Managing skin and soft-tissue infection and nosocomial pneumonia caused by MRSA: A 2014 follow-up survey

International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents

Volumn 45, Issue S1, 2015, Pages S1-S14

  Dryden, Matthew ^a   Andrasevic, Arjana Tambic ^b   Bassetti, Matteo ^c   Bouza, Emilio ^d   Chastre, Jean ^e,f   Baguneid, Mo ^g   Esposito, Silvano ^h   Giamarellou, Helen ⁱ   Gyssens, Inge ^j,k,l   Nathwani, Dilip ^m   Unal, Serhat ⁿ   Voss, Andreas ^j   Wilcox, Mark ^o  

^a ROYAL HAMPSHIRE COUNTY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b Croatia   (Croatia)

^c SANTA MARIA DELLA MISERICORDIA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^d HOSPITAL GENERAL UNIVERSITARIO GREGORIO MARAÑÓN   (Spain)

^e PITIÉ SALPÊTRIÈRE HOSPITAL   (France)

^f ASSISTANCE PUBLIQUE HÔPITAUX DE PARIS   (France)

^g UNIVERSITY OF SALFORD   (United Kingdom)

^h UNIVERSITY OF SALERNO   (Italy)

ⁱ IASO GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Greece)

^j RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^k CANISIUS WILHELMINA HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

^l HASSELT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^m UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

ⁿ HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^o LEEDS TEACHING HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

Antibiotic management; Complicated skin and soft tissue infection; Europe; Infection; Meticillin resistant; Nosocomial pneumonia; Staphylococcus aureus

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; DAPTOMYCIN; LINEZOLID; RIFAMPICIN; VANCOMYCIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COMMUNITY ACQUIRED INFECTION; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; FOLLOW UP; HEALTH CARE SURVEY; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; MEDICAL SPECIALIST; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; NONHUMAN; NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE; QUESTIONNAIRE; SKIN INFECTION; SOFT TISSUE INFECTION; TREATMENT PLANNING; TREND STUDY; UNITED KINGDOM; VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA; CROSS INFECTION; DRUG UTILIZATION; EUROPE; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; PNEUMONIA, STAPHYLOCOCCAL; PRESCRIPTION; SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS; STANDARDS; STAPHYLOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTIONS;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CROSS INFECTION; DRUG PRESCRIPTIONS; DRUG UTILIZATION; EUROPE; HUMANS; METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; PNEUMONIA, STAPHYLOCOCCAL; SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS; STAPHYLOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTIONS; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES;

EID: 84926488151     PISSN: 09248579     EISSN: 18727913     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0924-8579(15)30002-9     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. M Dryden, AT Andrasevic, M Bassetti, E Bouza, J Chastre, G Cornaglia et al. A European survey of antibiotic management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection: current clinical opinion and practice Clin Microbiol Infect 16 Suppl 1 2010 3 30
2. European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS) EARSS annual report 2007. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/surveillance/ears-net/documents/2007-earss-annual-report.pdf [accessed 12 January 2015].
3. T Ferry Community acquired MRSA in Europe BMJ 335 2007 947 948
4. H Huang, NM Flynn, JH King, C Monchaud, M Morita, SH Cohen Comparisons of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and hospital-associated MRSA infections in Sacramento, California J Clin Microbiol 44 2006 2423 2427
5. E Lloyd-Smith, MW Hull, MW Tyndall, R Zhang, E Wood, JS Montaner et al. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is prevalent in wounds of community-based injection drug users Epidemiol Infect 138 2010 713 720
6. MJ Ellington, R Hope, DM Livermore, AM Kearns, K Henderson, BD Cookson et al. Decline of EMRSA-16 amongst methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus causing bacteraemias in the UK between 2001 and 2007 J Antimicrob Chemother 65 2010 446 448
7. M Bassetti, M Baguneid, E Bouza, M Dryden, D Nathwani, M Wilcox European perspective and update on the management of complicated skin and soft tissue infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after more than 10 years of experience with linezolid Clin Microbiol Infect 20 Suppl 4 2014 3 18
8. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption in Europe 2011 http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/antimicrobial-consumption-europe-surveillance-2011.pdf [accessed 5 January 2014].
9. MT Holden, LY Hsu, K Kurt, LA Weinert, AE Mather, SR Harris et al. A genomic portrait of the emergence, evolution, and global spread of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pandemic Genome Res 23 2013 653 664
10. LB Price, M Stegger, H Hasman, M Aziz, J Larsen, PS Andersen et al. Staphylococcus aureus CC398: host adaptation and emergence of methicillin resistance in livestock MBio 3 2012 pii: e00305-11.
11. A Gonzalez-Ruiz, A Beiras-Fernandez, H Lehmkuhl, RA Seaton, J Loeffler, RL Chaves Clinical experience with daptomycin in Europe: the first 2.5 years J Antimicrob Chemother 66 2011 912 919
12. M Bassetti, C Eckmann, KF Bodmann, H Dupont, WR Heizmann, P Montravers et al. Prescription behaviours for tigecycline in real-life clinical practice from five European observational studies J Antimicrob Chemother 68 Suppl 2 2013 ii5 i14
13. X Guirao, M Sánchez-García, M Bassetti, KF Bodmann, H Dupont, P Montravers et al. Safety and tolerability of tigecycline for the treatment of complicated skin and soft-tissue and intra-abdominal infections: an analysis based on five European observational studies J Antimicrob Chemother 68 Suppl 2 2013 ii37 ii44
14. P Montravers, M Bassetti, H Dupont, C Eckmann, WR Heizmann, X Guirao et al. Efficacy of tigecycline for the treatment of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections in real-life clinical practice from five European observational studies J Antimicrob Chemother 68 Suppl 2 2013 ii15 ii24
15. P Montravers, H Dupont, JP Bedos, P Bret Tigecycline use in critically ill patients: a multicentre prospective observational study in the intensive care setting Intensive Care Med 40 2014 988 997
16. MS Dryden Complicated skin and soft tissue infection J Antimicrob Chemother 65 Suppl 3 2010 iii35 iii44
17. GJ Moet, RN Jones, DJ Biedenbach, MG Stilwell, TR Fritsche Contemporary causes of skin and soft tissue infections in North America, Latin America, and Europe: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1998-2004) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 57 2007 7 13
18. HS Sader, DJ Farrell, RN Jones Antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-positive cocci isolated from skin and skin-structure infections in European medical centres Int J Antimicrob Agents 36 2010 28 32
19. J Chastre, F Blasi, RG Masterton, J Rello, A Torres, T Welte European perspective and update on the management of nosocomial pneumonia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after more than 10 years of experience with linezolid Clin Microbiol Infect 20 Suppl 4 2014 19 36
20. J Chastre, M Wolff, JY Fagon, S Chevret, F Thomas, D Wermert et al. Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial JAMA 290 2003 2588 2598
21. H Grundmann, M Aires-de-Sousa, J Boyce, E Tiemersma Emergence and resurgence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a public-health threat Lancet 368 2006 874 885
22. MZ David, RS Daum Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic Clin Microbiol Rev 23 2010 616 687
23. J Rolo, M Miragaia, A Turlej-Rogacka, J Empel, O Bouchami, NA Faria et al. High genetic diversity among community-associated Staphylococcus aureus in Europe: results from a multicenter study PLoS One 7 2012 e34768
24. M Stegger, T Wirth, PS Andersen, RL Skov, A De Grassi, PM Simões et al. Origin and evolution of European community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MBio 5 2014 e01044 e01014
25. E Cercenado, E Ruiz de Gopegiu Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [in Spanish] Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 26 2008 19 24
26. S Stefani, PE Varaldo Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in Europe Clin Microbiol Infect 9 2003 1179 1186
27. S Dudareva, A Barth, K Paeth, A Krenz-Weinreich, F Layer, Y Delere et al. Cases of community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an asylum seekers centre in Germany, November 2010 Euro Surveill 16 4 2011 pii=19777.
28. TX Nhan, M Bes, H Meugnier, L Toko, G Julienne, JM Thiolet et al. ST93-Queensland community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone in France: outbreak in a scout camp and sporadic cases, July to August 2012 Euro Surveill 17 44 2012 pii=20307.
29. M Giuffre, C Bonura, D Cipolla, C Mammina MRSA infection in the neonatal intensive care unit Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 11 2013 499 509
30. M Figtree, P Konecny, Z Jennings, C Goh, SA Krilis, S Miyakis Risk stratification and outcome of cellulitis admitted to hospital J Infect 60 2010 431 439
31. RD Arbeit, D Maki, FP Tally, E Campanaro, BI Eisenstein The safety and efficacy of daptomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections Clin Infect Dis 38 2004 1673 1681
32. IC Gyssens, M Dryden, P Kujath, D Nathwani, N Schaper, B Hampel et al. A randomized trial of the efficacy and safety of sequential intravenous/oral moxifloxacin monotherapy versus intravenous piperacillin/tazobactam followed by oral amoxicillin/clavulanate for complicated skin and skin structure infections J Antimicrob Chemother 66 2011 2632 2642
33. DL Stevens, AL Bisno, HF Chambers, ED Everett, P Dellinger, EJ Goldstein et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections Clin Infect Dis 41 2005 1373 1406
34. HB Fung, JY Chang, S Kuczynski A practical guide to the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections Drugs 63 2003 1459 1480
35. HS Sader, R Mallick, A Kuznik, TR Fritsche, RN Jones Use of in vitro susceptibility and pathogen prevalence data to model the expected clinical success rates of tigecycline and other commonly used antimicrobials for empirical treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections Int J Antimicrob Agents 30 2007 514 520
36. C Liu, A Bayer, SE Cosgrove, RS Daum, SK Fridkin, RJ Gorwitz et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary Clin Infect Dis 52 2011 285 292
37. S Unal Treatment options for skin and soft tissue infections: 'oldies but goldies' Int J Antimicrob Agents 34 Suppl 1 2009 S20 S23
38. M Dryden, K Saeed, R Townsend, C Winnard, S Bourne, N Parker et al. Antibiotic stewardship and early discharge from hospital: impact of a structured approach to antimicrobial management J Antimicrob Chemother 67 2012 2289 2296
39. D Nathwani, C Eckmann, W Lawson, JM Stephens, C Macahilig, CT Solem et al. Pan-European early switch/early discharge opportunities exist for hospitalized patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus complicated skin and soft tissue infections Clin Microbiol Infect 20 2014 993 1000
40. RH Drew Emerging options for treatment of invasive, multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections Pharmacotherapy 27 2007 227 249
41. CG Gemmell, DI Edwards, AP Fraise, FK Gould, GL Ridgway, RE Warren Guidelines for the prophylaxis and treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in the UK J Antimicrob Chemother 57 2006 589 608
42. AS Kaka, AM Rueda, SA Shelburne III, K Hulten, RJ Hamill, DM Musher Bactericidal activity of orally available agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus J Antimicrob Chemother 58 2006 680 683
43. M Zervos Treatment options for uncomplicated community-acquired skin and soft tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: oral antimicrobial agents Surg Infect (Larchmt) 9 Suppl 1 2008 s29 s34
44. G Sakoulas, PA Moise-Broder, J Schentag, A Forrest, RC Moellering Jr, GM Elio-poulos Relationship of MIC and bactericidal activity to efficacy of vancomycin for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia J Clin Microbiol 42 2004 2398 2402
45. EY Choi, JW Huh, CM Lim, Y Koh, SH Kim, SH Choi et al. Relationship between the MIC of vancomycin and clinical outcome in patients with MRSA nosocomial pneumonia Intensive Care Med 37 2011 639 647
46. JH Han, KB Mascitti, PH Edelstein, WB Bilker, E Lautenbach Effect of reduced vancomycin susceptibility on clinical and economic outcomes in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56 2012 5164 5170
47. M Tadros, V Williams, BL Coleman, AJ McGeer, S Haider, C Lee et al. Epidemiology and outcome of pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Canadian hospitals PLoS One 8 2013 e75171
48. AC Kalil, TC Van Schooneveld, PD Fey, ME Rupp Association between vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration and mortality among patients with Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis JAMA 312 2014 1552 1564
49. SJ van Hal, T Barbagiannakos, M Jones, MC Wehrhahn, J Mercer, D Chen et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus vancomycin susceptibility testing: methodology correlations, temporal trends and clonal patterns J Antimicrob Chemother 66 2011 2284 2287
50. B Edwards, K Milne, T Lawes, I Cook, A Robb, IM Gould Is vancomycin MIC 'creep' method dependent? Analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus susceptibility trends in blood isolates from North East Scotland from 2006 to 2010 J Clin Microbiol 50 2012 318 325
51. IM Gould The problem with glycopeptides Int J Antimicrob Agents 30 2007 1 3
52. MN Mavros, GS Tansarli, KZ Vardakas, PI Rafailidis, DE Karageorgopoulos, ME Falagas Impact of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration on clinical outcomes of patients with vancomycin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infections: a meta-analysis and meta-regression Int J Antimicrob Agents 40 2012 496 509
53. SJ van Hal, DL Paterson Systematic review and meta-analysis of the significance of heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus isolates Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55 2011 405 410
54. SJ Antony Combination therapy with daptomycin, vancomycin, and rifampin for recurrent, severe bone and prosthetic joint infections involving methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Scand J Infect Dis 38 2006 293 295
55. R Dworkin, G Modin, S Kunz, R Rich, O Zak, M Sande Comparative efficacies of ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, and vancomycin in combination with rifampin in a rat model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus chronic osteomyelitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34 1990 1014 1016
56. DG Lee, HS Chun, DS Yim, SM Choi, JH Choi, JH Yoo et al. Efficacies of vancomycin, arbekacin, and gentamicin alone or in combination against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro infective endocarditis model Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 2003 3768 3773
57. M Lefebvre, C Jacqueline, G Amador, V Le Mabecque, A Miegeville, G Potel et al. Efficacy of daptomycin combined with rifampicin for the treatment of experimental meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) acute osteomyelitis Int J Antimicrob Agents 36 2010 542 544
58. L Mulazimoglu, SD Drenning, RR Muder Vancomycin-gentamicin synergism revisited: effect of gentamicin susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40 1996 1534 1535
59. SM Palmer, MJ Rybak Pharmacodynamics of once- or twice-daily levofloxacin versus vancomycin, with or without rifampin, against Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro model with infected platelet-fibrin clots Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40 1996 701 705
60. S Rochon-Edouard, M Pestel-Caron, JF Lemeland, F Caron In vitro synergistic effects of double and triple combinations of β-lactams, vancomycin, and netilmicin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 2000 3055 3060
61. WE Rose, PT Poppens Impact of biofilm on the in vitro activity of vancomycin alone and in combination with tigecycline and rifampicin against Staphylococcus aureus J Antimicrob Chemother 63 2009 485 488
62. S Tremblay, TT Lau, MH Ensom Addition of rifampin to vancomycin for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: what is the evidence? Ann Pharmacother 47 2013 1045 1054
63. C Watanakunakorn, JC Guerriero Interaction between vancomycin and rifampin against Staphylococcus aureus Antimicrob Agents Chemother 19 1981 1089 1091
64. C Watanakunakorn, JC Tisone Synergism between vancomycin and gentamicin or tobramycin for methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains Antimicrob Agents Chemother 22 1982 903 905
65. LY Yin, L Lazzarini, F Li, CM Stevens, JH Calhoun Comparative evaluation of tigecycline and vancomycin, with and without rifampicin, in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus experimental osteomyelitis in a rabbit model J Antimicrob Chemother 55 2005 995 1002
66. American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171 2005 388 416
67. TH Dellit, JD Chan, SJ Skerrett, AB Nathens Development of a guideline for the management of ventilator-associated pneumonia based on local microbiologic findings and impact of the guideline on antimicrobial use practices Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 29 2008 525 533
68. DA Goldmann, RA Weinstein, RP Wenzel, OC Tablan, RJ Duma, RP Gaynes et al. Strategies to prevent and control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms in hospitals. A challenge to hospital leadership JAMA 275 1996 234 240
69. CE Luyt, V Guerin, A Combes, JL Trouillet, SB Ayed, M Bernard et al. Procalcitonin kinetics as a prognostic marker of ventilator-associated pneumonia Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171 2005 48 53
70. M Christ-Crain, D Stolz, R Bingisser, C Müller, D Miedinger, PR Huber et al. Procalcitonin guidance of antibiotic therapy in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized trial Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174 2006 84 93
71. M Christ-Crain, B Müller Biomarkers in respiratory tract infections: diagnostic guides to antibiotic prescription, prognostic markers and mediators Eur Respir J 30 2007 556 573
72. P Schuetz, M Briel, M Christ-Crain, D Stolz, L Bouadma, M Wolff et al. Procalcitonin to guide initiation and duration of antibiotic treatment in acute respiratory infections: an individual patient data meta-analysis Clin Infect Dis 55 2012 651 662
73. P Schuetz, B Müller, M Christ-Crain, D Stolz, M Tamm, L Bouadma et al. Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9 2012 CD007498
74. E Boselli, D Breilh, T Rimmele, S Djabarouti, J Toutain, D Chassard et al. Pharmacokinetics and intrapulmonary concentrations of linezolid administered to critically ill patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia Crit Care Med 33 2005 1529 1533
75. JE Conte Jr, JA Golden, J Kipps, E Zurlinden Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of linezolid Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 2002 1475 1480
76. D Honeybourne, C Tobin, G Jevons, J Andrews, R Wise Intrapulmonary penetration of linezolid J Antimicrob Chemother 51 2003 1431 1434
77. GE Stein, EM Wells The importance of tissue penetration in achieving successful antimicrobial treatment of nosocomial pneumonia and complicated skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: vancomycin and linezolid Curr Med Res Opin 26 2010 571 588
78. J Carratalà, C Garcia-Vidal, L Ortega, N Fernández-Sabé, M Clemente, G Albero et al. Effect of a 3-step critical pathway to reduce duration of intravenous antibiotic therapy and length of stay in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial Arch Intern Med 172 2012 922 928
79. C Eckmann, W Lawson, D Nathwani, CT Solem, JM Stephens, C Macahilig et al. Antibiotic treatment patterns across Europe in patients with complicated skin and soft-tissue infections due to meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a plea for implementation of early switch and early discharge criteria Int J Antimicrob Agents 44 2014 56 64
80. D Nathwani, S Moitra, J Dunbar, G Crosby, G Peterkin, P Davey Skin and soft tissue infections: development of a collaborative management plan between community and hospital care Int J Clin Pract 52 1998 456 460
81. RG Masterton, A Galloway, G French, M Street, J Armstrong, E Brown et al. Guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia in the UK: report of the working party on hospital-acquired pneumonia of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy J Antimicrob Chemother 62 2008 5 34
82. J Muscedere, P Dodek, S Keenan, R Fowler, D Cook, D Heyland Comprehensive evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for ventilator-associated pneumonia: diagnosis and treatment J Crit Care 23 2008 138 147
83. MS Dryden Linezolid pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in clinical treatment J Antimicrob Chemother 66 Suppl 4 2011 iv7 i15
84. BA Cunha Oral antibiotic therapy of serious systemic infections Med Clin North Am 90 2006 1197 1222
85. M Desai, BD Franklin, AH Holmes, S Trust, M Richards, A Jacklin et al. A new approach to treatment of resistant Gram-positive infections: potential impact of targeted IV to oral switch on length of stay BMC Infect Dis 6 2006 94
86. S Parodi, DC Rhew, MB Goetz Early switch and early discharge opportunities in intravenous vancomycin treatment of suspected methicillin-resistant staphylococcal species infections J Manag Care Pharm 9 2003 317 326
87. RA Seaton, E Bell, Y Gourlay, L Semple Nurse-led management of uncomplicated cellulitis in the community: evaluation of a protocol incorporating intravenous ceftriaxone J Antimicrob Chemother 55 2005 764 767
88. DA Goff, KA Bauer, EE Reed, KB Stevenson, JJ Taylor, JE West Is the 'low-hanging fruit' worth picking for antimicrobial stewardship programs? Clin Infect Dis 55 2012 587 592
89. SL Lee, S Azmi, PS Wong Clinicians' knowledge, beliefs and acceptance of intravenous-to-oral antibiotic switching, Hospital Pulau Pinang Med J Malaysia 67 2012 190 198
90. J Garau, H Ostermann, J Medina, M Avila, K McBride, F Blasi, REACH Study Group Current management of patients hospitalized with complicated skin and soft tissue infections across Europe (2010-2011): assessment of clinical practice patterns and real-life effectiveness of antibiotics from the REACH study Clin Microbiol Infect 19 2013 E377 E385
91. AR Caffrey, HJ Morrill, LA Puzniak, KL LaPlante Comparative effectiveness of linezolid and vancomycin among a national Veterans Affairs cohort with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia Pharmacotherapy 34 2014 473 480
92. A Kimura, T Mochizuki, K Nishizawa, K Mashiko, Y Yamamoto, T Otsuka Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in severely burned patients J Trauma 45 1998 383 387
93. AL Chapman, RA Seaton, MA Cooper, S Hedderwick, V Goodall, C Reed et al. Good practice recommendations for outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) in adults in the UK: a consensus statement J Antimicrob Chemother 67 2012 1053 1062
94. MH Kollef Inadequate antimicrobial treatment: an important determinant of outcome for hospitalized patients Clin Infect Dis 31 Suppl 4 2000 S131 S138
95. M Paul, G Kariv, E Goldberg, M Raskin, H Shaked, R Hazzan et al. Importance of appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia J Antimicrob Chemother 65 2010 2658 2665
96. European Hospital and Healthcare Federation Hospitals in Europe healthcare data 2011 HOPE Publications Brussels, Belgium
97. RP Plowman, N Graves, M Griffin et al. The socioeconomic burden of hospital acquired infection 1999 Public Health Laboratory Service London, UK
98. N Graves, S Harbarth, J Beyersmann, A Barnett, K Halton, B Cooper Estimating the cost of health care-associated infections: mind your p's and q's Clin Infect Dis 50 2010 1017 1021
99. D Nathwani Impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections on key health economic outcomes: does reducing the length of hospital stay matter? J Antimicrob Chemother 51 Suppl 2 2003 ii37 ii44
100. D Nathwani Health economic issues in the treatment of drug-resistant serious Gram-positive infections J Infect 59 Suppl 1 2009 S40 S50
101. WJ Ward Jr, L Spragens, K Smithson Building the business case for clinical quality Healthc Financ Manage 60 2006 92 98
102. R Busse, A Geissler, A Aaviksoo, F Cots, U Hakkinen, C Kobel et al. Diagnosis related groups in Europe: moving towards transparency, efficiency, and quality in hospitals? BMJ 346 2013 f3197
103. KM Itani, J Weigelt, JZ Li, S Duttagupta Linezolid reduces length of stay and duration of intravenous treatment compared with vancomycin for complicated skin and soft tissue infections due to suspected or proven methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Int J Antimicrob Agents 26 2005 442 448
104. RN Jones, RE Mendes, HS Sader Ceftaroline activity against pathogens associated with complicated skin and skin structure infections: results from an international surveillance study J Antimicrob Chemother 65 Suppl 4 2010 iv17 iv31
105. MS Dryden Novel antibiotic treatment for skin and soft tissue infection Curr Opin Infect Dis 27 2014 116 124
106. VG Fowler Jr, HW Boucher, GR Corey, E Abrutyn, AW Karchmer, ME Rupp et al. Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus N Engl J Med 355 2006 653 665