A cybernetic view of biological growth: The maia hypothesis

A Cybernetic View of Biological Growth: The Maia Hypothesis

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-442

  Stebbing, Tony ^a  

^a PLYMOUTH MARINE LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84927012422     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511933813     Document Type: Book

References (176)

1. Cannon, W.B. (1945). The Wisdom of the Body. New York: Hafner.
2. Langley, L.L. (ed.) (1973). Homeostasis: Origins of the Concept. Stroudsberg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
3. Waddington, C.H. (1977). Tools for Thought. St Albans, UK: Paladin [published posthumously].
4. Young, J.Z. (1957). The Life of Mammals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5. Marieb, E.N. (2001). Human Anatomy and Physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
6. Maxwell, J.C. (1868). On governors. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, 16, 270-283.
7. Medawar, P. (1941). The 'laws' of biological growth. Nature, 148, 772-774.
8. Huxley, T.H. (1894). On a piece of chalk. In Discourses: Biological and Geological. Collected Essays, Volume VIII. London: Macmillan, pp. 1-36.
9. Gamow, G. (1962). One, Two, Three … Infi nity: Facts and Speculations of Science. London: Macmillan.
10. Pasteur, L. (1873). Études sur le Vin, 2nd edn. Paris.
11. Baker, J.R. (1952). Abraham Trembley: Scientist and Philosopher 1710-1784. London: Arnold.
12. Stebbing, A.R.D. (1971). Growth of Flustra. Marine Biology, 9, 267-272.
13. Elton, C.S. (1963). The Ecology of Invasions. London: Methuen.
14. Vernadsky, V. (1986). The Biosphere. Oracle, AZ: Synergetic Press [fi rst published in Russian in 1926].
15. Smith, F.E. (1954). Quantitative aspects of population growth. In Dynamics of Growth Processes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 276-241.
16. Malthus, T.R. (1985). An Essay on the Principle of Population. London: Penguin Classics.
17. Darwin, F. (ed.) (1929). The Autobiography of Charles Darwin. London: Watts [originally published 1887].
18. Spencer, H. (1862). First Principles. London: Williams and Norgate.
19. Bernard, C. (1865). An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine. London: Macmillan.
20. Smith, A. (1986). The Wealth of Nations, Books I-III. London: Penguin Classics [originally published in 1776].
21. Cannon, W.B. (1965). The Way of an Investigator: A Scientist's Experiences in Medical Research. New York: Hafner [originally published in 1945].
22. Monod, J. (1972). Chance and Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology. London: Collins.
23. Zhang, D.Y., Turberfi eld, A.J., Yurke, B. and Winfree, E. (2007). Engineering entropy-driven reactions and networks catalyzed by DNA. Science, 318, 1121-1125.
24. Foerster, H. von (1953). Cybernetics: Circular, Causal and Feedback Mechanisms in Biological and Social Systems. New York: Josiah Macy Jr Foundation.
25. Foerster, H. von (1958). Basic concepts of homeostasis. Brookhaven Symposia in Biology, 10, 216-242.
26. Hayes, B. (2009). Everything is under control. American Scientist, 97 (3), 186-191.
27. Kitching, J.A. (1954). The physiology of contractile vacuoles (IX). Journal of Experimental Biology, 31, 68-75.
28. Ashcroft, F. (2000). Life at the Extremes: The Science of Survival. London: Harper Collins.
29. Irving, L. (1966). Adaptation to cold. Scientifi c American, 214 (1), 94-101.
30. Heinrich, B. and Kammar, A.E. (1973). Activation of the fi brillar muscles in the bumblebee during warm-up, stabilization of thoracic temperature and fl igh t. Journal of Experimental Biology, 58, 677-688.
31. Stebbing, A.R.D., Turk, S.M.T., Wheeler A., and Clarke, K.R. (2002). Immigration of southern fi sh species to south-west England linked to warming of the North Atlantic (1960-2001). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 82, 177-180.
32. Southwick, E.E. and Heldmaier, G. (1987). Temperature control in honey bee colonies. BioScience, 37 (6), 395-399.
33. Benzinger, T.H. (1961). The human thermostat. Scientifi c American, 61 (1), 134-146.
34. Heller, C., Crawshaw, L.I. and Hammel, H.T. (1978). The thermostat of vertebrate animals. Scientifi c American, 239 (2), 102-113.
35. Slijper, E.J. (1962). Whales. London: Hutchinson.
36. Smith, S. (2009). Calcium and bone metabolism during space fl ight. Nutrition, 18 (10), 849-852.
37. Medawar, P.B. (1945). Size, shape and age. In Essays on Growth and Form. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 157-185.
38. Medawar, P.B. (1940). The growth, growth energy, and ageing of the chicken's heart. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 129, 332-355.
39. Stebbing A.R.D. (1981). The effects of reduced salinity on colonial growth and membership in a hydroid. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 55, 233-241.
40. Stebbing, A.R.D. (1981). The kinetics of growth control in a colonial hydroid. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 61, 35-63.
41. Stebbing, A.R.D. and Hiby, L. (1979). Cyclical fl uctuations in the growth rate of stressed hydroid colonies. In Cyclical Phenomena in Marine Plants and Animals. Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 165-172.
42. Lotka, A.J. (1910). Contribution to the theory of periodic reactions. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 14, 271.
43. Winfree, A.T. (2001). The Geometry of Biological Time. New York: Springer.
44. Belousov, B.P. (1959). A periodic reaction and its mechanism [in Russian]. Sbornik Referatov po Radiatsionnoy Meditsine [Collection of Abstracts on Radiation Medicine], Moscow, 1959, 145 [in Russian].
45. Ball, P. (1999). The Self-Made Tapestry: Pattern Formation in Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
46. Zaikin, A.N. and Zhabotinsky, A.M. (1970). Concentration wave propagation in two-dimensional liquid-phase self-oscillating systems. Nature, 225, 535-537.
47. Prigogine, I. and Stengers, I. (1985). Order Out of Chaos. London: Fontana.
48. Turing, A. (1952). The chemical basis of morphogenesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 237, 37-72.
49. Meinhardt, H. (1999). On pattern and growth. In On Growth and Form: Spatiotemporal Pattern Formation in Biology. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
50. Meinhardt, H. and Gierer, A. (1974). Application of a theory of biological pattern formation based on lateral inhibition. Journal of Cell Science, 15, 321-346.
51. Dyson, F. (1999). Origins of Life. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
52. Waterman T.H. (1968). Systems theory and biology: view of a biologist. In Systems Theory and Biology: Proceedings of the 3rd Systems Symposium at Case Institute of Technology, New York: Springer, pp. 1-37.
53. Gilbert, W. (1986). The RNA World (News and Views). Nature, 319, 618.
54. Kauffman, S. (1995). At Home in the Universe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
55. Lee, D.H., Granja, J.R., Martinez, J.A., Severin, K. and Ghadiri, M.R. (1996). A self-replicating peptide. Nature, 382, 525-528.
56. Kauffman, S. (2000). Investigations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
57. Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1964). Desert Animals: Physiological Problems of Heat and Water. New York: Oxford University Press.
58. Frenster, J.H. (1962). The magnitude of disease as measured by tolerance tests. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2, 159-164.
59. Stebbing, A.R. (2009). Interpreting 'dose-response' curves using homeodynamic data: with an improved explanation for hormesis. Dose-Response, 7, 221-233.
60. Yerkes, R.M. and Dodson, J.D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18, 459-482.
61. Ashby, W.R. (1958). Requisite variety and its implications for the control of complex systems. Cybernetica, 1, 83-99.
62. Jacob, F. (1998). Of Flies, Mice and Men. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
63. Kandel, E.R. (2006). In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of the Mind. New York: Norton.
64. Gause, G.F. (1934). The Struggle for Existence. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.
65. Hutchinson, G.E. (1948). Circular causal systems in ecology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 50, 221-246.
66. Stebbing, A.R.D. and Pomroy, A.J. (1978). A sublethal technique for assessing the effects of contaminants using Hydra littoralis. Water Research, 12, 631-635.
67. Davis, L.V. (1966). Inhibition of growth and regeneration in Hydra by crowded culture water. Nature, 212, 1215-1217.
68. Wynne-Edwards, V.C. (1962). Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.
69. Wynne-Edwards, V.C. (1965). Self-regulating systems in populations of animals. Science, 147, 1543-1548.
70. Hamilton, W. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behaviour: I and II. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1-16, 17-52.
71. Taylor, R.A.J. and Taylor, L.R. (1979). A behavioural model for the evolution of spatial dynamics. In Population Dynamics: Proceedings of the 20th Symposium of the British Ecological Society, London 1978. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 1-27.
72. Taylor, R.A.J. (1981). The behavioural basis of redistribution. I. The ?-model concept. Journal of Animal Ecology, 50, 573-586.
73. Taylor, R.A.J. (1981). The behavioural basis of redistribution. II. Simulations of the ?-model. Journal of Animal Ecology, 50, 587-604.
74. May, R.M. (2002). The best possible time to be alive: the logistic map. In Farmelo, G. (ed.), It Must Be Beautiful: Great Equations of Modern Science. London: Granta, pp. 28-45.
75. May, R.M. (1975). Biological populations obeying difference equations: stable points, stable cycles and chaos. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 51, 511-524.
76. May, R.M. (1976). Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics. Nature, 261, 459-467.
77. May, R.M. (ed.) (1981). Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.
78. Stebbing, A.R.D. and Heath G.W. (1984). Is growth controlled by a hierarchical system? Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 80, 345-367.
79. Woodger, J.H. (1930). The –concept of organism— and the relation between embryology and genetics. Part II. Quarterly Review of Biology, 5, 438-463.
80. Bertalanffy, L. von (1952). Problems of Life: An Evaluation of Modern Biological Thought. London: Watts.
81. Feibleman, J.K. (1954). Theory of integrative levels. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 5, 59-66.
82. Simon, H.A. (1962). The architecture of complexity. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 106 (6), 467-482.
83. Margulis, L. (1998). The Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
84. Pattee, H.H. (1973). Hierarchy Theory: The Challenge of Complex Systems. New York: Braziller.
85. Mesarovic, M.D. (1968). Systems theory and biology: view of a theoretician. In Systems Theory and Biology. Berlin: Springer, pp. 59-87.
86. Mesarovic, M., Macko, D. and Takahara, Y. (1970). Theory of Hierarchical, Multilevel Systems. New York Academic Press.
87. Bronowski, J. (1970). New concepts in the evolution of complexity: stratify ed stability and unbounded plans. Synthese, 21 (2), 228-246.
88. Gell-Mann, M. (1994). The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex. London: Little, Brown.
89. Holland, J.H. (1995). Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity. New York: Basic Books.
90. Aulin-Ahmavaara, A.Y. (1979). The law of requisite hierarchy. Kybernetes, 8, 259-266.
91. Stebbing, A.R.D. (1982). Hormesis - the stimulation of growth by low levels of inhibitors. Science of the Total Environment, 22, 213-234.
92. Young, J.Z. (1978). Programs of the Brain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
93. Hueppe, F. (1896). The Principles of Bacteriology. Chicago: Open Court.
94. Clarke, A.J. (1937). General Pharmacology. Berlin: Springer.
95. Calabrese, E.J. and Baldwin, L.A. (1997). A quantitatively based methodology for the evaluation of hormesis. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 3, 545-554.
96. Lorenz, E. (1950). Some biologic effects of long-continued irradiation. American Journal of Roentgenology, 63, 176-185.
97. Luckey, T.D. (1994). Radiation hormesis in cancer mortality. International Journal for Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 3, 175-191.
98. Cohen, B.J. (1995). Test of the linear-no threshold theory of radiation carcinogenesis for inhaled radon decay products. Health Physics, 68, 157-174.
99. Billen, D. (1990). Spontaneous DNA damage and its signifi cance to the 'negligible dose' controversy in radiation protection. Radiation Research, 124, 242-245.
100. Feinendegen, L.E. (2005). Evidence for benefi cial low level radiation effects and radiation hormesis. British Journal of Radiology, 78, 3-7.
101. Calabrese, E.J., McCarthy, M.E. and Kenyon, E. (1987). The occurrence of chemically induced hormesis. Health Physics, 52 (5), 531 -542.
102. Calabrese, E.J. (2005). Paradigms lost, paradigms found: the re-emergence of hormesis as a fundamental dose-response model in the toxicological sciences. Environmental Pollution, 138, 378-411.
103. Calabrese, E.J. (2008). Hormesis and medicine. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 66 (5), 594-617.
104. Stebbing, A.R.D. (1998). A theory for growth hormesis. Mutation Research, 403, 249-258.
105. Stebbing, A.R.D. (2003). Adaptive responses account for the betacurve: hormesis is linked to acquired tolerance. Nonlinearity in Biology, Toxicology, and Medicine, 1, 493-511.
106. Calabrese, E.J. and Baldwin, L.A. (2003). Toxicology rethinks its central belief. Nature, 421, 691-692.
107. Tanner, J.M. (1963). Regulation of growth in size in mammals. Nature, 199, 845-850.
108. Tanner, J.M. (1978). Foetus into Man: Physical Growth from Conception to Maturity. London: Open Books.
109. Boersma, B. and Wit, J. M. (1997). Catch-up growth. Endocrine Reviews, 18 (5), 646-661.
110. Barron, J., Klein, K.O., Colli, M.J., Yanovski, J.A., Novosad, J.A., Bacher, J.D. and Cuttler, G.B. (1994). Catch-up growth after glucocorticoid excess: a mechanism intrinsic to the growth plate. Endocrinology, 135, 1367-1371.
111. Cairns, J. (1981). The origin of human cancers. Nature, 289, 353-357.
112. Stebbing, A.R.D., Norton, J.P. and Brinsley, M.D. (1984). Dynamics of growth control in a marine yeast subjected to perturbation. Journal of General Microbiology, 130, 1799-1808.
113. Norton, J.P. and Stebbing, A.R.D. (1986). Measurement and interpretation of growth-rate oscillations in a marine yeast. Biomedical Measurement, Informatics and Control, 1 (2), 101-105.
114. Dawkins, R. (1982). The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
115. Orgel, L.E. and Crick, F.H.C. (1980). Selfi sh DNA: the ultimate parasite. Nature, 284, 604-607.
116. Goss, R.J. (1964). Adaptive Growth. London: Logos.
117. Loewenstein, W.R. and Kanno, Y. (1966). Intercellular communication and the control of tissue growth: lack of communication between cancer cells. Nature, 209, 1248-1249.
118. Bertalanffy, L. von (1949). Problems of organic growth. Nature, 163, 156-158.
119. Drack, M. and Apfalter, W. (2007). Is Paul Weiss' and Ludwig von Bertalanffy's system thinking still valid today? Systems Research, 24, 537-546.
120. Weiss, P. (1952). Self-regulation of organ growth by its own products. Science, 115, 487-488.
121. Weiss, P. and Kavanau, J.L. (1957). A model of growth and growth control in mathematical terms. Journal of General Physiology, 41 (1), 1-47.
122. Kavanau, J.L. (1960). A model of growth and growth control in mathematical terms. II. Compensatory organ growth in the adult. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 46, 1658-1673.
123. Rose, S.M. (1957). Cellular interaction during differentiation. Biological Reviews, 32, 351-382.
124. Rose, S.M. (1958) Failure of self-inhibition in tumors. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 20, 653-664.
125. Burns, E.R. (1969). On the failure of self-inhibition of growth in tumors. Growth, 33, 25-45.
126. Bullough, W.S. (1962). The control of mitotic activity in adult mammalian tissues. Biological Reviews, 37, 307-342.
127. Bullough, W.S. (1965). Mitotic and functional homeostasis: a speculative review. Cancer Research, 25 (10), 1683-1727.
128. Bullough, W.S. and Rytomaa, T. (1965). Mitotic homeostasis. Nature, 205, 573-578.
129. Bullough, W.S. (1975). Mitotic control in adult mammalian tissues. Biological Reviews, 50, 99-130.
130. Houck, J.C. (1976). Chalones. Amsterdam: North Holland.
131. McPherron, A.C., Lawler, A.M. and Lee, S.-J. (1997). Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member. Nature, 387, 83-90.
132. Lee, S.-J. and McPherron, A.C. (2001). Regulation of myostatin activity and muscle growth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98 (16), 9306-9311.
133. Lee, S.-J. (2003). Regulation of muscle mass by myostatin. Annual Review of Cell Developmental Biology, 20, 61-86.
134. Gamer, L.W., Nove, J. and Rosen, V. (2003). Return of the chalones. Developmental Cell, 4 (2), 143-144.
135. Weiss, R.A. and Njeuma, D.L. (1971). Growth control between dissimilar cells in culture. In Growth Control in Cell Cultures. CIBA Foundation Symposium, London: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 169-186.
136. Brand, K.G., Buoen, L.C. and Brand, I. (1967). Premalignant cells in tumorigenesis induced by plastic fi lm. Nature, 213, 810.
137. Boone, C.W., Takeichi, N., Eaton S del A. and Paranjpe, M. (1979). Spontaneous' neoplastic transformation in vitro: a form of foreign body (smooth surface) tumorigenesis. Science, 204, 177-179.
138. Carr-Saunders, A. (1922). The Population Problem. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
139. Huxley, A. (1978). The Human Situation. London: Chatto and Windus.
140. Erhlich, P.R. and Erhlich, A.H. (1990). The Population Explosion. New York: Simon and Schuster.
141. Macfarlane, G. (1978). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
142. Eigen, M. and Winkler, R. (1982). Laws of the Game: How the Principles of Nature Govern Chance. Harmondsworth, UK: Allen Lane.
143. Foerster, H. von, Mora, P.M. and Amiot, L.W. (1960). Doomsday: Friday, 13 November, A.D. 2026. Science, 132, 1291-1295.
144. Pearl, R. (1927). The growth of populations. Quarterly Review of Biology, 2 (4), 532-548.
145. Lutz, W., Sanderson, W. and Scherbov, S. (2001). The end of population growth. Nature, 412, 543-545.
146. Tanner, J.T. (1966). Effects of population density on growth rates of animal populations. Science, 47 (5), 733-745.
147. Christian, J.J. and Davis, D.E. (1964). Endocrines, behavior, and population: social and endocrine factors are integrated in the regulation of growth of mammalian populations. Science, 146, 1550-1560.
148. Christian, J.J. (1970). Social subordination, population density, and mammalian evolution. Science, 168, 84-90.
149. Davidson, J. (1934). On the growth of the sheep population in Tasmania. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 62, 342-346.
150. Birdsell, J.B. (1978). Spacing mechanisms and adaptive behavior of Australian Aborigines. In Population Control by Social Behaviour. London: Institute of Biology, pp. 213-244.
151. Tindale, N.B. (1974). The Aboriginal Tribes of Australia. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
152. Leakey, R. and Lewin, R. (1979). People of the Lake. Man: His Origins, Nature and Future. London: Collins.
153. Pearl, R. and Reed, L.J. (1920). On the rate of growth of the population of the United States since 1790 and its mathematical representation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 6 (6), 275-288.
154. Forrester, J.W. (1973). World Dynamics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
155. Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L., Randers, J. and Behrens, W.W., III (1972). The Limits to Growth. London: Pan Books.
156. Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L. and Randers, J. (1992). Beyond the Limits: Global Collapse or a Sustainable Future. London: Earthscan.
157. Song, J., Tuan, C.-H. and Yu, J.-Y. (1985). Population Control in China: Theory and Application. New York: Praeger.
158. Cohen, J.E. (1995). Population growth and the Earth's human carrying capacity. Science, 269, 341-346.
159. Wackernagel, M. and Rees, W. (1996). Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth. Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society.
160. Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162, 1243-1248.
161. Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., de Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limberg, K., Naeem, S., O'Neill, R.V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R.G., Sutton, P. and van den Belt, M. (1997). The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387, 253-260.
162. Hardin, G. (1998). Extensions of 'The tragedy of the commons'. Science, 280, 682-683.
163. Daly, H.E. (2005). Economics in a full world. Scientifi c American, 293, 100-107.
164. Douthwaite, R. (1999). The Growth Illu$ion: How Economic Growth Has Enriched the Few, Impoverished the Many and Endangered the Planet. Dartington, UK: Green Books.
165. WWF (2008). The Living Planet Report 2008. Gland, Switzerland: WWF International.
166. Pearce, F. (1998). Population bombshell. New Scientist, 11 July 1998.
167. Brundtland, G.H. (1987). Our Common Future: The World Commission of Environment and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
168. Krugman, P. (1994). Competitiveness: a dangerous obsession. Foreign Affairs, 73 (2), 28-44.
169. Hawken, P. (1994). The Ecology of Commerce: A Declaration of Sustainability. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
170. Boulding, K. (1994). Economics of the coming spaceship Earth. In Daly, H. and Townsend, K. (eds.), Valuing the Earth: Economics, Ecology, Ethics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 297-310.
171. Diamond, J. (2005). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive. London: Allen Lane.
172. Daly, H.E. (1999). Five policy recommendations for a sustainable economy. Feasta Reviews, 1, 1-11.
173. Daly, H.E. (2008). A Steady State Economy. Lecture given to the Sustainable Development Commission UK, 24 April 2008, pp. 1-10.
174. Stebbing, A.R.D. (2006). Genetic parsimony: a factor in the evolution of complexity, order and emergence. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 88, 295-308.
175. Huxley, J. (1942). Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. London: Allen and Unwin.
176. Rensch, B. (1959). Evolution Above the Species Level. London: Methuen.