메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 25, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 1341-1354

Forest disturbance and regeneration: A mosaic of discrete gap dynamics and open matrix regimes?

Author keywords

Broad leaved Deciduous Forest; Disturbance; Gap dynamics; LiDAR; Regeneration

Indexed keywords

BOREAL FOREST; DECIDUOUS FOREST; FOREST CANOPY; GAP DYNAMICS; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; LIDAR; REGENERATION; SATELLITE DATA;

EID: 84925297127     PISSN: 11009233     EISSN: 16541103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jvs.12201     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (35)

References (89)
  • 1
    • 77951764970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of gap size on microclimate and soil water content in a temperate broadleaved deciduous forest
    • Abd Latif, Z. & Blackburn, G.A. 2010. The effects of gap size on microclimate and soil water content in a temperate broadleaved deciduous forest. International Journal of Biometeorology 54: 119-129.
    • (2010) International Journal of Biometeorology , vol.54 , pp. 119-129
    • Abd Latif, Z.1    Blackburn, G.A.2
  • 2
    • 0033863467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap-building-phase regeneration in a tropical montane cloud forest of north-eastern Mexico
    • Arriaga, L. 2000. Gap-building-phase regeneration in a tropical montane cloud forest of north-eastern Mexico. Journal of Tropical Ecology 16: 535-562.
    • (2000) Journal of Tropical Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 535-562
    • Arriaga, L.1
  • 3
    • 0000675902 scopus 로고
    • Repeatability in forest gap research: studies in the Great Smoky Mountains
    • Barden, L.S. 1989. Repeatability in forest gap research: studies in the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecology 70: 558-559.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 558-559
    • Barden, L.S.1
  • 4
    • 0027037142 scopus 로고
    • Microenvironmental variability and species diversity in treefall gaps in a sub-tropical broadleaved forest
    • Barik, S.K., Pandey, H.N., Tripathi, R.S. & Rao, P. 1992. Microenvironmental variability and species diversity in treefall gaps in a sub-tropical broadleaved forest. Plant Ecology 103: 31-40.
    • (1992) Plant Ecology , vol.103 , pp. 31-40
    • Barik, S.K.1    Pandey, H.N.2    Tripathi, R.S.3    Rao, P.4
  • 5
    • 0029808310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Line intersect sampling of forest canopy gaps
    • Battles, J.J., Dushoff, J.G. & Fahey, T.J. 1996. Line intersect sampling of forest canopy gaps. Forest Science 42: 131-138.
    • (1996) Forest Science , vol.42 , pp. 131-138
    • Battles, J.J.1    Dushoff, J.G.2    Fahey, T.J.3
  • 6
  • 7
    • 0031158781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An ecological survey of deciduous woodlands using airborne remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS)
    • Blackburn, G.A. & Milton, E.J. 1997. An ecological survey of deciduous woodlands using airborne remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS). International Journal of Remote Sensing 18: 1919-1935.
    • (1997) International Journal of Remote Sensing , vol.18 , pp. 1919-1935
    • Blackburn, G.A.1    Milton, E.J.2
  • 8
    • 0025658469 scopus 로고
    • Single-tree influence on soil properties in the mountains of Eastern Kentucky
    • Boettcher, S.E. & Kalisz, P.J. 1990. Single-tree influence on soil properties in the mountains of Eastern Kentucky. Ecology 71: 1365-1372.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 1365-1372
    • Boettcher, S.E.1    Kalisz, P.J.2
  • 9
    • 84886449187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape-scale forest disturbance regimes in southern Peruvian Amazonia
    • Boyd, D.S., Hill, R.A., Hopkinson, C. & Baker, T.R. 2013. Landscape-scale forest disturbance regimes in southern Peruvian Amazonia. Ecological Applications 23: 1588-1602.
    • (2013) Ecological Applications , vol.23 , pp. 1588-1602
    • Boyd, D.S.1    Hill, R.A.2    Hopkinson, C.3    Baker, T.R.4
  • 11
    • 0001577390 scopus 로고
    • The definition of treefall gap and its effect on measures of forests dynamics
    • Brokaw, N.V.L. 1982. The definition of treefall gap and its effect on measures of forests dynamics. Biotropica 14: 158-160.
    • (1982) Biotropica , vol.14 , pp. 158-160
    • Brokaw, N.V.L.1
  • 12
    • 0022219657 scopus 로고
    • Gap phase regeneration in a tropical forest
    • Brokaw, N.V.L. 1985. Gap phase regeneration in a tropical forest. Ecology 66: 682-687.
    • (1985) Ecology , vol.66 , pp. 682-687
    • Brokaw, N.V.L.1
  • 13
    • 0034193957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Niche versus chance and tree diversity in forest gaps
    • Brokaw, N.V.L. & Busing, R.T. 2000. Niche versus chance and tree diversity in forest gaps. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15: 183-188.
    • (2000) Trends in Ecology & Evolution , vol.15 , pp. 183-188
    • Brokaw, N.V.L.1    Busing, R.T.2
  • 14
    • 0024252102 scopus 로고
    • An index for understory light levels in and around canopy gaps
    • Canham, C.D. 1988. An index for understory light levels in and around canopy gaps. Ecology 69: 1634-1638.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 1634-1638
    • Canham, C.D.1
  • 16
    • 2342472109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small foot-print lidar estimation of sub-canopy elevation and tree height in a tropical rain forest landscape
    • Clark, M.L., Clark, D.B. & Roberts, D.A. 2004. Small foot-print lidar estimation of sub-canopy elevation and tree height in a tropical rain forest landscape. Remote Sensing of Environment 91: 68-89.
    • (2004) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.91 , pp. 68-89
    • Clark, M.L.1    Clark, D.B.2    Roberts, D.A.3
  • 17
    • 0030302403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in canopy gap formation among developmental stages of northern hardwood stands
    • Dahir, S.E. & Lorimer, C.G. 1996. Variation in canopy gap formation among developmental stages of northern hardwood stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26: 1875-1892.
    • (1996) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.26 , pp. 1875-1892
    • Dahir, S.E.1    Lorimer, C.G.2
  • 19
    • 77951101959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating the impact of discrete-return lidar system and survey characteristics over 2 young conifer and broadleaf forests
    • Disney, M.I., Kalogirou, V., Lewis, P.E., Prieto-Blanco, A., Hancock, S. & Pfeifer, M. 2010. Simulating the impact of discrete-return lidar system and survey characteristics over 2 young conifer and broadleaf forests. Remote Sensing of Environment 114: 1546-1560.
    • (2010) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.114 , pp. 1546-1560
    • Disney, M.I.1    Kalogirou, V.2    Lewis, P.E.3    Prieto-Blanco, A.4    Hancock, S.5    Pfeifer, M.6
  • 20
    • 58149181723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap dynamics and regeneration strategies in Juniperus-Laurus forests of the Azores Islands
    • Elias, R. & Dias, E. 2009. Gap dynamics and regeneration strategies in Juniperus-Laurus forests of the Azores Islands. Plant Ecology 200: 179-189.
    • (2009) Plant Ecology , vol.200 , pp. 179-189
    • Elias, R.1    Dias, E.2
  • 22
    • 21444446190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap size measurement: the proposal of a new field method
    • Ferreira de Lima, R.A. 2005. Gap size measurement: the proposal of a new field method. Forest Ecology and Management 214: 413-419.
    • (2005) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.214 , pp. 413-419
    • Ferreira de Lima, R.A.1
  • 25
    • 84905668145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, UK.
    • Forestry Commission 2009. Management of ancient wood pasture. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, UK.
    • (2009) Management of ancient wood pasture
  • 28
  • 29
    • 0346058319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of gaps and natural regeneration in mature long-leaf pine flatwoods ecosystems
    • Gagnon, J.L., Jokela, E., Moser, W.K. & Huber, D.A. 2004. Characteristics of gaps and natural regeneration in mature long-leaf pine flatwoods ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management 187: 373-380.
    • (2004) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.187 , pp. 373-380
    • Gagnon, J.L.1    Jokela, E.2    Moser, W.K.3    Huber, D.A.4
  • 30
    • 33745742162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of forest structure with airborne lidar and the effects of platform altitude
    • Goodwin, N.R., Coops, N.C. & Culvenor, D.S. 2006. Assessment of forest structure with airborne lidar and the effects of platform altitude. Remote Sensing of Environment 103: 140-152.
    • (2006) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.103 , pp. 140-152
    • Goodwin, N.R.1    Coops, N.C.2    Culvenor, D.S.3
  • 31
    • 79954769970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shade tolerance, canopy gaps and mechanisms of coexistence of forest trees
    • Gravel, D., Canham, C.D., Beaudet, M. & Messier, C. 2010. Shade tolerance, canopy gaps and mechanisms of coexistence of forest trees. Oikos 119: 475-484.
    • (2010) Oikos , vol.119 , pp. 475-484
    • Gravel, D.1    Canham, C.D.2    Beaudet, M.3    Messier, C.4
  • 33
    • 11144297060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accuracy of airborne Lidar-derived elevation: empirical assessment and error budget
    • Hodgson, M.E. & Bresnahan, P. 2004. Accuracy of airborne Lidar-derived elevation: empirical assessment and error budget. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 70: 331-339.
    • (2004) Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing , vol.70 , pp. 331-339
    • Hodgson, M.E.1    Bresnahan, P.2
  • 34
    • 0037299052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of LIDAR- and IFSAR-derived digital elevation models in leaf-on conditions with USGS Level 1 and Level 2 DEMs
    • Hodgson, M.E., Jensen, J.R., Schmidt, L., Schill, S. & Davis, B. 2003. An evaluation of LIDAR- and IFSAR-derived digital elevation models in leaf-on conditions with USGS Level 1 and Level 2 DEMs. Remote Sensing of Environment 84: 295-308.
    • (2003) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.84 , pp. 295-308
    • Hodgson, M.E.1    Jensen, J.R.2    Schmidt, L.3    Schill, S.4    Davis, B.5
  • 35
    • 76649123934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of canopy gap size and gap shape using a hemispherical photograph
    • Hu, L., Gong, Z., Li, J. & Zhu, J. 2009. Estimation of canopy gap size and gap shape using a hemispherical photograph. Trees 23: 1101-1108.
    • (2009) Trees , vol.23 , pp. 1101-1108
    • Hu, L.1    Gong, Z.2    Li, J.3    Zhu, J.4
  • 36
    • 33646159066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping forest structure for wildlife habitat analysis using multisensor (lidar, SAR/InSAr, ETM+, Quickbird) synergy
    • Hyde, P., Dubayah, R., Walker, W., Blair, J.B., Hofton, M. & Hunsaker, C. 2006. Mapping forest structure for wildlife habitat analysis using multisensor (lidar, SAR/InSAr, ETM+, Quickbird) synergy. Remote Sensing of Environment 102: 63-73.
    • (2006) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.102 , pp. 63-73
    • Hyde, P.1    Dubayah, R.2    Walker, W.3    Blair, J.B.4    Hofton, M.5    Hunsaker, C.6
  • 37
    • 84890560781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small-scale disturbance and stand structure dynamics in an old-growth Picea abies forest over 54 yr in central Sweden
    • Hytteborn, H. & Verwijst, T. 2014. Small-scale disturbance and stand structure dynamics in an old-growth Picea abies forest over 54 yr in central Sweden. Journal of Vegetation Science 25: 100-112.
    • (2014) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.25 , pp. 100-112
    • Hytteborn, H.1    Verwijst, T.2
  • 38
    • 77649273522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction of gap age and microsite type for the regeneration of Picea abies
    • Kathke, S. & Bruelheide, H. 2010. Interaction of gap age and microsite type for the regeneration of Picea abies. Forest Ecology and Management 259: 1597-1605.
    • (2010) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.259 , pp. 1597-1605
    • Kathke, S.1    Bruelheide, H.2
  • 40
    • 10344231511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model of a natural wooded landscape in Britain as influenced by large herbivore activity
    • Kirby, K.J. 2004. A model of a natural wooded landscape in Britain as influenced by large herbivore activity. Forestry 77: 405-420.
    • (2004) Forestry , vol.77 , pp. 405-420
    • Kirby, K.J.1
  • 41
    • 3242755814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying the spatial properties of forest canopy gaps using LiDAR imagery and GIS
    • Koukoulas, S. & Blackburn, G.A. 2004. Quantifying the spatial properties of forest canopy gaps using LiDAR imagery and GIS. International Journal of Remote Sensing 25: 3049-3071.
    • (2004) International Journal of Remote Sensing , vol.25 , pp. 3049-3071
    • Koukoulas, S.1    Blackburn, G.A.2
  • 42
    • 27744501849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial relationships between tree species and gap characteristics in broad-leaved deciduous woodland
    • Koukoulas, S. & Blackburn, G.A. 2005. Spatial relationships between tree species and gap characteristics in broad-leaved deciduous woodland. Journal of Vegetation Science 16: 587-596.
    • (2005) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.16 , pp. 587-596
    • Koukoulas, S.1    Blackburn, G.A.2
  • 43
    • 0032144628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of terrain models in wooded areas with airborne laser scanner data
    • Kraus, K. & Pfeiffer, N. 1998. Determination of terrain models in wooded areas with airborne laser scanner data. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 53: 193-203.
    • (1998) Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing , vol.53 , pp. 193-203
    • Kraus, K.1    Pfeiffer, N.2
  • 44
    • 84856602554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural forest dynamics in boreal Fennoscandia: a review and classification
    • Kuuluvainen, T. & Aakala, T. 2011. Natural forest dynamics in boreal Fennoscandia: a review and classification. Silva Fennica 45: 823-841.
    • (2011) Silva Fennica , vol.45 , pp. 823-841
    • Kuuluvainen, T.1    Aakala, T.2
  • 46
    • 28644445199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap pattern and colonization opportunities in plant communities: effects of species richness, mortality, and spatial aggregation
    • Li, Z.Q., Bogaert, J. & Nijs, I. 2005. Gap pattern and colonization opportunities in plant communities: effects of species richness, mortality, and spatial aggregation. Ecography 28: 777-790.
    • (2005) Ecography , vol.28 , pp. 777-790
    • Li, Z.Q.1    Bogaert, J.2    Nijs, I.3
  • 47
    • 0000655879 scopus 로고
    • Forests are not just Swiss cheese: canopy stereogeometry of non-gaps in tropical forests
    • Lieberman, M., Lieberman, D. & Peralta, R. 1989. Forests are not just Swiss cheese: canopy stereogeometry of non-gaps in tropical forests. Ecology 70: 550-552.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 550-552
    • Lieberman, M.1    Lieberman, D.2    Peralta, R.3
  • 48
    • 45849101736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap disturbance regime and composition in the Atlantic montane rain forest: the influence of topography
    • Lima, R.A.F. & Moura, L.C. 2008. Gap disturbance regime and composition in the Atlantic montane rain forest: the influence of topography. Plant Ecology 197: 239-253.
    • (2008) Plant Ecology , vol.197 , pp. 239-253
    • Lima, R.A.F.1    Moura, L.C.2
  • 49
    • 84986761466 scopus 로고
    • Gap structure, disturbance and regeneration in a primeval Picea abies forest
    • Liu, Q. & Hytteborn, H. 1991. Gap structure, disturbance and regeneration in a primeval Picea abies forest. Journal of Vegetation Science 2: 391-402.
    • (1991) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.2 , pp. 391-402
    • Liu, Q.1    Hytteborn, H.2
  • 51
    • 0034744175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap dynamics of forest trees: with particular attention to boreal forests
    • McCarthy, J. 2001. Gap dynamics of forest trees: with particular attention to boreal forests. Environmental Reviews 9: 1-59.
    • (2001) Environmental Reviews , vol.9 , pp. 1-59
    • McCarthy, J.1
  • 52
    • 13544271885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How open were European primeval forests? Hypothesis testing using palaeoecological data
    • Mitchell, F.J.G. 2005. How open were European primeval forests? Hypothesis testing using palaeoecological data. Journal of Ecology 93: 168-177.
    • (2005) Journal of Ecology , vol.93 , pp. 168-177
    • Mitchell, F.J.G.1
  • 53
    • 0023496684 scopus 로고
    • Composition, structure and regeneration characteristics of the open woodlands of the New Forest, Hampshire
    • Morgan, R.K. 1987. Composition, structure and regeneration characteristics of the open woodlands of the New Forest, Hampshire. Journal of Biogeography 14: 423-428.
    • (1987) Journal of Biogeography , vol.14 , pp. 423-428
    • Morgan, R.K.1
  • 54
    • 0037284978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term change and implications for the management of wood pastures: experience over 40 years from Denny Wood, New Forest
    • Mountford, E.P. & Peterken, G.E. 2003. Long-term change and implications for the management of wood pastures: experience over 40 years from Denny Wood, New Forest. Forestry 76: 19-43.
    • (2003) Forestry , vol.76 , pp. 19-43
    • Mountford, E.P.1    Peterken, G.E.2
  • 55
    • 33748846213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of regeneration and ground vegetation associated with canopy gaps in a managed beechwood in southern England
    • Mountford, E.P., Savill, P.S. & Bebber, D.P. 2006. Patterns of regeneration and ground vegetation associated with canopy gaps in a managed beechwood in southern England. Forestry 79: 389-408.
    • (2006) Forestry , vol.79 , pp. 389-408
    • Mountford, E.P.1    Savill, P.S.2    Bebber, D.P.3
  • 56
    • 34047134221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of gap size on organic matter decomposition, microbial biomass and nutrient cycle in Calabrian pine (Pinus laricio, Poiret) stands
    • Muscolo, A., Sidari, M. & Mercurio, R. 2007. Influence of gap size on organic matter decomposition, microbial biomass and nutrient cycle in Calabrian pine (Pinus laricio, Poiret) stands. Forest Ecology and Management 242: 412-418.
    • (2007) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.242 , pp. 412-418
    • Muscolo, A.1    Sidari, M.2    Mercurio, R.3
  • 57
    • 2542600770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of different flying altitudes on biophysical stand properties estimated from canopy height and density measured with a small foot-print airborne scanner
    • Naesset, E. 2004. Effects of different flying altitudes on biophysical stand properties estimated from canopy height and density measured with a small foot-print airborne scanner. Remote Sensing of Environment 91: 243-255.
    • (2004) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.91 , pp. 243-255
    • Naesset, E.1
  • 59
    • 84925308992 scopus 로고
    • (Chapter cxxi 40 and 41 Vict.). HMSO, London, UK.
    • New Forest Act 1877. (Chapter cxxi 40 and 41 Vict.). HMSO, London, UK.
    • (1877)
  • 60
    • 1942478638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regeneration failure in Atlantic oakwoods: the roles of ungulate grazing and invertebrates
    • Palmer, S.C.F., Mitchell, R.J., Truscott, A.-M. & Welch, D. 2004. Regeneration failure in Atlantic oakwoods: the roles of ungulate grazing and invertebrates. Forest Ecology and Management 192: 251-265.
    • (2004) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.192 , pp. 251-265
    • Palmer, S.C.F.1    Mitchell, R.J.2    Truscott, A.-M.3    Welch, D.4
  • 62
    • 0024193373 scopus 로고
    • Pioneer species distribution in treefall gaps in Neotropical rain forest; a gap definition and its consequences
    • Popma, J., Bongers, F., Martínez-Ramos, M. & Veneklaas, E. 1988. Pioneer species distribution in treefall gaps in Neotropical rain forest; a gap definition and its consequences. Journal of Tropical Ecology 4: 77-88.
    • (1988) Journal of Tropical Ecology , vol.4 , pp. 77-88
    • Popma, J.1    Bongers, F.2    Martínez-Ramos, M.3    Veneklaas, E.4
  • 63
    • 11844285652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Light, temperature and soil moisture regimes following gap formation in a semi-natural beech-dominated forest in Denmark
    • Ritter, E., Dalsgaard, L. & Einhorn, K.S. 2005. Light, temperature and soil moisture regimes following gap formation in a semi-natural beech-dominated forest in Denmark. Forest Ecology and Management 206: 15-33.
    • (2005) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.206 , pp. 15-33
    • Ritter, E.1    Dalsgaard, L.2    Einhorn, K.S.3
  • 64
    • 0020461658 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of Eastern North America
    • Runkle, J.R. 1982. Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of Eastern North America. Ecology 63: 1533-1546.
    • (1982) Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 1533-1546
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 65
    • 77949446292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap characteristics and their effects on regeneration, dominance and early growth of woody species
    • Sapkota, I.P. & Oden, P.C. 2009. Gap characteristics and their effects on regeneration, dominance and early growth of woody species. Journal of Plant Ecology 2: 21-29.
    • (2009) Journal of Plant Ecology , vol.2 , pp. 21-29
    • Sapkota, I.P.1    Oden, P.C.2
  • 67
    • 0035062796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treefall gaps and the maintenance of species diversity in a tropical forest
    • Schnitzer, S.A. & Carson, W.P. 2001. Treefall gaps and the maintenance of species diversity in a tropical forest. Ecology 82: 913-919.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 913-919
    • Schnitzer, S.A.1    Carson, W.P.2
  • 69
    • 0002127664 scopus 로고
    • Gransk€ar och Fiby urskog. The primitive forest of Gransk€ar and Fiby: a study of the part played by stormgaps and dwarf trees in the regeneration of the Swedish spruce forest
    • pp 220-227.
    • Sernander, R. 1936. Gransk€ar och Fiby urskog. The primitive forest of Gransk€ar and Fiby: a study of the part played by stormgaps and dwarf trees in the regeneration of the Swedish spruce forest, pp 220-227. Acta Phytogeographica Suecica 8: 1-232.
    • (1936) Acta Phytogeographica Suecica , vol.8 , pp. 1-232
    • Sernander, R.1
  • 71
    • 84986792557 scopus 로고
    • Forest development in canopy gaps in old-growth beech (Nothofagus) forests, New Zealand
    • Stewart, G.H., Rose, A.B. & Veblen, T.T. 1991. Forest development in canopy gaps in old-growth beech (Nothofagus) forests, New Zealand. Journal of Vegetation Science 2: 679-690.
    • (1991) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.2 , pp. 679-690
    • Stewart, G.H.1    Rose, A.B.2    Veblen, T.T.3
  • 72
    • 11244323977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring individual tree height using a combination of stereophotogrammetry and lidar
    • St-Onge, B., Jumelet, J., Cobello, M. & Véga, C. 2004. Measuring individual tree height using a combination of stereophotogrammetry and lidar. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34: 2122-2130.
    • (2004) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.34 , pp. 2122-2130
    • St-Onge, B.1    Jumelet, J.2    Cobello, M.3    Véga, C.4
  • 73
    • 0030616881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fifteen years of canopy gap dynamics analysed by aerial photographs in a temperate deciduous forest, Japan
    • Tanaka, H. & Nakashizuka, T. 1997. Fifteen years of canopy gap dynamics analysed by aerial photographs in a temperate deciduous forest, Japan. Ecology 78: 612-620.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 612-620
    • Tanaka, H.1    Nakashizuka, T.2
  • 75
    • 0024180128 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration patterns in old-growth Abies-Betula forests in the Wolong Natural Reserve, Sichuan, China
    • Taylor, A.H. & Qin, Z. 1988. Regeneration patterns in old-growth Abies-Betula forests in the Wolong Natural Reserve, Sichuan, China. Journal of Ecology 76: 1204-1218.
    • (1988) Journal of Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 1204-1218
    • Taylor, A.H.1    Qin, Z.2
  • 76
    • 84864931311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of repeated gap formation events and their spatial patterns in three types of old-growth forests: analysis of long-term canopy dynamics using aerial photographs and digital surface models
    • Torimaru, T., Itaya, A. & Yamamoto, S.-I. 2012. Quantification of repeated gap formation events and their spatial patterns in three types of old-growth forests: analysis of long-term canopy dynamics using aerial photographs and digital surface models. Forest Ecology and Management 284: 1-11.
    • (2012) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.284 , pp. 1-11
    • Torimaru, T.1    Itaya, A.2    Yamamoto, S.-I.3
  • 78
    • 0001079741 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation mapping as a tool for detection of windfall processes in primary forest communities
    • Ulanova, N.G. 1991. Vegetation mapping as a tool for detection of windfall processes in primary forest communities. Phytocoenosis 3: 219-222.
    • (1991) Phytocoenosis , vol.3 , pp. 219-222
    • Ulanova, N.G.1
  • 79
    • 0034666667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of windthrow on forests at different spatial scales: a review
    • Ulanova, N.G. 2000. The effects of windthrow on forests at different spatial scales: a review. Forest Ecology and Management 135: 155-167.
    • (2000) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.135 , pp. 155-167
    • Ulanova, N.G.1
  • 81
    • 0000012669 scopus 로고
    • Tree regeneration responses to gaps along a transandean gradient
    • Veblen, T.T. 1989. Tree regeneration responses to gaps along a transandean gradient. Ecology 70: 541-543.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 541-543
    • Veblen, T.T.1
  • 82
    • 41249095779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatially explicit characterization of boreal forest gap dynamics using multi-temporal lidar data
    • Vepakomma, U., St-Onge, B. & Kneeshaw, D. 2008. Spatially explicit characterization of boreal forest gap dynamics using multi-temporal lidar data. Remote Sensing of Environment 112: 2326-2340.
    • (2008) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.112 , pp. 2326-2340
    • Vepakomma, U.1    St-Onge, B.2    Kneeshaw, D.3
  • 83
    • 79955546089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of a Boreal forest to canopy opening: assessing vertical and lateral tree growth with multi-temporal lidar data
    • Vepakomma, U., St-Onge, B. & Kneeshaw, D. 2011. Response of a Boreal forest to canopy opening: assessing vertical and lateral tree growth with multi-temporal lidar data. Ecological Applications 21: 99-121.
    • (2011) Ecological Applications , vol.21 , pp. 99-121
    • Vepakomma, U.1    St-Onge, B.2    Kneeshaw, D.3
  • 85
    • 0030848827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of canopy disturbance on species richness in a central Himalayan oak forest
    • Vetaas, O.R. 1997. The effect of canopy disturbance on species richness in a central Himalayan oak forest. Plant Ecology 132: 29-38.
    • (1997) Plant Ecology , vol.132 , pp. 29-38
    • Vetaas, O.R.1
  • 86
    • 0000016376 scopus 로고
    • Pattern, process, and natural disturbance in vegetation
    • White, P.S. 1979. Pattern, process, and natural disturbance in vegetation. Botanical Review 45: 229-299.
    • (1979) Botanical Review , vol.45 , pp. 229-299
    • White, P.S.1
  • 87
    • 63049128586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap phase regeneration recruitment of mixed conifer-broadleaf forests in Wolong Nature Reserve
    • Yang, J., Ge, J., Liu, L., Ding, Y. & Tan, Y. 2009. Gap phase regeneration recruitment of mixed conifer-broadleaf forests in Wolong Nature Reserve. Frontiers of Forestry in China 4: 153-158.
    • (2009) Frontiers of Forestry in China , vol.4 , pp. 153-158
    • Yang, J.1    Ge, J.2    Liu, L.3    Ding, Y.4    Tan, Y.5
  • 88
    • 2342525333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automatic detection of harvested trees and determination of forest growth using airborne laser scanning
    • Yu, X., Hyypae, J., Kaartinen, H. & Maltamo, M. 2004. Automatic detection of harvested trees and determination of forest growth using airborne laser scanning. Remote Sensing of Environment 90: 451-462.
    • (2004) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.90 , pp. 451-462
    • Yu, X.1    Hyypae, J.2    Kaartinen, H.3    Maltamo, M.4
  • 89
    • 22544456283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Within community patch dynamics in a tropical montane rain forest of Hainan Island, South China
    • Zang, R.G., Tao, J.P. & Li, C.Y. 2005. Within community patch dynamics in a tropical montane rain forest of Hainan Island, South China. Acta Oecologia 28: 39-48.
    • (2005) Acta Oecologia , vol.28 , pp. 39-48
    • Zang, R.G.1    Tao, J.P.2    Li, C.Y.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.