Secondary mitral regurgitation in heart failure: Pathophysiology, prognosis, and therapeutic considerations

Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Volumn 65, Issue 12, 2015, Pages 1231-1248

  Asgar, Anita W ^a   Mack, Michael J ^b   Stone, Gregg W ^c  

^a MONTREAL HEART INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b Heart Hospital Baylor Plano   (United States)

^c NewYork Presbyterian Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

cardiac resynchronization therapy; echocardiography; heart failure; mitral valve annuloplasty; prognosis; therapy

Indexed keywords

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CARVEDILOL; DIGOXIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE; LISINOPRIL; METOPROLOL; PLACEBO;

AORTA CLAMPING; CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY; CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CARPENTIER EDWARDS BIOPROSTHESIS; CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART CATHETERIZATION; HEART CYCLE; HEART FAILURE; HEART LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE ENDDIASTOLIC VOLUME; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE ENDSYSTOLIC VOLUME; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE OVERLOAD; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HEART PAPILLARY MUSCLE; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HEART VENTRICLE REMODELING; HUMAN; IMPLANTABLE CLIP; INTERVENTION STUDY; LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE; MITRAL ANNULOPLASTY; MITRAL VALVE; MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION; MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; QRS COMPLEX; REVIEW; SCAR FORMATION; SURGICAL APPROACH; SURGICAL EQUIPMENT; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; VASODILATATION; AGED; CAUSE OF DEATH; COMPLICATION; DISEASE COURSE; ECHOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HEART VALVE REPLACEMENT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; PROCEDURES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK ASSESSMENT; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SURVIVAL;

AGED; CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY; CAUSE OF DEATH; DISEASE PROGRESSION; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, TRANSESOPHAGEAL; FEMALE; HEART FAILURE; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; PROGNOSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 84925373030     PISSN: 07351097     EISSN: 15583597     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.02.009     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. V.T. Nkomo, J.M. Gardin, and T.N. Skelton Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study Lancet 368 2006 1005 1011
2. E. de Marchena, A. Badiye, and G. Robalino Respective prevalence of the different Carpentier classes of mitral regurgitation: a stepping stone for future therapeutic research and development J Card Surg 26 2011 385 392
3. J. Hung, L. Papakostas, and S.A. Tahta Mechanism of recurrent ischemic mitral regurgitation after annuloplasty: continued LV remodeling as a moving target Circulation 110 2004 II85 II90
4. S. Ray The echocardiographic assessment of functional mitral regurgitation Eur J Echocardiogr 11 2010 i11 i17
5. M. Chaput, M.D. Handschumacher, and F. Tournoux Mitral leaflet adaptation to ventricular remodeling: occurrence and adequacy in patients with functional mitral regurgitation Circulation 118 2008 845 852
6. K. Saito, H. Okura, and N. Watanabe Influence of chronic tethering of the mitral valve on mitral leaflet size and coaptation in functional mitral regurgitation J Am Coll Cardiol Img 5 2012 337 345
7. J.P. Dal-Bianco, and R.A. Levine Anatomy of the mitral valve apparatus: role of 2D and 3D echocardiography Cardiol Clin 31 2013 151 164
8. A. Carpentier Cardiac valve surgery - the "French correction." J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 86 1983 323 337
9. T. Kumanohoso, Y. Otsuji, and S. Yoshifuku Mechanism of higher incidence of ischemic mitral regurgitation in patients with inferior myocardial infarction: quantitative analysis of left ventricular and mitral valve geometry in 103 patients with prior myocardial infarction J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 125 2003 135 143
10. E. Agricola, M. Oppizzi, and F. Maisano Echocardiographic classification of chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation caused by restricted motion according to tethering pattern Eur J Echocardiogr 5 2004 326 334
11. M. Daimon, G. Saracino, and A.M. Gillinov Local dysfunction and asymmetrical deformation of mitral annular geometry in ischemic mitral regurgitation: a novel computerized 3D echocardiographic analysis Echocardiography 25 2008 414 423
12. J.S. Chinitz, D. Chen, and P. Goyal Mitral apparatus assessment by delayed enhancement CMR: relative impact of infarct distribution on mitral regurgitation J Am Coll Cardiol Img 6 2013 220 234
13. M. Nagasaki, S. Nishimura, and E. Ohtaki The echocardiographic determinants of functional mitral regurgitation differ in ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy Int J Cardiol 108 2006 171 176
14. Z.M. Gertz, A. Raina, and L. Saghy Evidence of atrial functional mitral regurgitation due to atrial fibrillation: reversal with arrhythmia control J Am Coll Cardiol 58 2011 1474 1481
15. F. Grigioni, M. Enriquez-Sarano, and K.J. Zehr Ischemic mitral regurgitation: long-term outcome and prognostic implications with quantitative Doppler assessment Circulation 103 2001 1759 1764
16. B.H. Trichon, G.M. Felker, and L.K. Shaw Relation of frequency and severity of mitral regurgitation to survival among patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure Am J Cardiol 91 2003 538 543
17. A. Rossi, F.L. Dini, and P. Faggiano Independent prognostic value of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with heart failure. A quantitative analysis of 1256 patients with ischaemic and non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy Heart 97 2011 1675 1680
18. F. Bursi, A. Barbieri, and F. Grigioni Prognostic implications of functional mitral regurgitation according to the severity of the underlying chronic heart failure: a long-term outcome study Eur J Heart Fail 12 2010 382 388
19. R.A. Nishimura, C.M. Otto, and R.O. Bonow 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 63 2014 e57 e185
20. P. Lancellotti, L. Moura, and L.A. Pierard European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for the assessment of valvular regurgitation. Part 2: mitral and tricuspid regurgitation (native valve disease) Eur J Echocardiogr 11 2010 307 332
21. P. Thavendiranathan, S. Liu, and S. Datta Quantification of chronic functional mitral regurgitation by automated 3-dimensional peak and integrated proximal isovelocity surface area and stroke volume techniques using real-time 3-dimensional volume color Doppler echocardiography: in vitro and clinical validation Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 6 2013 125 133
22. P.A. Grayburn, B. Carabello, and J. Hung Defining "severe" secondary mitral regurgitation: emphasizing an integrated approach J Am Coll Cardiol 64 2014 2792 2801
23. A. Vahanian, O. Alfieri, and F. Andreotti Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012) Eur Heart J 33 2012 2451 2496
24. P.A. Grayburn, N.J. Weissman, and J.L. Zamorano Quantitation of mitral regurgitation Circulation 126 2012 2005 2017
25. R. Lee, and T.H. Marwick Assessment of subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in asymptomatic mitral regurgitation Eur J Echocardiogr 8 2007 175 184
26. P. Lancellotti, and J. Magne Stress testing for the evaluation of patients with mitral regurgitation Curr Opin Cardiol 27 2012 492 498
27. L. Pierard, and P. Lancellotti The role of ischemic mitral regurgitation in the pathogenesis of acute pulmonary edema N Engl J Med 351 2004 1627 1634
28. E. Picano, P. Pibarot, and P. Lancellotti The emerging role of exercise testing and stress echocardiography in valvular heart disease J Am Coll Cardiol 54 2009 2251 2260
29. P. Lancellotti, P. Troisfontaines, and A.C. Toussaint Prognostic importance of exercise-induced changes in mitral regurgitation in patients with chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction Circulation 108 2003 1713 1717
30. D.Y. Leung, B.P. Griffin, and W.J. Stewart Left ventricular function after valve repair for chronic mitral regurgitation: predictive value of preoperative assessment of contractile reserve by exercise echocardiography J Am Coll Cardiol 28 1996 1198 1205
31. R.G. Pai, R.C. Bansal, and P.M. Shah Doppler-derived rate of left ventricular pressure rise. Its correlation with the postoperative left ventricular function in mitral regurgitation Circulation 82 1990 514 520
32. P. Lancellotti, C. Tribouilloy, A. Hagendorff Scientific Document Committee of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging Recommendations for the echocardiographic assessment of native valvular regurgitation: an executive summary from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 14 2013 611 644
33. E. Lubos, M. Schluter, and E. Vettorazzi MitraClip therapy in surgical high-risk patients: identification of echocardiographic variables affecting acute procedural outcome J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 7 2014 394 402
34. P. Thavendiranathan, D. Phelan, and J.D. Thomas Quantitative assessment of mitral regurgitation: validation of new methods J Am Coll Cardiol 60 2012 1470 1483
35. V. Delgado, L.F. Tops, and J.D. Schuijf Assessment of mitral valve anatomy and geometry with multislice computed tomography J Am Coll Cardiol Img 2 2009 556 565
36. L.F. Tops, N.R. van de Veire, and J.D. Schuijif Noninvasive evaluation of coronary sinus anatomy and its relation to the mitral valve annulus: implications for percutaneous mitral annuloplasty Circulation 2007 1426 1432
37. E. Agricola, A. Ielasi, and M. Oppizzi Long-term prognosis of medically treated patients with functional mitral regurgitation and left ventricular dysfunction Eur J Heart Fail 11 2009 581 587
38. S. Capomolla, O. Febo, and M. Gnemmi Beta-blockade therapy in chronic heart failure: diastolic function and mitral regurgitation improvement by carvedilol Am Heart J 139 2000 596 608
39. J. Comin-Colet, M.A. Sanchez-Corral, and N. Manito Effect of carvedilol therapy on functional mitral regurgitation, ventricular remodeling, and contractility in patients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction Transplant Proc 34 2002 177 178
40. B. Lowes, E. Gill, and W.T. Abraham Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular mass, chamber geometry, and mitral regurgitation in chronic heart failure Am J Cardiol 83 1999 1201 1205
41. F. Waagstein, O. Stromblad, and B. Andersson Increased exercise ejection fraction and reversed remodeling after long-term treatment with metoprolol in congestive heart failure: a randomized, stratified, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in mild to moderate heart failure due to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy Eur J Heart Fail 5 2003 679 691
42. A.B. Levine, C. Muller, and T.B. Levine Effects of high-dose lisinopril-isosorbide dinitrate on severe mitral regurgitation and heart failure remodeling Am J Cardiol 82 1998 1299 1301
43. C.W. Yancy, M. Jessup, and B. Bozkurt 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 62 2013 e147 e239
44. J.G. Cleland, J.C. Daubert, E. Erdmann for the Cardiac Resynchronization-Heart Failure (CARE-HF) Study Investigators The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure N Engl J Med 352 2005 1539 1549
45. M.G. St John Sutton, T. Plappert, W.T. Abraham for the Multicenter InSync Randomized Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE) Study Group Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular size and function in chronic heart failure Circulation 107 2003 1985 1990
46. M. St John Sutton, S. Ghio, T. Plappert REsynchronization reVErses Remodeling in Systolic left vEntricular dysfunction (REVERSE) Study Group Cardiac resynchronization induces major structural and functional reverse remodeling in patients with New York Heart Association class I/II heart failure Circulation 120 2009 1858 1865
47. O.A. Breithardt, A.M. Sinha, and E. Schwammenthal Acute effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on functional mitral regurgitation in advanced systolic heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 41 2003 765 770
48. C. Ypenburg, P. Lancellotti, and L.F. Tops Acute effects of initiation and withdrawal of cardiac resynchronization therapy on papillary muscle dyssynchrony and mitral regurgitation J Am Coll Cardiol 50 2007 2071 2077
49. R.J. van Bommel, N.A. Marsan, and V. Delgado Cardiac resynchronization therapy as a therapeutic option in patients with moderate-severe functional mitral regurgitation and high operative risk Circulation 124 2011 912 919
50. T. Onishi, T. Onishi, and J.J. Marek Mechanistic features associated with improvement in mitral regurgitation after cardiac resynchronization therapy and their relation to long-term patient outcome Circ Heart Fail 6 2013 685 693
51. F. Cabrera-Bueno, J.M. Garcia-Pinilla, and J. Pena-Hernandez Repercussion of functional mitral regurgitation on reverse remodelling in cardiac resynchronization therapy Europace 9 2007 757 761
52. A.H. Wu, K.D. Aaronson, and S.F. Bolling Impact of mitral valve annuloplasty on mortality risk in patients with mitral regurgitation and left ventricular systolic dysfunction J Am Coll Cardiol 45 2005 381 387
53. S. Silberman, A. Oren, and M.W. Klutstein Does mitral valve intervention have an impact on late survival in ischemic cardiomyopathy? Isr Med Assoc J 8 2006 17 20
54. A.M. Calafiore, A.L. Iaco, and S. Gallina Surgical treatment of functional mitral regurgitation Int J Cardiol 166 2013 559 571
55. C.A. Milano, M.A. Daneshmand, and J.S. Rankin Survival prognosis and surgical management of ischemic mitral regurgitation Ann Thorac Surg 86 2008 735 744
56. D.S. Bach, and S.F. Bolling Improvement following correction of secondary mitral regurgitation in end-stage cardiomyopathy with mitral annuloplasty Am J Cardiol 78 1996 966 969
57. E.C. McGee, A.M. Gillinov, and E.H. Blackstone Recurrent mitral regurgitation after annuloplasty for functional ischemic mitral regurgitation J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 128 2004 916 924
58. X. Hu, and Q. Zhao Systematic evaluation of the flexible and rigid annuloplasty ring after mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 40 2011 480 487
59. M.H. Kwon, L.S. Lee, and M. Cevasco Recurrence of mitral regurgitation after partial versus complete mitral valve ring annuloplasty for functional mitral regurgitation J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 146 2013 616 622
60. M.A. Acker, M.K. Parides, L.P. Perrault for the CTSN Investigators Mitral-valve repair versus replacement for severe ischemic mitral regurgitation N Engl J Med 370 2014 23 32
61. M. De Bonis, M. Taramasso, and A. Verzini Long-term results of mitral repair for functional mitral regurgitation in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 42 2012 640 646
62. M.A. Acker, S. Bolling, R. Shemin for the Acorn Trial Principal Investigators and Study Coordinators Mitral valve surgery in heart failure: insights from the Acorn Clinical Trial J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 132 2006 568 577
63. D.L. Mann, S.H. Kubo, and H.N. Sabbah Beneficial effects of the CorCap cardiac support device: five-year results from the Acorn Trial J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 143 2012 1036 1042
64. E.A. Grossi, J.D. Goldberg, and A. LaPietra Ischemic mitral valve reconstruction and replacement: comparison of long-term survival and complications J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 122 2001 1107 1124
65. J. Magne, N. Girerd, and M. Senechal Mitral repair versus replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation: comparison of short-term and long-term survival Circulation 120 11 Suppl 2009 S104 S111
66. S. Micovic, P. Milacic, and P. Otasevic Comparison of valve annuloplasty and replacement for ischemic mitral valve incompetence Heart Surg Forum 11 2008 E340 E345
67. C.M. Vassileva, T. Boley, and S. Markwell Meta-analysis of short-term and long-term survival following repair versus replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 39 2011 295 303
68. M. De Bonis, D. Ferrara, and M. Taramasso Mitral replacement or repair for functional mitral regurgitation in dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy: is it really the same? Ann Thorac Surg 94 2012 44 51
69. S. Maltais, H.V. Schaff, and R.C. Daly Mitral regurgitation surgery in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and ischemic mitral regurgitation: factors that influence survival J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 142 2011 995 1001
70. R. Lorusso, S. Gelsomino, E. Vizzardi ISTIMIR Investigators Mitral valve repair or replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation? The Italian Study on the Treatment of Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation (ISTIMIR) J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 145 2013 128 139 discussion 137-8
71. I.L. Kron, J. Hung, J.R. Overbey for the CSTN Investigators Predicting recurrent mitral regurgitation after mitral valve repair for severe ischemic mitral regurgitation J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014 Nov 6 [E-pub ahead of print]
72. M.A. Borger, P.M. Murphy, and A. Alam Initial results of the chordal-cutting operation for ischemic mitral regurgitation J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 133 2007 1483 1492
73. A.P. Lee, M. Acker, and S.H. Kubo Mechanisms of recurrent functional mitral regurgitation after mitral valve repair in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: importance of distal anterior leaflet tethering Circulation 119 2009 2606 2614
74. I.L. Kron, G.R. Green, and J.T. Cope Surgical relocation of the posterior papillary muscle in chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation Ann Thorac Surg 74 2002 600 601
75. O. Alfieri, F. Maisano, and M. De Bonis The double-orifice technique in mitral valve repair: a simple solution for complex problems J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 122 2001 674 681
76. E.A. Grossi, N. Patel, Y.J. Woo for the RESTOR-MV Study Group Outcomes of the RESTOR-MV Trial (Randomized Evaluation of a Surgical Treatment for Off-Pump Repair of the Mitral Valve) J Am Coll Cardiol 56 2010 1984 1993
77. S.Z. Campwala, R.C. Bansal, and N. Wang Factors affecting regression of mitral regurgitation following isolated coronary artery bypass surgery Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 28 2005 783 787
78. L. Aklog, F. Filsoufi, and K.Q. Flores Does coronary artery bypass grafting alone correct moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation? Circulation 104 2001 I68 I75
79. E.A. Grossi, Y.J. Woo, and N. Patel Outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting and reduction annuloplasty for functional ischemic mitral regurgitation: a prospective multicenter study (Randomized Evaluation of a Surgical Treatment for Off-Pump Repair of the Mitral Valve) J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 141 2011 91 97
80. K.M. Chan, P.P. Punjabi, M. Flather for the RIME Investigators Coronary artery bypass surgery with or without mitral valve annuloplasty in moderate functional ischemic mitral regurgitation: final results of the Randomized Ischemic Mitral Evaluation (RIME) trial Circulation 126 2012 2502 2510
81. T. Mihaljevic, B.K. Lam, and J. Rajeswaran Impact of mitral valve annuloplasty combined with revascularization in patients with functional ischemic mitral regurgitation J Am Coll Cardiol 49 2007 2191 2201
82. S. Gelsomino, R. Lorusso, and S. Caciolli Insights on left ventricular and valvular mechanisms of recurrent ischemic mitral regurgitation after restrictive annuloplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 136 2008 507 518
83. M.A. Deja, P.A. Grayburn, and B. Sun Influence of mitral regurgitation repair on survival in the surgical treatment for ischemic heart failure trial Circulation 125 2012 2639 2648
84. P.K. Smith, J.D. Puskas, D.D. Ascheim for the Cardiothoracic Surgical Trials Network Investigators Surgical treatment of moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation N Engl J Med 371 2014 2178 2188
85. S.S. Goel, N. Bajaj, and B. Aggarwal Prevalence and outcomes of unoperated patients with severe symptomatic mitral regurgitation and heart failure: comprehensive analysis to determine the potential role of MitraClip for this unmet need J Am Coll Cardiol 63 2014 185 186
86. P.T. Chiam, and C.E. Ruiz Percutaneous transcatheter mitral valve repair: a classification of the technology J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 4 2011 1 13
87. S. Privitera, J. Butany, and R.J. Cusimano Images in cardiovascular medicine. Alfieri mitral valve repair: clinical outcome and pathology Circulation 106 2002 e173 e174
88. T. Feldman, E. Foster, D.D. Glower for the EVEREST II Investigators Percutaneous repair or surgery for mitral regurgitation N Engl J Med 364 2011 1395 1406
89. L. Mauri, E. Foster, and D.D. Glower 4-year results of a randomized controlled trial of percutaneous repair versus surgery for mitral regurgitation J Am Coll Cardiol 62 2013 317 328
90. W. Schillinger, M. Hunlich, and S. Baldus Acute outcomes after MitraClip therapy in highly aged patients: results from the German TRAnscatheter Mitral valve Interventions (TRAMI) Registry EuroIntervention 9 2013 84 90
91. F. Maisano, O. Franzen, and S. Baldus Percutaneous mitral valve interventions in the real world: early and 1-year results from the ACCESS-EU, a prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized post-approval study of the MitraClip therapy in Europe J Am Coll Cardiol 62 2013 1052 1061
92. G. Nickenig, R. Estevez-Loureiro, O. Franzen Transcatheter Valve Treatment Sentinel Registry Investigators of the EURObservational Research Programme of the European Society of Cardiology Percutaneous mitral valve edge-to-edge repair: in-hospital results and 1-year follow-up of 628 patients of the 2011-2012 Pilot European Sentinel Registry J Am Coll Cardiol 64 2014 875 884
93. D.D. Glower, S. Kar, and A. Trento Percutaneous mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation in high-risk patients: results of the EVEREST II study J Am Coll Cardiol 64 2014 172 181
94. G.F. Attizzani, Y. Ohno, and D. Capodanno Gender-related clinical and echocardiographic outcomes at 30-day and 12-month follow up after MitraClip implantation in the GRASP registry Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2014 Nov 4 [E-pub ahead of print]
95. K.K. Yeo, J. Yap, and E. Yamen Percutaneous mitral valve repair with the MitraClip: early results from the MitraClip Asia-Pacific Registry (MARS) EuroIntervention 10 2014 620 625
96. M. Taramasso, F. Maisano, and A. Latib Clinical outcomes of MitraClip for the treatment of functional mitral regurgitation EuroIntervention 10 2014 746 752
97. D. Surder, G. Pedrazzini, and O. Gaemperli for the Predictors for efficacy of percutaneous mitral valve repair using the MitraClip system: the results of the MitraSwiss registry Heart 99 2013 1034 1040
98. X. Armoiry, E. Brochet, and T. Lefevre Initial French experience of percutaneous mitral valve repair with the MitraClip: a multicentre national registry Arch Cardiovasc Dis 106 2013 287 294
99. H. Treede, J. Schirmer, and V. Rudolph A heart team's perspective on interventional mitral valve repair: percutaneous clip implantation as an important adjunct to a surgical mitral valve program for treatment of high-risk patients J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 143 2012 78 84
100. I. Bozdag-Turan, L. Paranskaya, and R. Birkemeyer Percutaneous mitral repair with the MitraClip system in patients with mild-to-moderate and severe heart failure: a single-centre experience Cardiovasc Ther 32 2014 66 73
101. V. Rudolph, M. Knap, and O. Franzen Echocardiographic and clinical outcomes of MitraClip therapy in patients not amenable to surgery J Am Coll Cardiol 58 2011 2190 2195
102. D. Braun, H. Lesevic, and M. Orban Percutaneous edge-to-edge repair of the mitral valve in patients with degenerative versus functional mitral regurgitation Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 84 2014 137 146
103. M. Neuss, T. Schau, and M. Schoepp Patient selection criteria and midterm clinical outcome for MitraClip therapy in patients with severe mitral regurgitation and severe congestive heart failure Eur J Heart Fail 15 2013 786 795
104. A. Auricchio, W. Schillinger, S. Meyer for the PERMIT-CARE Investigators Correction of mitral regurgitation in nonresponders to cardiac resynchronization therapy by MitraClip improves symptoms and promotes reverse remodeling J Am Coll Cardiol 58 2011 2183 2189
105. M. Taramasso, P. Denti, and N. Buzzatti Mitraclip therapy and surgical mitral repair in patients with moderate to severe left ventricular failure causing functional mitral regurgitation: a single-centre experience Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 42 2012 920 926
106. L. Conradi, M. Seiffert, and H. Treede Towards an integrated approach to mitral valve disease: implementation of an interventional mitral valve programme and its impact on surgical activity Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 44 2013 324 328