Race, Social Bonds, and Juvenile Attitudes toward the Police

Justice Quarterly

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 445-470

  Wu, Yuning ^a   Lake, Rodney ^a   Cao, Liqun ^b,c  

^a WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ONTARIO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Canada)

^c HUNAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

juvenile; perceptions of the police; race ethnicity; social bond theory

Indexed keywords

EID: 84926146368     PISSN: 07418825     EISSN: 17459109     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2013.778325     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Amoroso, D. & Ware, E. (1986). Adolescents’ perceptions of aspects of the home environment and their attitudes toward parents, self, & external authority. Adolescence, 21, 191–204.
2. Baron, R. & Kenny, D. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.
3. Bazemore, G., & Senjo, S. (1997). Police encounters with juveniles revisited. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategy and Management, 20, 60–82.
4. Blau, J. & Blau, P. (1982). The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violent crime. American Sociological Review, 47, 45–62.
5. Blumer, H. (1958). Race prejudice as a sense of group position. Pacific Sociological Review, 1, 3–7.
6. Bobo, L. & Tuan, M. (2006). Prejudice in politics: Group position, public opinion, and the Wisconsin treaty rights dispute. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
7. Brick, B., Taylor, T., & Esbensen, F. (2009). Juvenile attitudes towards the police: The importance of subcultural involvement and community ties. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37, 488–495.
8. Brown, B. & Benedict, W. (2002). Perceptions of police: Past findings, methodological issues, conceptual issues and policy implications. Journal of Criminal Justice, 25, 543–578.
9. Browning, S. & Cao, L. (1992). The impact of race on criminal justice ideology. Justice Quarterly, 9, 685–702.
10. Buckler, K. & Unnever, J. (2008). Racial and ethnic perceptions of injustice: Testing the core hypotheses of comparative conflict theory. Journal of Crime and Justice, 36, 270–278.
11. Cao, L. (2004). Major criminological theories: Concepts and measurements (Chap. 9, pp. 119-132). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
12. Cao, L. (2011). Visible minorities and confidence in the police. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 53, 1–26.
13. Cao, L., Frank, J., & Cullen, F. (1996). Race, community context and confidence in the police. American Journal of Police, 15, 3–22.
14. Cao, L., Stack, S., & Sun, Y. (1998). Public confidence in the police: A comparative study between Japan and America. Journal of Criminal Justice, 26, 279–289.
15. Chermak, S., McGarrell, E., & Weiss, A. (2001). Citizens’ perceptions of aggressive traffic enforcement strategies. Justice Quarterly, 18, 365–391.
16. Cheurprakobkit, S. (2000). Police-citizen contact and police performance: Attitudinal differences between Hispanics and non-Hispanics. Journal of Criminal Justice, 28, 325–336.
17. Chow, H. (2011). Adolescent attitudes toward the police in a western Canadian city. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 34, 638–653.
18. Cockerham, W. & Forslund, M. (1975). Attitudes toward the police among white and Native American youth. American Indian Law Review, 3, 419–428.
19. Correia, M., Reisig, M., & Lovrich, N. (1996). Public perceptions of state police: An analysis of individual-level and contextual variables. Journal of Criminal Justice, 24, 17–28.
20. Danigelis, N., Hardy, M., & Cutler, S. (2007). Population aging, intracohort aging and sociopolitical attitudes. American Sociological Review, 72, 812–830.
21. Decker, S. (1981). Citizens attitude towards the police: The difference police contacts makes. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 9, 80–87.
22. Dunham, R. & Alpert, G. (1988). Neighborhood differences in attitudes toward policing: Evidence for a mixed-strategy model for policing in a multi-ethnic setting. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 79, 504–521.
23. Esbensen, F., Osgood, D., Taylor, T., Peterson, D., & Freng, A. (2001). How great is G.R.E.A.T.? Results from a longitudinal quasi-experimental design. Criminology and Public Policy, 1, 87–118.
24. Fagan, J. & Tyler, T. (2005). Legal socialisation of children and adolescents. Social Justice Research, 18, 217–241.
25. Flexon, J., Lurigio, A., & Greenleaf, R. (2009). Exploring the dimension of trust in the police among Chicago juveniles. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37, 180–189.
26. Frank, J., Brandl, S., Cullen, F., & Stichman, A. (1996). Reassessing the impact of race on citizen’s attitudes toward the police: A research note. Justice Quarterly, 13, 322–334.
27. Friedman, W., Lurigio, A., Greenleaf, R., & Albertson, S. (2004). Encounters between police and youth: Social costs of disrespect. Journal of Crime and Justice, 27, 1–25.
28. Garcia, V. & Cao, L. (2005). Race and satisfaction with the police in a small city. Journal of Criminal Justice, 33, 191–199.
29. Geistman, J. & Smith, B. (2007). Juvenile attitudes toward police: A national study. Journal of Crime & Justice, 30, 27–51.
30. Gibbons, D. (1979). The criminological enterprise. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
31. Giordano, P. (1976). The sense of injustice? An analysis of juveniles’ reactions to the justice system. Criminology, 14, 93–111.
32. Hacker, A. (1992). Two nations. New York, NY: Macmillan.
33. Hagan, J. & Albonetti, C. (1982). Race, class, and the perception of criminal injustice in America. American Journal of Sociology, 88, 329–355.
34. Hagan, J., Shedd, C., & Payne, M. (2005). Race, ethnicity, and youth perception of criminal injustice. American Sociological Review, 7, 381–407.
35. Hammond, A., Sloboda, Z., Tonkin, P., Stephens, R., Teasdale, B., Grey, S., & William, J. (2008). Do adolescents perceive police officers as credible instructors of substance abuse prevention programs? Health Education Research, 23, 682–696.
36. Henderson, M., Cullen, F., Cao, L., Browning, S., & Kopachee, R. (1997). The impact of race on perceptions of criminal injustice. Journal of Criminal Justice, 25, 447–462.
37. Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Attachment to parents, attachment to school (Chap. 6 & 7, pp. 84-134). Berkeley: University of California Press.
38. Huang, W. & Vaughn, M. (1996). Support and confidence: Public attitudes toward the police. In T. J. Flanagan & D. R. Longmire (Eds.), Americans view crime and justice: A national public opinion survey (pp. 31–45). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
39. Huebner, M., Schafer, J., & Bynum, T. (2004). African American and white perceptions of police service: Within- and between-group variation. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32, 123–135.
40. Hurst, Y. (2007). Juvenile attitudes toward the police: An examination of rural youth. Criminal Justice Review, 32, 121–141.
41. Hurst, Y. & Frank, J. (2000). How kids view cops: The nature of juvenile attitudes toward the police. Journal of Criminal Justice, 28, 189–202.
42. Hurst, Y., Frank, J., & Browning, S. (2000). The attitudes of juveniles toward the police. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategy and Management, 23, 37-53.
43. Jackson, R. & McBride, W. (2000). Understanding street gangs. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
44. Jesilow, J., Meyer, J., & Namazzi, N. (1995). Public attitudes toward the police. American Journal of Police, 14, 67–88.
45. Keith, T. (2006). Multiple regression and beyond. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
46. Kluegel, J., Singleton, R., & Starnes, C. (1977). Subjective class identification: A multiple indicator. American Sociological Review, 42, 599–611.
47. Lai, Y., Cao, L., & Zhao, J. (2010). The impact of political entity on confidence in legal authorities: A comparison between China and Taiwan. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 934–941.
48. Lai, Y. & Zhao, J. (2010). The impact of race/ethnicity, neighborhood context, and police/citizen interaction on residents’ attitudes toward the police. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 685–692.
49. Leiber, M., Nalla, M., & Farnsworth, M. (1998). Explaining juveniles’ attitudes toward the police. Justice Quarterly, 15, 151–173.
50. Levy, K. (2001). The relationship between adolescent attitudes toward authority, self concept, and delinquency. Adolescence, 36, 333–346.
51. Lurigio, A., Greenleaf, R., & Flexon, J. (2009). The effects of race on relationships with the police: A survey of African American and Latino youths in Chicago. Western Criminology Review, 10, 29–41.
52. Maguire, K. (Ed.). (2012) Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics [Online], Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2132006. Retrieved October 15, from http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/pdf/t2132006.pdf
53. Mirande, A. (1981). The Chicano and the law. Pacific Sociological Review, 24, 65–86.
54. Neter, J., Kutner, M., Nachtsheim, C., & Wasserman, W. (1996). Applied linear statistical models (4th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
55. Nihart, T., Lersch, K., Sellers, C., & Mieczkowski, T. (2005). Kids, cops, parents and teachers: Exploring juvenile attitudes toward authority figures. Western Criminology Review, 6, 79–88.
56. Oliver, W. (2000). The third generation of community policing: Moving through innovation, diffusion, and institutionalization. Police Quarterly, 3, 367–388.
57. Payne, B. & Gainey, R. (2007). Attitudes about police and neighborhood safety in disadvantaged neighborhoods: The influence of criminal victimization and perceptions of drug problems. Criminal Justice Review, 32, 142–155.
58. President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice (1967). The challenge of crime in a free society. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
59. Priest, T. & Carter, D. (1999). Evaluations of police performance in an African American sample. Journal of Criminal Justice, 27, 457–465.
60. Radelet, L. & Carter, D. (1994). The police and the community. New York, NY: MacMillan.
61. Ren, L., Cao, L., Lovrich, N., & Gaffney, M. (2005). Linking confidence in the police with the performance of the police: Community policing can make a difference. Journal of Criminal Justice, 33, 55–66.
62. Runciman, W. (1966). Relative deprivation and social justice. London: Routledge.
63. Rusinko, W., Johnson, K., & Hornung, C. (1978). The importance of police contact in the foundation of youth’s attitudes toward the police. Journal of Criminal Justice, 6, 53–67.
64. Sampson, R. & Jeglum-Barusch, D. (1998). Legal cynicism and (subcultural?) tolerance of deviance: The neighborhood context of racial differences. Law and Society Review, 32, 777–804.
65. Sampson, R. & Lauritsen, J. (1997). Racial and ethnic disparities in crime and criminal justice in the United States. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Ethnicity, crime and immigration: Comparative and cross-national perspectives (pp. 311–374). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago press.
66. Schuck, A. & Rosenbaum, D. (2005). Global and neighborhood attitudes toward the police: Differentiation by race, ethnicity and type of contact. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 21, 391–418.
67. Schuck, A., Rosenbaum, D., & Hawkins, D. (2008). The influence of race/ethnicity, social class and neighborhood context on residents’ attitudes toward the police. Police Quarterly, 11, 496–519.
68. Sims, B., Hooper, M., & Peterson, S. (2002). Determinants of citizens’ attitudes toward police—results of the Harrisburg Citizen survey–1999. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 25, 457–471.
69. Smith, B. (2005). Ethno-racial political transition and citizen satisfaction with the police. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 28, 242–254.
70. Smith, P. & Hawkins, R. (1973). Victimization, types of citizen-police contacts, and attitudes toward the police. Law and Society Review, 8, 135–152.
71. Sunshine, J. & Tyler, T. (2003). The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing. Law and Society Review, 37, 513–548.
72. Taylor, T., Turner, K., Esbensen, F., & Winfree, L., Jr (2001). Coppin’ an attitude: Attitudinal differences among juveniles toward police. Journal of Criminal Justice, 29, 501–521.
73. Thurman, Q. & Reisig, M. (1996). Community-oriented research in an era of community policing. American Behavioral Scientist, 39, 570–586.
74. Tyler, T. (1990). Why people obey the law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
75. Tyler, T. (2001). Public trust and confidence in legal authorities: What do majority and minority group members want from the law and legal authorities? Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 19, 215–235.
76. Unnever, J., Cullen, F., Mathers, S., McClure, T., & Allison, M. (2009). Racial discrimination and Hirschi’s criminological classic: A chapter in the sociology of knowledge. Justice Quarterly, 26, 377–409.
77. Walker, S. (1997). Complaints against the police: A focus group study of citizen perceptions, goals and expectations. Criminal Justice Review, 22, 207–226.
78. Webb, V. & Marshall, C. (1995). The relative importance of race and ethnicity on citizen attitudes toward the police. American Journal of Police, 14, 45–66.
79. Webber, C. (2007). Revaluating relative deprivation theory. Theoretical Criminology, 11, 97–120.
80. Weitzer, R. (2002). Incidents of police misconduct and public opinion. Journal of Criminal Justice, 30, 397–408.
81. Weitzer, R. & Tuch, S. (2006). Race and policing in America: Conflict and reform. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
82. Weitzer, R., Tuch, S., & Skogan, W. (2008). Police-community relations in a majority-Black city. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 45, 398–428.
83. Wilson, W. (1978). The declining significance of race. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
84. Wu, Y., Jiang, S., & Lambert, E. (2011). Citizen support for community policing in China. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 34, 285–303.
85. Wu, Y. & Sun, I. (2009). Citizen trust in police: The case of China. Police Quarterly, 12, 170–191.
86. Wu, Y., Sun, I., & Smith, B. (2011). Race, immigration, and policing: Chinese immigrants’ satisfaction with police. Justice Quarterly, 28, 745–774.
87. Wu, Y., Sun, I., & Triplett, R. (2009). Race, class or neighborhood context: Which matters more in measuring satisfaction with police? Justice Quarterly, 26, 125–156.