Cannabis and creativity: Highly potent cannabis impairs divergent thinking in regular cannabis users

Psychopharmacology

Volumn 232, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 1123-1134

  Kowal, Mikael A ^a,b   Hazekamp, Arno ^c   Colzato, Lorenza S ^a,b   Van Steenbergen, Henk ^a,b   Van Der Wee, Nic J A ^a,b   Durieux, Jeffrey ^a   Manai, Meriem ^a   Hommel, Bernhard ^a,b  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^c Bedrocan   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Cannabis; Convergent thinking; Creativity; Divergent thinking

Indexed keywords

DRONABINOL; PLACEBO; CANNABINOID RECEPTOR AGONIST;

ADULT; ALTERNATE USES TASK; ARTICLE; CANNABIS USE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CONVERGENT THINKING; CREATIVITY; DIVERGENT THINKING; DOSE RESPONSE; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; MALE; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; MENTAL TASK; MOOD; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REMOTE ASSOCIATES TASK; THINKING; VAPORIZATION; VISUAL ANALOG SCALE; ADOLESCENT; CANNABIS SMOKING; DRUG EFFECTS; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; CANNABINOID RECEPTOR AGONISTS; CREATIVITY; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; DRONABINOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MARIJUANA SMOKING; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; THINKING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84925512006     PISSN: 00333158     EISSN: 14322072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3749-1     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Abrams DI, Vizoso HP, Shade SB, Jay C, Kelly ME, Benowitz NL (2007) Vaporization as a smokeless cannabis delivery system: a pilot study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 82:572-578
2. Akbari Chermahini S, Hommel B (2010) The (b)link between creativity and dopamine: spontaneous eye blink rates predict and dissociate divergent and convergent thinking. Cognition 115:458-465. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2010.03.007
3. Akbari Chermahini S, Hickendorff M, Hommel B (2012) Development and validity of a Dutch version of the remote associates task: an item-response theory approach. Think Skills Creat 7:177-186
4. Baumeister RF, Bratslavsky E, Muraven M, Tice DM (1998) Ego depletion: is the active self a limited resource? J Pers Soc Psychol 74:1252-1265. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1252
5. Beng-Choon H, Wassink TH, Ziebell S, Andreasen NC (2011) Cannabinoid receptor 1 gene polymorphisms and marijuana misuse interactions on white matter and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 128:66-75. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.02.021
6. Block RI, Farinpour R, Braverman K (1992) Acute effects of marijuana on cognition: relationships to chronic effects and smoking techniques. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 43:907-917
7. Bloomfield MA, Morgan CJ, Egerton A, Kapur S, Curran HV, Howes OD (2014) Dopaminergic function in cannabis users and its relationship to cannabis-induced psychotic symptoms. Biol Psychiatry 75:470-478. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.027
8. Bogacz R (2007) Optimal decision-making theories: linking neurobiology with behaviour. Trends Cogn Sci 11:118-125
9. Bossong MG, van Berckel BN, Boellaard R, Zuurman L, Schuit RC, Windhorst AD, van Gerven JM, Ramsey NF, Lammertsma AA, Kahn RS (2009) Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol induces dopamine release in the human striatum. Neuropsychopharmacology 34:759-766. doi: 10.1038/npp.2008.138
10. Bourassa M, Vaugeois P (2001) Effects of marijuana use on divergent thinking. Creat Res J 13:411-416
11. Colzato LS, Ozturk A, Hommel B (2012) Meditate to create: the impact of focused-attention and open-monitoring training on convergent and divergent thinking. Front Psychol 3:116. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00116
12. Colzato LS, Szapora A, Pannekoek JN, Hommel B (2013) The impact of physical exercise on convergent and divergent thinking. Front Hum Neurosci 7:824. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00824
13. Cools R, D'Esposito M (2011) Inverted-U-shaped dopamine actions on human working memory and cognitive control. Biol Psychiatry 69:e113-e125. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.03.028
14. Cools R, Frank MJ, Gibbs SE, Miyakawa A, Jagust W, D'Esposito M (2009) Striatal dopamine predicts outcome-specific reversal learning and its sensitivity to dopaminergic drug administration. J Neurosci 29:1538-1543. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.4467-08.2009
15. Crane NA, Schuster RM, Gonzalez R (2013) Preliminary evidence for a sex-specific relationship between amount of cannabis use and neurocognitive performance in young adult cannabis users. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 19:1009-1015. doi: 10.1017/S135561771300088X
16. Curran HV, Brignell C, Fletcher S, Middleton P, Henry J (2002) Cognitive and subjective dose-response effects of acute oral Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in infrequent cannabis users. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 164:61-70
17. De Dreu CKW, Baas M, Nijstad BA (2008) Hedonic tone and activation level in the mood-creativity link: toward a dual pathway to creativity model. J Pers Soc Psychol 94:739-756. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.739
18. De Dreu CKW, Nijstad BA, Baas M, Wolsink I, Roskes M (2012) Working memory benefits creative insight, musical improvisation, and original ideation through maintained task-focused attention. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 38:656-669. doi: 10.1177/0146167211435795
19. D'Souza DC, Perry E, MacDougall L, Ammerman Y, Cooper T, Wu YT, Braley G, Gueorguieva R, Krystal JH (2004) The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:1558-1572
20. D'Souza DC, Ranganathan M, Braley G, Gueorguieva R, Zimolo Z, Cooper T, Perry E, Krystal JH (2008) Blunted psychotomimetic and amnestic effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in frequent users of cannabis. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:2505-2516. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301643
21. Fattore L, Melis M, Fadda P, Pistis M, Fratta W (2010) The endocannabinoid system and nondrug rewarding behaviours. Exp Neurol 224:23-36. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.03.020
22. Fernández-Ruiz J, Hernández M, Ramos JA (2010) Cannabinoid-dopamine interaction in the pathophysiology and treatment of CNS disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther 16:e72-e91. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00144.x
23. Friendly M (2014) Power. In: Power analysis for ANOVA designs. http://www.math.yorku.ca/scs/online/power. Accessed 11 Sep 2014
24. Green B, Kavanagh D, Young R (2003) Being stoned: a review of self-reported cannabis effects. Drug Alcohol Rev 22:453-460
25. Guilford JP (1967) The nature of human intelligence. McGraw-Hill, New York
26. Hart CL, van Gorp W, Haney M, Foltin RW, Fischman MW (2001) Effects of acute smoked marijuana on complex cognitive performance. Neuropsychopharmacology 25:757-765
27. Hart CL, Ilan AB, Gevins A, Gunderson EW, Role K, Colley J, Foltin RW (2010) Neurophysiological and cognitive effects of smoked marijuana in frequent users. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 96:333-341. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.06.003
28. Hazekamp A, Ruhaak R, Zuurman L, van Gerven J, Verpoorte R (2006) Evaluation of a vaporizing device (Volcano®) for the pulmonary administration of tetrahydrocannabinol. J Pharm Sci 95:1308-1317
29. Hirvonen J, Goodwin RS, Li CT, Terry GE, Zoghbi SS, Morse C, Pike VW, Volkow ND, Huestis MA, Innis RB (2012) Reversible and regionally selective downregulation of brain cannabinoid CB1 receptors in chronic daily cannabis smokers. Mol Psychiatry 17:642-649. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.82
30. Hoffman AF, Oz M, Caulder T, Lupica CR (2003) Functional tolerance and blockade of long-term depression at synapses in the nucleus accumbens after chronic cannabinoid exposure. J Neurosci 23:4815-4820
31. Hommel B (2012) Convergent and divergent operations in cognitive search. In: Todd PM, Hills TT, Robbins TW (eds) Cognitive search: evolution, algorithms, and the brain. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 221-235
32. Inzlicht M, Schmeichel BJ (2012) What is ego depletion? Toward a mechanistic revision of the resource model of self-control. Perspect Psychol Sci 7:450-463. doi: 10.1177/1745691612454134
33. Kelleher LM, Stough C, Sergejew AA, Rolfe T (2004) The effects of cannabis on information-processing speed. Addict Behav 29:1213-1219
34. Kuepper R, Morrison PD, van Os J, Murray RM, Kenis G, Henquet C (2010) Does dopamine mediate the psychosis-inducing effects of cannabis? A review and integration of findings across disciplines. Schizophr Res 121:107-117. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.05.031
35. Kuepper R, Ceccarini J, Lataster J, van Os J, van Kroonenburgh M, van Gerven JM, Marcelis M, Van Laere K, Henquet C (2013) Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced dopamine release as a function of psychosis risk: 18F-fallypride positron emission tomography study. PLoS ONE 8:e70378. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070378
36. Lecrubier Y, Sheehan DV, Weiller E, Amorim P, Bonora I, Sheehan K, Janavs J, Dunbar G (1997) The mini international neuropsychiatric interview (M.I.N.I.). A short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI. Eur Psychiat 12:224-231
37. McDonald J, Schleifer L, Richards JB, de Wit H (2003) Effects of THC on behavioral measures of impulsivity in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:1356-1365
38. Mednick S (1962) The associative basis of creative problem solving process. Psychol Rev 69:200-232. doi: 10.1037/h0048850
39. Mink JW (1996) The basal ganglia: focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs. Prog Neurobiol 50:381-425
40. Nijstad BA, de Dreu CKW, Rietzschel EF, Baas M (2010) The dual pathway to creativity model: creative ideation as a function of flexibility and persistence. Eur Rev Soc Psych 21:34-77
41. Ramaekers JG, Kauert G, van Ruitenbeek P, Theunissen EL, Schneider E, Moeller MR (2006) High-potency marijuana impairs executive function and inhibitory motor control. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:2296-2303
42. Ramaekers JG, Kauert G, Theunissen EL, Toennes SW, Moeller MR (2009) Neurocognitive performance during acute THC intoxication in heavy and occasional cannabis users. J Psychopharmacol 23:266-277. doi: 10.1177/0269881108092393
43. Raven JC, Court JH, Raven J (1988) Manual for Raven's progressive matrices and vocabulary scales. Lewis, London
44. Runco MA (2007) Creativity: theories, themes, and issues. Academic, San Diego, CA
45. Russell JA, Weis A, Mendelsohn GA (1989) Affect grid: a single-item scale of pleasure and arousal. J Pers Soc Psychol 57:493-502. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.3.493
46. Russo EB (2011) Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. Br J Pharmacol 163:1344-1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x
47. Schafer G, Feilding A, Morgan CJ, Agathangelou M, Freeman TP, Curran HV (2012) Investigating the interaction between schizotypy, divergent thinking and cannabis use. Conscious Cogn 21:292-298. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2011.11.009
48. Schulz S, Arning L, Pinnow M, Wascher E, Epplen JT, Beste C (2012) When control fails: influence of the prefrontal but not striatal dopaminergic system on behavioural flexibility in a change detection task. Neuropharmacology 62:1028-1033. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.10.012
49. Scott DJ, Stohler CS, Egnatuk CM, Wang H, Koeppe RA, Zubieta JK (2007) Individual differences in reward responding explain placebo-induced expectations and effects. Neuron 55:325-336
50. Scott DJ, Stohler CS, Egnatuk CM, Wang H, Koeppe RA, Zubieta JK (2008) Placebo and nocebo effects are defined by opposite opioid and dopaminergic responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65:220-231. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.34
51. Stadelman AM, Juckel G, Arning L, Gallinat J, Epplen JT, Roser P (2011) Association between a cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) polymorphism and cannabinoid-induced alterations of the auditory event-related P300 potential. Neurosci Lett 496:60-64. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.04.003
52. Tart CT (1970) Marijuana intoxication: common experiences. Nature 226:701-704
53. Theunissen EL, Kauert GF, Toennes SW, Moeller MR, Sambeth A, Blanchard MM, Ramaekers JG (2012) Neurophysiological functioning of occasional and heavy cannabis users during THC intoxication. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 220:341-350. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2479-x
54. Tinklenberg JR, Darley CF, Roth WT, Pfefferbaum A, Kopell BS (1978) Marijuana effects on associations to novel stimuli. J Nerv Ment Dis 166:362-364
55. Torrance EP (1966) Torrance tests of creative thinking-norms. Personal Press, Lexington, MA
56. Urban NB, Slifstein M, Thompson JL, Xu X, Girgis RR, Raheja S, Haney M, Abi-Dargham A (2012) Dopamine release in chronic cannabis users: a [11c]raclopride positron emission tomography study. Biol Psychiatry 71:677-683. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.018
57. Weckowicz TE, Fedora O, Mason J, Radstaak D, Bay KS, Yonge KA (1975) Effect of marijuana on divergent and convergent production cognitive tests. J Abnorm Psychol 84:386-398
58. Zenasni F, Lubart T (2011) Pleasantness of creative tasks and creative performance. Think Skills and Creat 6:49-56
59. Zuurman L, Roy C, Schoemaker RC, Hazekamp A, den Hartigh J, Bender JC, Verpoorte R, Pinquier JL, Cohen AF, van Gerven JM (2008) Effect of intrapulmonary tetrahydrocannabinol administration in humans. J Psychopharmacol 22:707-716. doi: 10.1177/0269881108089581