Why currently used diagnostic techniques for heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis are not enough: The challenge of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging

Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 320-331

  Mavrogeni, Sophie ^a   Dimitroulas, Theodoros ^b   Gabriel, Sherine ^c   Sfikakis, Petros P ^d   Pohost, Gerald M ^e,f,g   Kitas, George D ^h  

^a ONASSIS CARDIAC SURGERY CENTER   (Greece)

^b RUSSELLS HALL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c Mayo Clinic College of Medicine   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^e UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^f LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g Westside Medical Imaging   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cardiac magnetic resonance; Computed tomography; Coronary artery disease; Echocardiography; Heart failure; Myocarditis; Nuclear cardiology; Rheumatoid arthritis; Vasculitis

Indexed keywords

ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENT; CONTRAST MEDIUM; DOBUTAMINE; THALLIUM CHLORIDE TL 201; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR;

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; BLEEDING; CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CORONARY ARTERY; DEATH; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART CATHETERIZATION; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART PERFORMANCE; HEART VENTRICLE FIBRILLATION; HUMAN; MEDICAL HISTORY; MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING; MYOCARDITIS; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; COMPLICATION; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FIBROSIS; HEART MUSCLE; HEART VENTRICLE FUNCTION; MORTALITY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; TIME;

ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FIBROSIS; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MYOCARDIUM; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; TIME FACTORS; VENTRICULAR FUNCTION;

EID: 84925940467     PISSN: 15306550     EISSN: 21538174     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3909/ricm0724     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. John H, Kitas G, Toms T, Goodson N. Cardiovascular co-morbidity in early rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2009;23:71-82.
2. Hollan I, Meroni PL, Ahearn JM, et al. Cardiovascular disease in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2013;12:1004-1015.
3. Onat A, Direskeneli H. Excess cardiovascular risk in inflammatory rheumatic diseases: pathophysiology and targeted therapy. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18:1465-1477.
4. Gonzalez A, Maradit Kremers H, Crowson CS, et al. The widening mortality gap between rheumatoid arthritis patients and the general population. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:3583-3587.
5. Avina-Zubieta JA, Thomas J, Sadatsafavi M, et al. Risk of incident cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:1524-1529.
6. Douglas KM, Pace AV, Treharne GJ, et al. Excess recurrent cardiac events in rheumatoid arthritis patients with acute coronary syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:348-353.
7. McCoy SS, Crowson CS, Maradit-Kremers H, et al. Long-term outcomes and treatment after myocardial infarction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2013;40:605-610.
8. Panoulas VF, Douglas KM, Milionis HJ, et al. Prevalence and associations of hypertension and its control in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46:1477-1482.
9. Metsios GS, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Panoulas VF, et al. Rheumatoid cachexia and cardiovascular disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2009;27:985-988.
10. Toms TE, Panoulas VF, Kitas GD. Dyslipidaemia in rheumatological autoimmune diseases. Open Cardiovasc Med J. 2011;5:64-75.
11. Chung CP, Giles JT, Petri M, et al. Prevalence of traditional modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: comparison with control subjects from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012;41:535-544.
12. del Rincón ID, Williams K, Stern M P, et al. High incidence of cardiovascular events in a rheumatoid arthritis cohort not explained by traditional cardiac risk factors. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:2737-2745.
13. Gonzalez A, Maradit Kremers H, Crowson CS, et al. Do cardiovascular risk factors confer the same risk for cardiovascular outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis patients as in non-rheumatoid arthritis patients? Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67:64-69.
14. Nurmohamed MT. Cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev. 2009;8:663-667.
15. Cavagna L, Boffini N, Cagnotto G, et al. Atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis: more than a simple association. Mediators Inflamm. 2012;2012:147354.
16. Panoulas VF, Nikas SN, Smith JP, et al. Lymphotoxin 252A. G polymorphism is common and associates with myocardial infarction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67:1550-1556.
17. Kitas GD, Gabriel SE. Cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis: state of the art and future perspectives. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:8-14.
18. van den Oever IA, van Sijl AM, Nurmohamed MT. Management of cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: evidence and expert opinion. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2013;5:166-181.
19. Symmons D P, Gabriel SE. Epidemiology of CVD in rheumatic disease, with a focus on RA and SLE. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011;7:399-408.
20. Gabriel SE, Crowson CS. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2012;24:171-176.
21. Giles JT, Fernandes V, Lima JA, Bathon JM. Myocardial dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis: epidemiology and pathogenesis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7:195-207.
22. Toutouzas K, Sfikakis PP, Karanasos A, et al. Myocardial ischaemia without obstructive coronary artery disease in rheumatoid arthritis: hypothesis-generating insights from a cross-sectional study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013;52:76-80.
23. Nicola PJ, Maradit-Kremers H, Roger VL, et al. The risk of congestive heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study over 46 years. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:412-420.
24. Nicola PJ, Crowson CS, Maradit-Kremers H, et al. Contribution of congestive heart failure and ischemic heart disease to excess mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:60-67.
25. Davis JM 3rd, Roger VL, Crowson CS, et al. The presentation and outcome of heart failure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis differs from that in the general population. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:2603-2611.
26. Dimitroulas T, Giannakoulas G, Karvounis H, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide in rheumatic diseases: a cardiac biomarker or a sophisticated acute phase reactant? Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11:837-843.
27. Dimitroulas T, Sandoo A, Kitas GD. Asymmetric dimethylarginine as a surrogate marker of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk in patients with systemic rheumatic diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13:12315-12335.
28. Fine NM, Crowson CS, Lin G, et al. Evaluation of myocardial function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using strain imaging by speckle-tracking echocardiography. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:1833-1839.
29. Mavrogeni S, Dimitroulas T, Sfikakis PP, Kitas GD. Heart involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: multimodality imaging and the emerging role of cardiac magnetic resonance. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2013;43:314-324.
30. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al. 2009 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation. 2009;119:e391-e479.
31. Park JH, Kwon DH, Starling RC, Marwick TH. Role of imaging in the detection of reversible cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2013;21:45-55.
32. Mavrogeni S, Vassilopoulos D. Is there a place for cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of cardiovascular involvement in rheumatic diseases? Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2011;41:488-496.
33. Vitarelli A, Tiukinhoy S, Di Luzio S, et al. The role of echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of heart failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2003;8:181-189.
34. Shah AM, Hung CL, Shin SH, et al. Cardiac structure and function, remodelling, and clinical outcomes among patients with diabetes after myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular systolic dysfunction, heart failure, or both. Am Heart J. 2011;162:685-691.
35. Omoto R. Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular size, shape and function-advantages and limitations of this method. Jpn Circ J. 1982;46:1121-1126.
36. Otterstad JE, Froeland G, St John Sutton M, Holme I. Accuracy and reproducibility of biplane two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular dimensions and function. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:507-513.
37. Fine NM, Crowson CS, Lin G, et al. Evaluation of myocardial function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using strain imaging by speckle-tracking echocardiography. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:1833-1839.
38. Feigenbaum H, Mastouri R, Sawada S. A practical approach to using strain echocardiography to evaluate the left ventricle. Circ J. 2012;76:1550-1555.
39. Mitra D, Basu S. Equilibrium radionuclide angiocardiography: its usefulness in current practice and potential future applications. World J Radiol. 2012;4:421-430.
40. Lebowitz E, Greene M V, Fairchild R, et al. Thallium-201 for medical use. I. J Nucl Med. 1975;16:151-155.
41. Beller GA, Watson DD, Ackell P, Pohost GM. Time course of thallium-201 redistribution after transient myocardial ischemia. Circulation. 1980;61:791-797.
42. Dahlber ST. Assessment of myocardial perfusion with Tc-99m: image is everything. J Nucl Cardiol. 2009;16:493-496.
43. Schindler TH, Quercioli A. Left ventricular dyssynchrony assessment by phase analysis from gated myocardial perfusion SPECT: moving beyond conventional criteria. Heart. 2011;97:4-5.
44. Chen J, Boogers MJ, Bax JJ, et al. The use of nuclear imaging for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2010;12:185-191.
45. Boogers MJ, Chen J, van Bommel RJ, et al. Optimal left ventricular lead position assessed with phase analysis on gated myocardial perfusion SPECT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011;38:230-238.
46. Uebleis C, Ulbrich M, Tegtmeyer R, et al. Electrocardiogram-gated 18F-FDG PET/CT hybrid imaging in patients with unsatisfactory response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: initial clinical results. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:67-71.
47. Nandalur KR, Dwamena BA, Choudhri AF, et al. Diagnostic performance of positron emission tomography in the detection of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Acad Radiol. 2008;15:444-451.
48. Sampson UK, Dorbala S, Limaye A, et al. Diagnostic emission tomography/computed tomography in the detection of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1052-1058.
49. Gheorghiade M, Bonow RO. Chronic heart failure in the United States: a manifestation of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1998;97:282-289.
50. Masoudi FA, Havranek E P, Smith G, et al. Gender, age, and heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:217-223.
51. Smith GL, Masoudi FA, Vaccarino V, et al. Outcomes in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction: mortality, readmission, and functional decline. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1510-1518.
52. Eagle KA, Guyton RA, Davidoff R, et al. ACC/AHA 2004 guideline update for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1999 Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery). Circulation. 2004;110:1168-1176.
53. Stewart JT, Gray HH, Ward DE, et al. Major complications of coronary arteriography: the place of cardiac surgery. Br Heart J. 1990;63:74-77.
54. Gasparyan AY, Ayvazyan L, Cocco G, Kitas GD. Adverse cardiovascular effects of antirheumatic drugs: implications for clinical practice and research. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18:1543-1555.
55. Kitas G, Banks MJ, Bacon PA. Cardiac involvement in rheumatoid disease. Clin Med. 2001;1:18-21.
56. Maradit-Kremers H, Crowson CS, Nicola PJ, et al. Increased unrecognized coronary heart disease and sudden deaths in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:402-411.
57. Myasoedova E, Crowson CS, Nicola PJ, et al. The influence of rheumatoid arthritis disease characteristics on heart failure. J Rheumatol. 2011;38:1601-1606.
58. Davis JM 3rd, Knutson KL, Strausbauch MA, et al. A signature of aberrant immune responsiveness identifies myocardial dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:1497-1506.
59. Giles JT, Fert-Bober J, Park JK, et al. Myocardial citrullination in rheumatoid arthritis: a correlative histopathologic study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14:R39.
60. Gabriel SE. Why do people with rheumatoid arthritis still die prematurely? Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67(suppl 3):iii30-iii34.
61. Liang K P, Myasoedova E, Crowson CS, et al. Increased prevalence of diastolic dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:1665-1670.
62. Wislowska M, Jaszczyk B, Kochmanski M, et al. Diastolic heart function in RA patients. Rheumatol Int. 2008;28:513-519.
63. Udayakumar N, Venkatesan S, Rajendiran C. Diastolic function abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis: relation with duration of disease. Singapore Med J. 2007;48:537-542.
64. Rexhepaj N, Bajraktari G, Berisha I, et al. Left and right ventricular diastolic functions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis without clinically evident cardiovascular disease. Int J Clin Pract. 2006;60:683-688.
65. Rudominer RL, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, et al. Independent association of rheumatoid arthritis with increased left ventricular mass but not with reduced ejection fraction. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:22-29.
66. Giles JT, Malayeri AA, Fernandes V, et al. Left ventricular structure and function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:940-951.
67. Myasoedova E, Davis JM 3rd, Crowson CS, et al. Brief report: rheumatoid arthritis is associated with left ventricular concentric remodeling: results of a population-based cross-sectional study. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:1713-1718.
68. Corrao S, Scaglione R, Calvo L, Licata G. A metaanalysis of the effect size of rheumatoid arthritis on left ventricular mass: comment on the article by Rudominer et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:2851-2852.
69. Yndestad A, Damås JK, Øie E, et al. Role of inflammation in the progression of heart failure. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2007;9:236-241.
70. Aslam F, Bandeali SJ, Khan NA, Alam M. Diastolic dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013;65:534-543.
71. Dimitroulas T, Giannakoulas G, Papadopoulou K, et al. Left atrial volume and N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide are associated with elevated pulmonary artery pressure in patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol. 2010;29:957-964.
72. Dimitroulas T, Giannakoulas G, Papadopoulou K, et al. Early detection of cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis assessed by tissue-Doppler echocardiography: relationship with neurohormonal activation and endothelial dysfunction. J Rheumatol. 2010;37:993-999.
73. Wislowska M, Deren D, Kochmanski M, et al. Systolic and diastolic heart function in SLE patients. Rheumatol Int. 2009;29:1469-1476.
74. Redfield MM, Jacobsen SJ, Burnett JC Jr, et al. Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in the community: appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic. JAMA. 2003;289:194-202.
75. Bozkurt B, Kribbs SB, Clubb FJ Jr, et al. Pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha promote progressive left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in rats. Circulation. 1998;97:1382-1391.
76. Dibbs Z, Kurrelmeyer K, Kalra D, et al. Cytokines in heart failure: pathogenetic mechanisms and potential treatment. Proc Assoc Am Physicians. 1999;111:423-428.
77. Chighizola C, Schioppo T, Ingegnoli F, Meroni PL. Potential effect of anti-inflammatory treatment on reducing the cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2012;10:639-646.
78. Pieringer H, Pichler M, Pohanka E, Hoppe UC. Will antirheumatic treatment improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20:486-495.
79. Cacciapaglia F, Navarini L, Menna P, et al. Cardiovascular safety of anti-TNF-alpha therapies: facts and unsettled issues. Autoimmun Rev. 2011;10:631-635.
80. Wolfe F, Michaud K. Congestive heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis: rates, predictors, and the effect of anti-TNF therapy. Am J Med. 2004;116:305-311.
81. Cole J, Busti A, Kazi S. The incidence of new onset congestive heart failure and heart failure exacerbation in Veteran's Affairs patients receiving tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists. Rheumatol Int. 2007;27:369-373.
82. Setoguchi S, Schneeweiss S, Avorn J, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonist use and heart failure in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Am Heart J. 2008;156:336-341.
83. Daïen CI, Fesler P, du Cailar G, et al. Etanercept normalises left ventricular mass in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:881-887.
84. Kotyla PJ, Owczarek A, Rakoczy J, et al. Infliximab treatment increases left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: assessment of heart function by echocardiography, endothelin 1, interleukin 6, and NT-pro brain natriuretic peptide. J Rheumatol. 2012;39:701-706.
85. Peters MJ, Symmons D P, McCarey D, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:325-331.
86. Dessein PH, Semb AG. Could cardiovascular disease risk stratification and management in rheumatoid arthritis be enhanced? Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:1743-1746.
87. Crowson CS, Matteson EL, Roger VL, et al. Usefulness of risk scores to estimate the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:420-424.
88. Arslan S, Bozkurt E, Sari RA, Erol MK. Use of tissue Doppler and its comparison with other conventional Doppler techniques in the assessment of diastolic functions in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2006;26:229-233.
89. Kim RJ, Fieno DS, Parrish TB, et al. Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function. Circulation. 1999;100:1992-2002.
90. Schalla S, Nagel E, Lehmkuhl H, et al. Comparison of magnetic resonance real-time imaging of LV function with conventional magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87:95-99.
91. Bellenger NG, Burgess MI, Ray SG, et al. Comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes in heart failure by echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance; are they interchangeable? Eur Heart J. 2000;21:1387-1396.
92. Bottini PB, Carr AA, Prisant LM, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging compared to echocardiography to assess left ventricular mass in the hypertensive patient. Am J Hypertens. 1995;8:221-228.
93. Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J, et al; International Consensus Group on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Myocarditis. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: a JACC White Paper. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1475-1487.
94. Cooper LT, Baughman KL, Feldman AM, et al. The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology. Endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America and the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:1914-1931.
95. Afonso L, Hari P, Pidlaoan V, et al. Acute myocarditis: can novel echocardiographic techniques assist with diagnosis? Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11:E5.
96. Kuhl U, Lauer B, Souvatzoglu M, et al. Antimyosin scintigraphy and immunohistologic analysis of endomyocardial biopsy in patients with clinically suspected myocarditis: evidence of myocardial cell damage and inflammation in the absence of histologic signs of myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:1371-1376.
97. Mavrogeni S, Bratis K, Sfendouraki E, et al. Myopericarditis, as the first sign of rheumatoid arthritis relapse, evaluated by cardiac magnetic resonance. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2013;12:206-211.
98. Furer V, Fayad ZA, Mani V, et al. Noninvasive cardiovascular imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: current modalities and the emerging role of magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography imaging. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012;41:676-688.
99. Kobayashi Y, Giles JT, Hirano M, et al. Assessment of myocardial abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis using a comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance approach: a pilot study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12:R171.
100. Puntmann VO, Taylor PC, Barr A, et al. Towards understanding the phenotypes of myocardial involvement in the presence of self-limiting and sustained systemic inflammation: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49:528-535.
101. Mavrogeni S, Spargias K, Markussis V, et al. Myocardial inflammation in autoimmune diseases: investigation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance and endomyocardial biopsy. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2009;8:390-397.
102. Wu CH, Sung SH, Wu TC. Focal myocarditis mimicking myocardial infarction in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28:479-481.
103. Vandergheynst F, Gosset J, van de Borne P, Decaux G. Myopericarditis revealing adult-onset Still's disease. Acta Clin Belg. 2005;60:205-208.
104. Nagel E, Lehmkuh HB, Bocksch W, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of ischemia-induced wall motion abnormalities with the use of high-dose dobutamine stress MRI: comparison with dobutamine stress echocardiography. Circulation. 1999;99:763-770.
105. Wahl A, Paetsch I, Roethemeyer S, et al. High-dose dobutamine-atropine stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance for follow-up after coronary revascularization procedures in patients with wall motion abnormalities at rest. Radiology. 2004;233:210-216.
106. Hundley WG, Hamilton CA, Thomas MS, et al. Utility of fast cine magnetic resonance imaging and display for the detection of myocardial ischemia in patients not well suited for second harmonic stress echocardiography. Circulation. 1999;100:1697-1702.
107. Danias PG. Gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: expanding the spectrum of clinical applications. Am J Med. 2001;110:591-592.
108. Schwitter J. Myocardial perfusion imaging by cardiac magnetic resonance. J Nucl Cardiol. 2006;13:841-854.
109. Schwitter J, Nanz D, Kneifel S, et al. Assessment of myocardial perfusion in coronary artery disease by magnetic resonance: a comparison with positron emission tomography and coronary angiography. Circulation. 2001;103:2230-2235.
110. Plein S, Ryf S, Schwitter J, et al. Dynamic contrastenhanced myocardial perfusion MRI accelerated with k-t sense. Magn Reson Med. 2007;58:777-785.
111. Gebker R, Jahnke C, Paetsch I, et al. Diagnostic performance of myocardial perfusion MR at 3 T in patients with coronary artery disease. Radiology. 2008;247:57-63.
112. Cheng AS, Pegg TJ, Karamitsos TD, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance perfusion imaging at 3-tesla for the detection of coronary artery disease: a comparison with 1.5-tesla. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:2440-2449.
113. Fritz-Hansen T, Hove JD, Kofoed KF, et al. Quantification of MRI measured myocardial perfusion reserve in healthy humans: a comparison with positron emission tomography. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008;27:818-824.
114. Jerosch-Herold M, Wilke N, Stillman AE. Magnetic resonance quantification of the myocardial perfusion reserve with a Fermi function model for constrained deconvolution. Med Phys. 1998;25:73-84.
115. Selvanayagam JB, Jerosch-Herold M, Porto I, et al. Resting myocardial blood flow is impaired in hibernating myocardium: a magnetic resonance study of quantitative perfusion assessment. Circulation. 2005;112:3289-3296.
116. Nagel E, Klein C, Paetsch I, et al. Magnetic resonance perfusion measurements for the noninvasive detection of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2003;108:432-437.
117. Cullen JH, Horsfield MA, Reek CR, et al. A myocardial perfusion reserve index in humans using firstpass contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:1386-1394.
118. Schwitter J, Wacker CM, Wilke N, et al; MR-IMPACT Investigators. MR-IMPACT II: Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Myocardial Perfusion Assessment in Coronary artery disease Trial: perfusion-cardiac magnetic resonance vs. single-photon emission computed tomography for the detection of coronary artery disease: a comparative multicentre, multivendor trial. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:775-781.
119. Greenwood JP, Maredia N, Younger JF, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance and single-photon emission computed tomography for diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CE-MARC): a prospective trial. Lancet. 2012;379:453-460.
120. Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A, et al. The use of contrastenhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1445-1453.
121. Wu E, Judd RM, Vargas JD, et al. Visualisation of presence, location, and transmural extent of healed Q-wave and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Lancet. 2001;357:21-28.
122. Klein C, Nekolla SG, Bengel FM, et al. Assessment of myocardial viability with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with positron emission tomography. Circulation. 2002;105:162-167.
123. Wagner A, Mahrholdt H, Holly TA, et al. Contrastenhanced MRI and routine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion imaging for detection of subendocardial myocardial infarcts: an imaging study. Lancet. 2003;361:374-379.
124. Klem I, Weinsaft J W, Bahnson TD, et al. Assessment of myocardial scarring improves risk stratification in patients evaluated for cardiac defibrillator implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:408-420.
125. Mavrogeni S, Karabela G, Stavropoulos E, et al. Imaging patterns of heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis evaluated by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:4333-4335.