylcholine index; Alzheimer's disease; Cholinergic activity; Electroencephalography

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; SCOPOLAMINE; MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; SCOPOLAMINE BROMIDE;

ADULT; AGED; AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; BRAIN; CHOLINERGIC ACTIVITY; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMENTIA; DISEASE COURSE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; HUMAN; MIDDLE AGED; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; AUTOMATED PATTERN RECOGNITION; FEMALE; MALE; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY; VERY ELDERLY;

ACETYLCHOLINE; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BRAIN; DEMENTIA; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS; PATTERN RECOGNITION, AUTOMATED; SCOPOLAMINE HYDROBROMIDE;

EID: 84928089777     PISSN: 14208008     EISSN: 14219824     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000367889     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, et al: Global prevalence of dementia: A Delphi consensus study. Lancet 2005; 366: 2112-2117.
2. Goedert M, Spillantini MG: A century of Alzheimer's disease. Science 2006; 314: 777-781.
3. Reiman EM: Alzheimer's disease and other dementias: Advances in 2013. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13: 3-5.
4. Bartus RT, Dean RL, Beer B, Lippa AS: The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science 1982; 217: 408-414.
5. Bowen DM, Smith CB, White P, Davison AN: Neurotransmitter-related enzymes and indices of hypoxia in senile dementia and other abiotrophies. Brain J Neurol 1976; 99: 459-496.
6. Davies P, Maloney AJ: Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1976; 2: 1403.
7. Bartus RT: Evidence for a direct cholinergic involvement in the scopolamine-induced amnesia in monkeys: effects of concurrent administration of physostigmine and methylphenidate with scopolamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1978; 9: 833-836.
8. Drachman DA: Memory and cognitive function in man: does the cholinergic system have a specific role? Neurology 1977; 27: 783-790.
9. Drachman DA, Leavitt J: Human memory and the cholinergic system. A relationship to aging? Arch Neurol 1974; 30: 113-121.
10. Perry EK, Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, et al: Neurochemical activities in human temporal lobe related to aging and Alzheimer-type changes. Neurobiol Aging 1981; 2: 251-256.
11. Francis PT, Palmer AM, Sims NR, et al: Neurochemical studies of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Possible influence on treatment. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 7-11.
12. Terry AV, Buccafusco JJ: The cholinergic hypothesis of age and Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive deficits: recent challenges and their implications for novel drug development. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 306: 821-827.
13. Martorana A, Esposito Z, Koch G: Beyond the cholinergic hypothesis: do current drugs work in Alzheimer's disease? CNS Neurosci Ther 2010; 16: 235-245.
14. Birks J: Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;CD005593
15. Kaduszkiewicz H, Zimmermann T, Beck-Bornholdt HP, van den Bussche H: Cholinesterase inhibitors for patients with Alzheimer's disease: systematic review of randomised clinical trials. BMJ 2005; 331: 321-327.
16. Courtney C, Farrell D, Gray R, et al: Long-term donepezil treatment in 565 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD2000): randomised double-blind trial. Lancet 2004; 363: 2105-2115.
17. Connelly PJ, Prentice NP, Fowler KG: Predicting the outcome of cholinesterase inhibitor treatment in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76: 320-324.
18. Frölich L: The cholinergic pathology in Alzheimer's disease-discrepancies between clinical experience and pathophysiological findings. J Neural Transm 2002; 109: 1003-1013.
19. Davis KL, Mohs RC, Marin D, et al: Cholinergic markers in elderly patients with early signs of Alzheimer disease. JAMA 1999; 281: 1401-1406.
20. DeKosky ST, Ikonomovic MD; Styren SD, et al: Upregulation of choline acetyltransferase activity in hippocampus and frontal cortex of elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Ann Neurol 2002; 51: 145-155.
21. Gilmor ML, Erickson JD; Varogui H, et al: Preservation of nucleus basalis neurons containing choline acetyltransferase and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease. J Comp Neurol 1999; 411: 693-704.
22. Craig LA, Hong NS, McDonald RJ: Revisiting the cholinergic hypothesis in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35: 1397-1409.
23. Steckler T, Sahgal A: The role of serotonergic-cholinergic interactions in the mediation of cognitive behaviour. Behav Brain Res 1995; 67: 165-199.
24. Overshott R, Burns A: Cholinesterase inhibitors: in search of cholinergic deficits. Adv Psychiatr Treat 2005; 11: 321-324.
25. Arciniegas DB: The cholinergic hypothesis of cognitive impairment caused by traumatic brain injury. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2003; 5: 391-399.
26. Battaglia M: Beyond the usual suspects: A cholinergic route for panic attacks. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7: 239-246.
27. Dilsaver SC, Coffman JA: Cholinergic hypothesis of depression: A reappraisal. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989; 9: 173-179.
28. Hshieh TT, Fong TG, Marcantonio ER, Inouye SK: Cholinergic deficiency hypothesis in delirium: A synthesis of current evidence. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008; 63: 764-772.
29. Raedler TJ, Bymaster FP, Tandon R, Copolov D, Dean B: Towards a muscarinic hypothesis of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 12: 232-246.
30. Agnoli A, Martucci N, Manna V, Conti L, Fioravanti M: Effect of cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs on shortterm memory in Alzheimer's dementia: A neuropsychological and computerized electroencephalographic study. Clin Neuropharmacol 1983; 6: 311-323.
31. Jeong J: EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 115: 1490-1505.
32. Stewart DJ, Macfabe DF, Vanderwolf CH: Cholinergic activation of the electrocorticogram: role of the substantia innominata and effects of atropine and quinuclidinyl benzilate. Brain Res 1984; 322: 219-232.
33. Babiloni C, Frisoni GB, Vecchio F, et al: Global functional coupling of resting EEG rhythms is related to whitematter lesions along the cholinergic tracts in subjects with amnesic mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 19: 859-871.
34. Snaedal J, Johanesson GH, Gudmundsson TE, et al: The use of EEG in Alzheimer's disease, with and without scopolamine-a pilot study. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 121: 836-841.
35. Snaedal J, Johanesson GH, Gudmundsson TE, et al: Diagnostic accuracy of statistical pattern recognition of electroencephalogram registration in evaluation of cognitive impairment and dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2012; 34: 51-60.
36. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, et al: Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDSADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984; 34: 939-944.
37. Román GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T, et al: Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology 1993; 43: 250-260.
38. McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, et al: Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology 2005; 65: 1863-1872.
39. Aarsland D, Mosimann UP, McKeith IG: Role of cholinesterase inhibitors in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2004; 17: 164-171.
40. Contestabile A: The history of the cholinergic hypothesis. Behav Brain Res 2011; 221: 334-340.
41. Mesulam M: The cholinergic lesion of Alzheimer's disease: pivotal factor or side show? Learn Mem 2004; 11: 43-49.
42. Burk JA, Herzog CD, Porter MC, Sarter M: Interactions between aging and cortical cholinergic deafferentation on attention. Neurobiol Aging 2002; 23: 467-477.
43. Haroutunian V, Schnaider-Beeri M, Schmeidler J, et al: Role of the neuropathology of Alzheimer disease in dementia in the oldest-old. Arch Neurol 2008; 65: 1211-1217.