Vermicomposting of phytomass: Limitations of the past approaches and the emerging directions

Journal of Cleaner Production

Volumn 93, Issue , 2015, Pages 103-114

  Abbasi, S A ^a   Nayeem Shah, M ^a   Abbasi, Tasneem ^a  

^a PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Earthworms; High rate vermicomposting; Phytomass; Vermicast; Vermicomposting

Indexed keywords

ANIMALS;

ANIMAL MANURE; EARTHWORMS; ORGANIC FERTILIZERS; PHYTOMASS; PLANT BIOMASS; VERMI-COMPOSTING; VERMICAST; VERMICOMPOSTS;

FERTILIZERS;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84926208371     PISSN: 09596526     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.024     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. S.A. Abbasi, and E.V. Ramasamy Solid Waste Management with Vermitechnology 2001 Discovery Publishing House New Delhi xiv + 178 pages
2. T. Abbasi, S. Gajalakshmi, and S.A. Abbasi Towards modeling and design of vermicomposting systems: mechanisms of composting/vermicomposting and their implications Indian J. Biotechnol. 8 2009 177 182
3. T. Abbasi, and S.A. Abbasi Biomass energy and the environmental impacts associated with its production and utilization Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 14 2010 919 937
4. T. Abbasi, S.M. Tauseef, and S.A. Abbasi The inclined parallel stack continuously operable vermireactor Off. J. Pat. Off. 22 2011 9571
5. T. Abbasi, and S.A. Abbasi Is the use of renewable energy sources an answer to the problems of global warming and pollution? Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012 42 2012 99 154
6. T. Abbasi, S.M. Tauseef, and S.A. Abbasi Biogas Energy 2012 Springer New Yark & Londan 978-1-4614-1039-3 xiv+169 pages
7. T. Abbasi, S.M. Tauseef, and S.A. Abbasi Energy recovery from wastewaters with high-rate anaerobic digesters Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 19 2013 704 741
8. Abbasi, T., Premalatha, M., Tauseef, S.M., Tabassum-Abbasi, Abbasi, S.A., 2014. A process and a system for eco-friendly and total disposal of date plam waste (DPW), Indian Patent Registry No 2412/DEL/2014.
9. A.J. Adi, and Z.M. Noor Waste recycling: utilization of coffee grounds and kitchen waste in vermicomposting Bioresour. Technol. 100 2009 1027 1030
10. E. Albanell, J. Plaixats, and T. Cabrero Chemical changes during vermicomposting (Eisenia fetida) of sheep manure mixed with cotton industrial wastes Biol. Fertil. Soils 6 1988 266 269
11. A.A. Ansari, and J. Rajpersaud Physicochemical changes during vermicomposting of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and grass clippings ISRN Soil Sci. 2012 Article ID 984783, 6 pages
12. G. Asadollahfardi, and A. Mohebi Fruits and vegetables residue vermicomposting using earthworm Eisenia Fetida J. Int. Environ. Appl. Sci. 7 2 2012 261 265
13. R.K. Annepu Sustainable Solid Waste Management in India MSc thesis 2012 Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University New York 1 189
14. S. Bansal, and K.K. Kapoor Vermicomposting of crop residues and cattle dung with Eisenia fetida Bioresour. Technol. 73 2000 95 98
15. D. Banupriya, S.M. Tauseef, T. Abbasi, and S.A. Abbasi Rapid conversion of paper waste into vermicast with high-rate vermicomposting technology: a proof-of-concept report Indian J. Environ. Sci. Eng 2014 (in press)
16. M.G. Brandona, C. Lazcanob, M. Loresc, and J. Dominguez Short-term stabilization of grape marc through earthworms J. Hazard. Mater. 187 2011 291 295
17. J.M. Castillo, E. Romero, and R. Nogales Dynamics of microbial communities related to biochemical parameters during vermicomposting and maturation of agro industrial lignocelluloses wastes Bioresour. Technol. 146 2013 345 354
18. P.S. Chaudhuri, and G. Bhattarcharjee Capacity of various experimental diets to support biomass and reproduction of Perionyx excavates Bioresour. Technol. 2001 147 150
19. P.S. Chaudhuri, T.K. Pal, G. Bhattacharjee, and S.K. Dey Rubber leaf litters (Hevea brasiliensis, var RRIM 600) as vermiculture substrate for epigeic earthworms, Perionyx excavatus, Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia fetida Pedobiologia 47 2003 796 800
20. A. Chauhan, and P.C. Joshi Composting of some dangerous and toxic weeds using Eisenia Fetida J. Am. Sci. 6 3 2010
21. A. Chauhan, S. Kumar, A.P. Singh, and M. Gupta Vermicomposting of vegetable wastes with cowdung using three earthworm species Eisenia foetida, Eudrilus eugeniae and Perionyx excavatus Nat. Sci. 8 1 2010
22. T. Daniel, and N. Karmegam Bio-conversion of selected leaf litters using an African epigeic earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae Ecol. Environ. Conserv. 5 3 1999 271 275
23. G. Degefe, S. Mengistu, and J. Dominguez Vermicomposting as a sustainable practice, to manage Coffee Husk, Enset waste (Enset ventricosum), Khat waste (Catha edulis), and Vegetable waste amended with Cowdung using an epigeic earthworm, Eisenia andrei, (Bouch' 1972) Int. J. PharmTech Res. 4 1 2012 15
24. H. Deka, S. Deka, C.K. Baruah, J. Das, S. Hoque, and N.S. Sarma Vermicomposting of distillation waste of citronella plant (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt.) employing Eudrilus eugeniae Bioresour. Technol. 102 2011 6944 6950
25. C.A. Edwards, Q.A. Norman, and R. Sherman Vermiculture Technology, Earthworms, Organic Waste and Environmental Management 2011 CRC Press 17 19
26. C. Feller, G.G. Brown, E. Blanchart, P. Deleporte, and S.S. Cheryyanskii Charles Darwin, earthworms and natural sciences: various lessons from past to future Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 99 2003 29 49
27. R. Frank, C. Klauck, and K.I. Stonefield Metal transfer in vermicomposting of sewage sludge and plant wastes Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31 1983 673 679
28. j. Frederickson, K.R. Butt, R.M. Morris, and C. Daniel Combining vermiculture with traditional green waste composting systems Soil Biol. Biochem. 29 314 1997 725 730
29. S. Gajalakshmi, and S.A. Abbasi Neem leaves as a source of fertilizer-cumpesticide vermicompost Bioresour. Technol. 92 2004 291 296
30. S. Gajalakshmi, and S.A. Abbasi Earthworms and vermicomposting Indian J. Biotechnol. 3 2004 486 494
31. S. Gajalakshmi, and S.A. Abbasi Solid waste management by composting: state of the art Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 2008 311 400 (CRC Press)
32. S. Gajalakshmi, E.V. Ramasamy, and S.A. Abbasi Composting-vermicomposting of leaf litter ensuing from the trees of neem (Magnifera indica) Bioresour. Technol. 96 2005 1057 1061
33. S. Gajalakshmi, E.V. Ramasamy, and S.A. Abbasi High-rate composting - vermicomposting of water hyacinth Bioresour. Technol. 83 2002 235 239 (Elsevier)
34. P.S. Ganesh, S. Gajalakshmi, and S.A. Abbasi Vermicomposting of the leaf litter of acacia (Acacia auriculiformis): possible roles of reactor geometry, polyphenols, and lignin Bioresour. Technol. 100 2009 1819 1827
35. T. Ganeshkumar, M. Premalatha, S. Gajalakshmi, and S.A. Abbasi A new process for the rapid and direct vermicomposting of the aquatic weed salvinia (Salvinia molesta) Bioresour. Bioprocess 1 26 2014 1 5
36. P. Garg, A. Gupta, and S. Satya Vermicomposting of different types of waste using E.fetida: a comparative study Bioresour. Technol. 97 2006 391 395
37. V.K. Garg, and R. Gupta Optimization of cowdung spiked pre-consumer processing vegetable waste for vermicomposting using Eisenia fetida Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 74 2011 19 24
38. M.J.F. Gómez, E. Romero, R. Nogales, and H. Insam Continuous-feeding vermicomposting as a recycling management method to revalue tomato-fruit wastes from greenhouse crops Waste Manag. 30 2010 2461 2468
39. M.J.F. Gómez, E. Romero, and R. Nogales Feasibility of vermicomposting for vegetable greenhouse waste recycling Bioresour. Technol. 101 2010 9654 9660
40. M.J.F. Gómez, E. Romero, and R. Nogales Impact of imidacloprid residues on the development of Eisenia fetida during vermicomposting of greenhouse plant waste J. Hazard. Mater. 192 2011 1886 1889
41. M. Gomez-Brandon, C. Lazcano, M. Lores, and J. Dominguez Short-term stabilization of grape marc through earthworms J. Hazard. Mater. 187 2011 291 295
42. M. Gopal, A. Gupta, and G.V. Thomas Prospects of using Metarhizium anisopliae to check the breeding of insect pest, Oryctes rhinoceros L. in coconut leaf vermicomposting sites Bioresour. Technol. 97 2006 1801 1806
43. R. Gupta, and V.K. Garg Vermiremediation and nutrient recovery of non-recyclable paper waste employing Eisenia fetida J. Hazard. Mater 162 2009 430 439
44. R. Gupta, P.K. Mutiyar, N.K. Rawat, M.S. Saini, and V.K. Garg Development of a water hyacinth based vermireactor using an epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida Bioresour. Technol. 98 2007 2605 2610
45. A. Hanc, and M. Chadimova Nutrient recovery from apple pomace waste by vermicomposting technology Bioresour. Technol. 168 2014 240 244
46. K. Huang, Li Fusheng, W. Yongfen, F. Xiaoyong, and C. Xuemin Effects of earthworms on physicochemical properties and microbial profiles during vermicomposting of fresh fruit and vegetable wastes Bioresour. Technol. 170 2014 45 52
47. K. Huang, F. Li, Y. Wei, X. Chen, and X. Fu Changes of bacterial and fungal community compositions during vermicomposting of vegetable wastes by Eisenia foetida Bioresour. Technol. 150 2013 235 241
48. N. Hussain, T. Abbasi, and S.A. Abbasi Vermicomposting eliminates the toxicity of lantana (Lantana camara) and turns it into a plant friendly organic fertilizer J. Hazard. Mater. 2015 (communicated)
49. Indrajeet, S.N. Rai, and J. Singh Vermicomposting of farm garbage in different combination J. Recent Adv. Appl. Sci. 25 2010 15 18
50. C.D. Jadia, and M.H. Fulekar Vermicomposting of vegetable waste: a biophysicochemical process based on hydro-operating bioreactor Afr. J. Biotechnol. 7 2008 3723 3730
51. N. Karmegam, and T. Daniel Growth, reproductive biology and life cycle of the vermicomposting earthworm Perionyx ceylanensis Mich. (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) Bioresour. Technol 100 2009 4790 4796
52. M. Karthikeyan, S. Gajalakshmi, and S.A. Abbasi Effect of storage on the properties of vermicompost generated from paper waste: with focus on pre-drying and extent of sealing Int. J. Energy Environ. Eng. 5 135 2014 1 11
53. M. Karthikeyan, N. Hussain, S. Gajalakshmi, and S.A. Abbasi Effect of vermicast generation form an allelopathic weed lantana (Lantana camara) on seed germination, plant growth, and yield of cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2014 10.1007/s11356-014-3103-5
54. M. Khwairakpam, and A.S. Kalamdhad Vermicomposting of vegetable wastes amended with cattle manure Res. J. Chem. Sci. 1 8 2011 49 56
55. P. Kaushik, and V.K. Garg Dynamics of biological and chemical parameters during vermicomposting of solid textile mill sludge mixed with cow dung and agricultural residues Bioresour. Technol. 2004 94,203 94,209
56. R. Kumar, D. Verma, B.L. Singh, U. Kumar, and Shweta Composting of sugar-cane waste by-products through treatment with microorganisms and subsequent vermicomposting Bioresour. Technol. 101 2010 6707 6711
57. S.K. Kumar, K.P. Satheesh, V.U. Kumar, and G. Anbuganapathi Impact of biofertilizers on growth and reproductive performance of Eisenia fetida (Savigny 1926) during flower waste vermicomposting process Annu. Rev. Res. Biol. 3 2013 574 583
58. J. Kurien, and E.V. Ramasamy Vermicomposting of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) with two epigeic earthworm species Bioresour. Technol. 97 2006 1324 1328
59. M. Lakshmi Prabha, A. Indira, R. Jeyaraaj, and D. Srinivasa Rao Comparative studies on the levels of vitamins during vermicomposting of fruit wastes by Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia fetida Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 5 1 2007 57 61
60. S.L. Lima, T.Y. Wua, E. Yih, S. Sima, P.N. Lima, and C. Clarkeb Biotransformation of rice husk into organic fertilizer through vermicomposting Ecol. Eng. 41 2012 60 64
61. T. Lleó, E. Albacete, R. Barrena, X. Font, A. Artola, and A. Sánchez Home and vermicomposting as sustainable options for biowaste management J. Clean. Prod. 47 2013 70 76
62. M. Makhija, S. Gajalakshmi, and S.A. Abbasi Screening of Four Species of Earthworms for Sustainable Vermicomposting of Ipomoea carnea. Proceedings of Green Technology and Environmental Conservation 2011 Satyabhama University-ISWA-NSWAI-TNPCB Chennai 56 60
63. B. Manáková, J. Kuta, M. Svobodová, and J. Hofman Effects of combined composting and vermicomposting of wastesludge on arsenic fate and bioavailability J. Hazard. Mater. 280 2014 544 551
64. M.S. Maboeta, and L.V. Rensburg Vermicomposting of industrially produced woodchips and sewage sludge utilizing Eisenia fetida Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2003 56,265 56,270
65. K. Mahantaa, D.K. Jhaa, D.J. Rajkhowab, and Manoj-Kumarb Microbial enrichment of vermicompost prepared from different plant biomasses and their effect on rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and soil fertility Biol. Agric. Hortic. 28 2014 241 250
66. N.O.K. Mainoo, K. Barrington, J.K. Whalen, and L. Sampedro Pilot-scale vermicomposting of pineapple wastes with earthworms native to Accra, Ghana Bioresour. Technol. 100 2009 5872 5875
67. C.C. Mba Treated-cassava peel vermicomposts enhanced earthworm activities and cowpea growth in field plots Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 17 1996 219 226
68. M.J. Molina, M.D. Soriano, F. Ingelmo, and J. Llinares Stabilisation of sewage sludge and vinasse bio-wastes by vermicomposting with rabbit manure using Eisenia fetida Bioresour. Technol. 137 2013 88 97
69. B. Moreno, A. Vivas, R. Nogales, and E. Benitez Solvent tolerance acquired by Brevibacillus brevis during an olive-waste vermicomposting process Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 72 2009 2109 2114
70. M. Mujeebunisa, V. Divya, and D. Aruna Effect of leaf litter, vegetable waste, coffee waste, flower waste and may flower waste added vermicompost on weight gain in Eudrilus eugeniae Asian J. Plant Sci. Res. 3 6 2013 1 4
71. L.T. Mupondi, P.N.S. Mnkeni, and P. Muchaonyerwa Effects of a precomposting step on the vermicomposting of dairy manure and waste paper mixtures Waste Manag. Res. 29 2011 219 228
72. I.A. Najar, and A.B. Khan Management of fresh water weeds (macrophytes) by vermicomposting using Eisenia fetida Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 20 2013 6406 6417
73. G. Nattudurai, S. EzhilVendan, P.V. Ramachandran, and S. Lingathurai Vermicomposting of coirpith with cowdung by Eudrilus eugeniae Kinberg and its efficacy on the growth of Cyamopsis tetragonaloba (L) Taub J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci. 2013
74. R. Nogales, R. Thompson, A. Calmet, E. Benitez, M. Gómez, and C. Elvira Feasibility of vermicomposting residues from olive oil production obtained using two stage centrifugation J. Environ. Sci. Health A33 7 1998 1491 1506
75. I.A. Nweke Plant nutrient release composition in vermicompost as influenced by Eudrilus eugeniae using different organic diets J. Ecol. Nat. Environ. 5 2013 346 351
76. M. Nayeem-Shah Exploration of Methods for Gainful Utilization of Phytomass-Based Biowaste PhD thesis 2014 Pondicherry University 92
77. F.H. Orozco, J. Cegarra, L.M. Trujilla, and A. Roig Vermicomposting of coffee pulp using the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Effects on C and N contents and the availability of nutrients Biol. Fertil. Soils 22 1996 162 166
78. J.H. Patil, P.H. Sanil, B.M. Malini, V. Manoj, D. Deepika, and D. Chaitra Vermicomposting of water hyacinth with poultry litter using rotary drum reactor J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 4 5 2012 2585 2589
79. S. Palaniappan, and K. Thiruganasambadam Investigation on application of synthetic nutrients for worm growth rate vermicomposting J. Urban Environ. Eng 6 1 2012 30 35
80. C. Plaza, R. Nogales, N. Senesi, E. Benitez, and A. Polo Organic matter humification by vermicomposting of cattle manures alone and mixed with two-phase olive pomace Bioresour. Technol. 99 2008 5085 5089
81. M. Prakash, and N. Karmegam Dyanmics of nutrients and microflora during vermicomposting of mango leaf litter using P. ceylanensis Int. J. Glob. Environ. Issues 10 3/4 2010 339 353
82. M. Prakash, and N. Karmegam Vermistabilization of pressmud using Perionyx ceylanensis Mich Bioresour. Technol. 101 2010 8464 8468
83. M. Prakash, M. Jayakumar, and N. Karmegam Physico-chemical characteristics and fungal Flora in the casts of the earthworm, Perionyx ceylanensis Mich. Reared in Polyalthia longifolia leaf litter J. Appl. Sci. Res. 4 1 2008 53 57
84. P. Pramanik, and Y.R. Chung Changes in fungal population of fly ash and vinasse mixture during vermicomposting by Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia fetida: documentation of cellulase isozymes in vermicompost Waste Manag. 31 2011 1169 1175
85. P. Pramanik Changes in microbial properties and nutrient dynamics in bagasse and coir during vermicomposting: quantification of fungal biomass through ergosterol estimation in vermicompost Waste Manag. 30 2010 787 791
86. P. Pramanik, G.K. Ghosh, P.K. Ghosal, and P. Banik Changes in organic - C, N, P and K and enzyme activities in vermicompost of biodegradable organic wastes under liming and microbial inoculants Bioresour. Technol. 98 2007 2485 2494
87. M. Premalatha, S.M. Tauseef, T. Abbasi, and S.A. Abbasi A website to showcase the human-friendly aspects of termites Curr. Sci. 105 11 2013 1459 1460
88. K. Rajasekar, and N. Karmegam Efficiency of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida (Sav.) in vermistabilization of silkworm litter mixed with leaf litter Int. J. Appl. Environ. Sci. 4 2009 4
89. P. Rajiv, R. Sivaraj, and V. Rajendran Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy: reliable techniques for analysis of Parthenium mediated vermicompost Spectrochim. Acta Part A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 116 2013 642 645
90. A. Rajpal, R. Bhargava, and A.K. Chopra Stabilization of anaerobic digester sludge through vermicomposting J. Appl. Nat. Sci. 3 2 2011 232 237
91. B. Ravindran, R. Sravani, A.B. Mandal, S.M. Contreras-Ramos, and G. Sekaran Intrumental evidence for biodegradation of tannery waste during vermicomposting process using E. eugeniae Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2010 10.1007/s10973-011-2081-9
92. M. Ritzkowski, and R. Stegmann Controlling greenhouse gas emissions through landfill in situ aeration Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 1 3 2007 281 288
93. T.R. Sethuraman, and K.V. Kavitha Vermicomposting of Green waste using earthworm Lumbricus Rubellus Nat. Environ. Pollut. Technol. 0972-6268 12 2 2013 371 374
94. B. Sahariah, I. Sinha, P. Sharma, L. Goswami, P. Bhattacharyya, S. Gogoi, and S.S. Bhattacharya Efficacy of bioconversion of paper mill bamboo sludge and lime waste by composting and vermiconversion technologies Chemosphere 109 2014 77 83
95. V.K. Saini, R.C. Sihag, R.C. Sharma, S.K. Gahlawat, and R.K. Gupta Biodegradation of Water Hyacinth, Sugarcane Bagasse and Rice Husk through Vermicomposting 2008 Intersciences Enterprises Ltd. 1478 9876
96. P. Sankar Ganesh, S. Gajalakshmi, and S.A. Abbasi Vermicomposting of the leaf litter of acacia (Acacia auriculiformis): possible roles of reactor geometry, polyphenols, and lignin Bioresour. Technol. 100 2009 1819 1827 (Elsevier)
97. D.T. Shindell, G. Faluvegi, D.,M. Koch, G.,A. Schmidt, N. Unger, and S.,E. Bauer Improved attribution of climate forcing to emissions Science 326 2009 716 718
98. M.P. Shanmuga, and M. Lakshmi Prabha Compartive studies on enzymatic levels of vegetable wastes decomposed by Eudriles eugeniae and Eisenia fetida Adv. Biol. Tech. 11 4 2011 13 15
99. M.P. Shanmuga, and M. Lakshmi Prabha Vermicomposting of leaf litter byLampito mauritti with a note on its physico-chemical features Int. J. ChemTech Res. 3 4 2011 1956 1961
100. N.R. Shanthi, R.V. Bhoyar, and A.D. Bhide Vermicomposting of vegetable waste Compost Sci. Util. 1 4 1993 27 30
101. S. Shouche, A. Pandey, and P. Bhati Study about the changes in physical parameters during vermicompsting of floral wastes J. Environ. Res. Dev. 6 1 2011 (July-September)
102. A. Singh, and S. Sharma Composting of a crop residue through treatment with microorganisms and subsequent vermicomposting Bioresour. Technol. 85 2002 107 111
103. A. Singh, A. Jain, B.K. Sharma, P.C. Abhilash, and H.B. Singh Solid waste management of temple floral offerings by vermicomposting using Eisenia fetida Waste Manag. 33 2013 1113 1118
104. D. Singh, and S. Suthar Vermicomposting of herbal pharmaceutical industry solid wastes Ecol. Eng. 39 2012 1 6
105. J. Singh, and A.S. Kalamdhad Effect of Eisenia fetida on speciation of heavy metals during vermicomposting of water hyacinth Ecol. Eng. 60 2013 214 223
106. S. Sivakumar, H. Kasthuri, D. Prabha, K.S. Senthil, C.V. Subbhuram, and Y.C. Song Efficiency of composting parthenium plant and neem leaves in the presence and absence of an oligocahete, Eisenia fetida Iran J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng. 6 3 2009 201 208
107. B. Sivasankari, W. Anitha, and T. Daniel Effect of application of vermicompost prepared from leaf materials on growth of Vigna unguiculata L.Walp J. Pure Appl. Microbiol. 4 2 2010 895 898
108. P.K. Srivastava, P.C. Singh, M. Gupta, A. Sinha, A. Vaish, A. Shukla, N. Singh, and S.K. Tewari Influence of earthworm culture on fertilization potential and biological activities of vermicomposts prepared from different plant wastes J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 174 3 2011 420 429
109. X. Song, M. Liu, D. Wua, L. Qi, C. Ye, J. Jiao, and F. Hua Heavy metal and nutrient changes during vermicomposting animal manure spiked with mushroom residues Waste Manag. 34 2014 1977 1983
110. S. Subramanian, M. Sivarajan, and S. Saravanapriya Chemical changes during vermicomposting of sago industry solid waste J. Hazard. Mater. 179 2010 318 322
111. S. Suthar, and P. Sharma Vermicomposting of toxic weed - Lantana camara biomass: chemical and microbial properties changes and assessment of toxicity of end product using seed bioassay Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2013 95,179 95,187
112. S. Suthar Vermicomposting potential of Perionyx sansibaricus (Perrier) in different waste materials Bioresour. Technol. 98 2007 1231 1237
113. S. Suthar Bioremediation of agricultural wastes through vermicomposting Bioremediation J. 13 2009 21 28
114. S. Suthar Potential of Allolobophora parva (Oligochaeta) in vermicomposting Bioresour. Technol. 100 2009 6422 6427
115. S. Suthar Vermicomposting of vegetable-market solid waste using Eisenia fetida: Impact of bulking material on earthworm growth and decomposition rate Ecol. Eng. 35 2009 914 920
116. Tabassum-Abbasi, T. Abbasi, and S.A. Abbasi Reducing the global environmental impact of livestock production: the minilivestock option J. Cleaner Prod 2015 (in press)
117. S.M. Tauseef, T. Abbasi, D. Banupriya, V. Vaishnavi, and S.A. Abbasi HEVSPAR: a novel vermireactor system for treating paper waste Off. J. Pat. Off. 24 2013 12726
118. S.M. Tauseef, T. Abbasi, G. Banupriya, D. Banupriya, and S.A. Abbasi A new machine for clean and rapid separation of vermicast, earthworms, and undigested substrate in vermicomposting systems Indian J. Environ. Sci. Eng. 2013 (communicated)
119. S.M. Tauseef, M. Premalatha, T. Abbasi, and S.A. Abbasi Methane capture from livestock manure J. Environ. Manag. 117 2013 187 207
120. M. Tejada, J.L. Gonzalez, M.T. Hernandez, and C. Garcia Agricultural use of leachatesobtained from two different vermicomposting processes Bioresour. Technol. 99 2008 6228 6232
121. UNSTATS Environmental Indicators 2011 Available online at URA: unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/municipalased.htm (accessed October 2012)
122. K. Vasanthi, K. Chairman, and A.J.A. Ranjit Singh Vermicomposting of leaf litter ensuing from the trees of Mango (Mangifera indica) and Guava (Psidium guujuvu) leaves Int. J. Adv. Res. 1 3 2013 33 38
123. K.A. Wani, Mamta, and R.J. Rao Bioconversion of garden waste, kitchen waste and cow dung into value-added products using earthworm Eisenia fetida Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 20 2013 149 154
124. A. Yadav, and V.K. Garg Vermicomposting - an effective tool for the management of invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus Bioresour. Technol. 102 2011 5891 5895
125. A. Yadav, and V.K. Garg Nutrient recycling from industrial solid wastes and weeds by vermiprocessing using earthworms Pedosphere 23 2013 668 677
126. J.G. Zaller Seed germination of weed Rumex obtusifolius after on form conventional biodynamic and vermicomposting of cattle manure Ann. Appl. Biol. 151 2007 245 249
127. M. Zamorano, J. Ignacio Pérez Pérez, I. Aguilar Pavés, and A. Ramos Ridao Study of the energy potential of the biogas produced by an urban waste landfill in Southern Spain Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 11 5 2007 909 922
128. V.L. Zirbes, Q. Renard, J. Dufey, P. Khanh Tu, and H.N. Duyet Volarisation of water hyacinth in vermicomposting using an epigeics earthworm P. exacavatus Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 15 1 2011 85 93