An Empirical Test of the Theory of Gamified Learning: The Effect of Leaderboards on Time-on-Task and Academic Performance

Simulation and Gaming

Volumn 45, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 769-785

  Landers, Richard N ^a   Landers, Amy K ^a  

^a OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

attitudes; behavior; game attribute taxonomy; game attributes; game element taxonomy; game elements; gamification; gamified learning; learning; learning outcomes; mediation; model; moderation; psychology; serious games; simulation gaming; taxonomy; theory; training

Indexed keywords

EID: 84926486165     PISSN: 10468781     EISSN: 1552826X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1046878114563662     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Annetta L. A.,Minogue J.,Holmes S. Y.,Cheng M.-T.Investigating the impact of video games on high school students’ engagement and learning about genetics.Computers & Education. 2009;53:74-85
2. Bedwell W. L.,Pavlas D.,Heyne K.,Lazzara E. H.,Salas E.Toward a taxonomy linking game attributes to learning: An empirical study.Simulation & Gaming: An Interdisciplinary Journal. 2012;43:729-760
3. BrousellL. (2013). How gamification reshapes corporate training. Retrieved from http://www.cio.com/article/728268/How_Gamification_Reshapes_Corporate_Training
4. Brown K. G.Using computers to deliver training: Which employees learn and why?.Personnel Psychology. 2001;54:271-296
5. Callan R. C.,Bauer K. N.,Landers R. N.Gamification in education and business. Reiners T.Wood L., ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2015:553-568.
6. Cheong C.,Cheong F.,Filippou J..Proceedings of Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems; 2013Jeju Island, South Korea; 2013.
7. Cohen J.Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1988:
8. Deterding S.,Sicart M.,Nacke L.,O’Hara K.,Dixon D..Proceedings of the CHI 2011 Gamification Workshop; 2011Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; 2011.
9. Dominguez A.,Saenz-de-Navarrete J.,de-Marcos L.,Fernandez-Sanz L.,Pages C.,Martinez-Herraiz J.-J.Gamifying learning experiences: Practical implications and outcomes.Computers & Education. 2013;63:380-392
10. Doran G. T.There’s a S.M.A.R.T. way to write management’s goals and objectives.Management Review. 1981;70 (11): 35-36
11. Ericsson K. W.,Krampe R. T.,Tesch-Romer C.The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance.Psychological Review. 1993;100:363-406
12. Farzan R.,DiMicco J. M.,Millen D. R.,Brownholtz B.,Geyer W.,Dugan C..Symposium on Persuasive Technology; 2008Aberdeen, Scotland; 2008.
13. Goldstein I. L.Training in organizations: Needs assessment, development, and evaluation. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole; 1993:
14. Hamari J.,Koivisto J.,Sarsa H..Proceedings of the 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences; 2014Waikoloa, HI; 2014.
15. Kanfer R.,Ackerman P. L.Motivation and cognitive abilities: An integrative aptitude-treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition.Journal of Applied Psychology. 1989;74:657-690
16. Kraiger K.,Ford J. K.,Salas E.Application of cognitive, skill-based, and affective theories of learning outcomes to new methods of training evaluation.Journal of Applied Psychology. 1993;78:311-328
17. Kuncel N. R.,Campbell J. P.Handbook of industrial, work & organizational psychology. Anderson N.Ones D. S.Sinangil H. K.Viswesvaran C., ed. London, England: SAGE; 2001:278-312.
18. Landers R. N.Developing a theory of gamified learning: Linking serious games and gamification of learning.Simulation & Gaming: An Interdisciplinary Journal.:
19. Landers R. N.,Bauer K. N.,Callan R. C.,Armstrong M. B.Gamification in education and business. Reiners T.Wood L., ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2015:165-186.
20. Landers R. N.,Callan R. C.Serious games and edutainment applications. Ma M.Oikonomou A.Jain L. C., ed. Surrey, UK: Springer; 2011:399-424.
21. LandersR. N.CallanR. C. (2012). Training evaluation in virtual worlds: Development of a model. Journal of Virtual Worlds Research, 5(3). Retrieved from https://journals.tdl.org/jvwr/index.php/jvwr/article/view/6335
22. Landers R. N.,Callan R. C.,Bauer K. N.Gamification of task performance with leaderboards: A goal setting experiment.Computers in Human Behavior.:
23. Locke E. A.,Latham G. P.A theory of goal setting & task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1990:
24. Michaels J. W.Classroom reward structures and academic performance.Review of Educational Research. 1977;47:87-98
25. Preacher K. J.,Hayes A. F.SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models.Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers. 2004;36:717-731
26. Pychyl T. A.,Lee J. M.,Thibodeau R.,Blunt A.Five days of emotion: An experience sampling study of undergraduate student procrastination.Journal of Social Behavior and Personality. 2000;15:239-254
27. Slavin R. E.Cooperative learning.Review of Educational Research. 1980;50:315-342
28. Treptow M. A.,Burns M. K.,McComas J. J.Reading at the frustration, instructional, and independent levels: The effects on students’ reading comprehension and time on task.School Psychology Review. 2007;36:159-166
29. Wolfe J.,Crookall D.Developing a scientific knowledge of simulation/gaming.Simulation & Gaming: An Interdisciplinary Journal. 1998;29:7-19