Strategies to prevent and control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms in hospitals: A challenge to hospital leadership

JAMA

Volumn 275, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 234-240

  Goldmann, Donald A ^a   Weinstein, Robert A ^b   Wenzel, Richard P ^c   Tablan, Ofelia C ^d   Duma, Richard J ^e   Gaynes, Robert P ^d   Schlosser, James ^f   Martone, William J ^d  

^a BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b Jr Hospital of Cook County   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF IOWA HOSPITALS AND CLINICS   (United States)

^d NATIONAL CENTER FOR EMERGING AND ZOONOTIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

^e Natl Found for Infectious Diseases   (United States)

^f CAMBRIDGE HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; DRUG MISUSE; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH PROGRAM; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT; INFECTION CONTROL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0030031423     PISSN: 00987484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jama.275.3.234     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Panlilio AL, Culver DH, Gaynes RP, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in U.S. hospitals, 1975-1991. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1992;13:582-586.
2. Ranson MR,Oppenheim BA,Jackson A, Kamthan AG, Scarffe JH, Double-blind placebo controlled study of vancomycin prophylaxis for central venous catheter insertion in cancer patients. J Hosp Infect 1990; 15:95-102.
3. Gaillard JL, Merlino R, Pajot N, et al. Conventional and nonconventional modes of vancomycin administration to decontaminate the internal surface of catheters colonized with coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1990;14:593-597.
4. Spafford PS, Sinkin RA, Cox C, Reubens L, Powell KR. Prevention of central venous catheter-related eoagulase-negative staphylococceal sepsis in neonates. J Pediatr 1994;125:259-263.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nosocomial enterococci resistant to vancomycin: United States, 1989-1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1993;42:597-599.
6. Murray BE. The life and times of the enterococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1990;3:46-65.
7. Schaberg DR, Dillon WI, Robinson KA, Bradley SF. Increasing resistance of enterocoeei to aprofloxaein. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992;36:2533-2535.
8. Zervos MJ, Kauffman CA, Therasse PM. Bergman AG, Mikesell TS, Schaberg DR. Nosocomial infection by gentamicin-resistant Streptococcus faecalis. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106:687-691.
9. Huycke MM, Spiegel CA, Gilmore MS. Bacteremia caused by hemolytic, high-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991;35:1626-1634.
10. Rydberg J, Larsson C, Miorner H. Resistance to fluoroquinolones in Pseudomonas areuginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Scand J Infect Dis. 1994;26:317-320.
11. Rice LB, Willey SH, Papanicolaou GA, et al. Outbreak of ceftazidime resistance caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases at a Massachusetts chroniccare facility. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990;34:2193-2199.
12. Jarlier V, Nicolas MH, Fournier G, Philippon A. Extended broad-spectrum beta-lactamases conferring transferable resistance to newer beta-lactam agents in Enterobacteriaceae. Rev Infect Dis. 1988;10:867-878.
13. Osano E, Arakawa Y, Wacharotayankun R, et al. Molecular characterization of an enterobacterial metallo beta-lactamase found in a clinical isolate of Serratia marcescens that shows imipenem resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994;38:71-78.
14. Watanabe N, Hiruma R, Katsu K. Comparative in-vitro activities of newer cephalosporins cefclidin, cefepime, and cefpirome against ceftazidime- or imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1992;30:633-641.
15. Wingard JR. Infections due to resistant Candida, species in patients with cancer who are receiving chemotherapy. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19(suppl 1):S49-S53.
16. Ruhnke M, Eigler A, Tennagen I, Geiseler B, Engelman E, Trautmann M. Emergence of fluconazole-resistant strains of Candida albicans in patients with recurrent oropharyngeal candidosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:2092-2098.
17. Dance DA, Pearson AD, Seal DV, Lowes JA. A hospital outbreak caused by a chlorhexidine and antibiotic-resistant Proteus mirabilis. J Hasp Infect. 1987;10:10-16.
18. Baillie L. Chlorhexidine resistance among bacteria isolated from urine of catheterized patients. J Hosp Infect. 1987;10:83-86.
19. Udo EE, Pearman JW, Grubb WB. Emergence of high-level mupirocin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Western Australia. J Hosp Infect. 1994;26:157-165.
20. Connolly S, Noble WC, Phillips I. Mupirocin resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Med Microbiol. 1993;39:450-453.
21. Naguib MH, Naguib MT. Mupirocin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a veterans hospital. Chemotherapy. 1993;39:400-404.
22. Billstein SA. How the pharmaceutical industry brings an antibiotic drug to market in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994;38:2679-2682.
23. Cohen ML. Epidemiology of drug resistance. Science. 1992;257:1050-1055.
24. Kunin CM, Lipton HL, Tupasi T, et al. Social, behavioral, and practical factors affecting antibiotic use worldwide: report of Task Force 4. Rev Infect Dis. 1987;9(suppl 3):S270-S285.
25. Riley LW, Ceballos BS, Trabulsi LR, Toledo MRF, Blake PA. The significance of hospitals as reservoirs for endemic multi-resistant Salmonella typhimurium causing infection in urban Brazilian children. J Infect Dis. 1984;150:236-241.
26. Reichler M, Rakovsky J, Sobotova A, et al. Multiple antimicrobial resistance of pneumococci in children with otitis media, bacteremia, and meningitis in Slovakia. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:1491-1496.
27. Dellinger EP, Gross PA, Barrett TL, et al. Quality standard for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgical procedures. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;18:422-427.
28. Larson E. Guidelines for use of topical antimicrobial agents. Am J Infect Control. 1988;16:253-266.
29. Gross PA, Barrett TL, Dellinger EP, et al. Quality standard for the treatment of bacteremia: Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;18:428-430.
30. Evans RS, Pestotnik SL. Burke JP, Gardner RM, Larsen RA, Classen DC. Reducing the duration of prophylactic antibiotic use through computer monitoring of surgical patients. DICP. 1990;24:351-354.
31. Woodward RS, Medoff G, Smith MD, Gray JL. Antibiotic cost savings from formulary restrictions and physician monitoring in a medical-school-affiliated hospital. Am J Med. 1987;83:817-823.
32. Albert RK, Condie F. Hand-washing patterns in medical intensive care units. N Engl J Med. 1981; 304:146-147.
33. Sproat LJ, Inglis TJ. A multicentre survey of hand hygiene practice in intensive care units. J Hosp Infect. 1994;26:137-148.
34. Lohr JA, Ingram DL, Dudley SM, Lawton EL, Donowitz LG. Hand washing in pediatric ambulatory settings. AJDC. 1991;145:1198-1199.
35. Doebbeling BN, Stanley GL, Sheetz CT, et al. Comparative efficacy of alternative hand-washing agents in reducing nosocomial infections in intensive care units. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:88-93.
36. Jarvis WR. Handwashing: the Semmelweis lesson forgotten? Lancet 1994;344:1312-1313.
37. Goldmann DA. Hand-washing and nosocomial infections. N Engl J Med. 1992:327:120-122.
38. Dubbert PM, Dolce J, Richter W, Miller M, Chapman SW. Increasing intensive care unit staff handwashing: effects of education and group feedback Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1990;11:191-193.
39. Conly JM, Hill S, Ross J, Leitzman J, Louie TJ. Hand washing practices in an intensive care unit: the effects of an educational program and its relationship to infection rates. Am J Infect Control. 1989; 17:330-339.
40. Larson E, McGreer A, Quraishi ZA, et al. Effect of an automated sink on handwashing practices and attitudes in high-risk units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1991;12:422-428.
41. Maki DG, McCormick RD, Zilz MA, et al. An MRSA outbreak in a surgical intensive care unit during universal precautions: new epidemiology for nosocomial MRSA; downside of universal precautions (UPs). In: Abstracts of the 30th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; October 21-24,1990; Atlanta, Ga.
42. Centers for Disease Control. Update: universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and blood-borne pathogens in health-care settings. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1988;37:377-388
43. Lynch P, Jackson MM, Cummings MJ, Stamm WE. Rethinking the role of isolation practices in the prevention of nosocomial infections. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:243-246.
44. Garner JS, the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guidelines for isolation precautions in hospitals. Hosp Epidemiol. In press.
45. Haley RW, Bregman DA. The role of understaffing and overcrowding in recurrent outbreaks of staphylococcal infection in a neonatal special-care unit J Infect Dis. 1982;145:875-885.
46. Goldmann DA, Durbin WA Jr, Freeman J. Nosocomial infections in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Infect Dis. 1981;144:449-459.
47. Weinstein RA. Epidemiology and control of nosocomial infections in adult intensive care units. Am J Med. 1991;30:2525-2528.
48. Hartstein AI, Rashad AL, Liebler JM, et al. Multiple intensive care unit outbreaks of Acinetobacter calcoacetieus subspecies anitratus respiratory infection and colonization associated with contaminated, reusable ventilator circuits and resuscitation bags. Am J Med. 1988;85:624-631.
49. Flynn DM, Weinstein RA, Kabins SA. Infections with gram-negative bacilli in a cardiac surgery intensive care unit: the relative role of Enterobacter. J Hosp Infect. 1988;11(suppl A):367-373.
50. Johanson WG, Pierce AK, Sanford JP. Changing bacterial flora of hospitalized patients. N Engl J Med. 1969;281:1137-1140.
51. Johanson WG Jr, Pierce AK, Sanford JP, Thomas GD. Nosocomial respiratory infections with gram-negative bacilli. Ann Intern Med. 1972;77:701-706.
52. Goldmann DA, Leclair J, Macone A. Bacterial colonization of neonates admitted to an intensive care environment. J Pediatr. 1978;93:288-293.
53. Allen KD, Bartzokas CA, Graham R, Gibson MF, Gilbertson AA. Acquisition of endemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa on an intensive therapy unit. J Hosp Infect. 1987;10:156-164.
54. Gorman LJ, Sanai L, Notman AW, Grant IS, Masterton RG. Cross-infection in an intensive care unit by Klebsiella pneumoniae from ventilator condensate. J Hosp Infect. 1993;23:27-34.
55. Wade JJ, Desai N, Casewell MW. Hygienic hand disinfection for the removal of epidemic vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and gentamicin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae. J Hosp Infect. 1991;18:211-218.
56. Ehrenkranz NJ, Alfonso BC. Failure of bland soap handwash to prevent hand transfer of patient bacteria to urethral catheters. Infect Control Hasp Epidemiol. 1991;12:654-662.
57. Maki DG, Alvarado CJ, Hassemer MA, Zilz MA. Relation of the inanimate hospital environment to endemic nosocomial infections. N Engl J Med. 1982;307:1562-1566.
58. Wells VD, Wong ES, Murray BE. Coudron PE, Williams DS, Markowitz SM. Infections due to betalactamase-producing, high-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Ann Intern Med. 1902;116:285-292.
59. Boyce JM, Opal SM, Chow JW, et al. Outbreak of multi-drug resistant Enterococcus faecium with transferable vanB class vancomycin resistance. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:1148-1153.
60. Olson B, Weinstein RA, Nathan C, Chamberlin W, Kabins SA. Occult aminoglycoside resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Infect Dis. 1985:152:769-774.
61. Weinstein RA, Kabins SA. Strategies for prevention and control of multiple drug-resistant nosocomial infection. Am J Med. 1981;70:449-454.
62. Hill MN, Levine DM, Whelton PK. Awareness, use, and impact of the 1984 Joint National Committee Consensus Report on High Blood Pressure. Am J Public Health. 1988;78:1190-1194.
63. Kosecoff J, Kanouse DE, Rogers WH, et al. Effects of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Program on physician practice. JAMA. 1987;258:2708-2713.
64. Soumerai SB, McLaughlin TJ, Avorn J. Quality assurance for drug prescribing. Qual Assur Health Care. 1990;2:37-58.
65. Soumerai SB, Avorn J. Predictors of physician prescribing change in an educational experiment to improve medication use. Med Care. 1987;25:210-221.
66. Avorn J, Harvey K, Soumerai SB, Herxheimer A, Plumridge R, Bardelay G. Information and education as determinants of antibiotic use: report of Task Force 5. Rev Infect Dis. 1987;9(suppl 3):S286-S296.
67. Soumerai SB, Avorn J, Taylor WC, Wessels M, Maher D, Hawley SL. Improving choice of prescribed antibiotics through concurrent reminders in an educational order form. Med Care. 1993;31:552-558.
68. Pestotnik SL, Evans RS, Burke JP, et al. Therapeutic antibiotic monitoring: surveillance using a computerized expert system. Am J Med. 1990;88:43-48.
69. Durbin WA Jr, Lapidas B, Goldmann DA. Im-proved antibiotic usage following introduction of a novel prescription system. JAMA. 1981;246:1796-1800.
70. Soumerai SB, Avorn J. Principles of educational outreach ('academic detailing') to improve clinical decision making. JAMA. 1990;263:549-506.
71. Avorn J, Soumerai SB. Improving drug-therapy decisions through educational outreach. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:1457-1463.
72. Soumerai SB, Avorn J. Economic and policy analysis of university-based drug 'detailing.' Med Care. 1986;24:313-331.
73. Juran Institute. Quality Improvement Pocket-guide. Wilton, Conn: Juran Institute: 1992.
74. Langley G, Nolan K, Nolan T. The foundation of improvement. Qual Prog. 1994:27:81-86.
75. Marr JJ, Moffet HL, Kunin CM. Guidelines for improving the use of antimicrobial agents in hospitals: a statement by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. J Infect Dis. 1988:157:869-876.
76. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1995;16:105-113.
77. The Society for Hospital Epidemiology of America, Association for Practitioners in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Centers for Disease Control, Surgical Infection Society. Consensus paper on the surveillance of surgical wound infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1992;13:599-605.
78. Everitt DE, Soumerai SB, Avorn J, Klapholz H, Wessels M. Changing surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis practices through education targeted at senior department leaders. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1990:11:578-583.
79. Evans RS, Pestotnik SL, Classen DC, Burke JP. Development of an automated antibiotic consultant. Med Computing. 1993;10:17-22.
80. Evans RS, Pestotnik SL. Applications of medical informatics in antibiotic therapy. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1994;349:87-96.
81. Institute of Medicine; Field MG, Lohr KN, eds. Guidelines for Clinical Practice: From Development to Use. Washington, DC: National Academy Press: 1992.