메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 33, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 1768-1778

Quantitative Trait Loci Associated to Drought Adaptation in Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Author keywords

Drought; Pea; QTL; Relative water content

Indexed keywords


EID: 84925071417     PISSN: 07359640     EISSN: 15729818     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11105-015-0872-z     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (36)

References (61)
  • 1
    • 33750535815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasticity to soil water deficit in Arabidopsis thaliana: dissection of leaf development into underlying growth dynamic and cellular variables reveals invisible phenotypes
    • Aguirreazabal L, Bouchier-Combaud S, Radziejwoski A, Dauzat M, Cookson SJ, Granier C (2006) Plasticity to soil water deficit in Arabidopsis thaliana: dissection of leaf development into underlying growth dynamic and cellular variables reveals invisible phenotypes. Plant, Cell Environ 29:2216–2227
    • (2006) Plant, Cell Environ , vol.29 , pp. 2216-2227
    • Aguirreazabal, L.1    Bouchier-Combaud, S.2    Radziejwoski, A.3    Dauzat, M.4    Cookson, S.J.5    Granier, C.6
  • 2
    • 0035659031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of drought and ultraviolet radiation on growth and stress markers in pea and wheat
    • Alexieva V, Sergiev I, Mapelli S, Karanov E (2001) The effect of drought and ultraviolet radiation on growth and stress markers in pea and wheat. Plant, Cell Environ 24:1337–1344
    • (2001) Plant, Cell Environ , vol.24 , pp. 1337-1344
    • Alexieva, V.1    Sergiev, I.2    Mapelli, S.3    Karanov, E.4
  • 5
    • 33645451711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional mapping in pea, as an aid to the candidate gene selection and for investigating synteny with the model legume Medicago truncatula
    • PID: 16416153
    • Aubert G, Morin J, Jacquin LK, Quillet MC, Petit A, Rameau C, Lejeune-Hénaut I, Huget T, Burstin J (2006) Functional mapping in pea, as an aid to the candidate gene selection and for investigating synteny with the model legume Medicago truncatula. Theor Appl Genet 112:1024–1041
    • (2006) Theor Appl Genet , vol.112 , pp. 1024-1041
    • Aubert, G.1    Morin, J.2    Jacquin, L.K.3    Quillet, M.C.4    Petit, A.5    Rameau, C.6    Lejeune-Hénaut, I.7    Huget, T.8    Burstin, J.9
  • 6
    • 14644430438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drought and salt tolerance in plants
    • Bartels D, Sunkar R (2005) Drought and salt tolerance in plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci 24:23–58
    • (2005) Crit Rev Plant Sci , vol.24 , pp. 23-58
    • Bartels, D.1    Sunkar, R.2
  • 7
    • 77958605327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constitutive salicylic acid defences do not compromise seed yield, drought tolerance and water productivity in the Arabidopsis accession C24
    • Bechtold U, Lawson T, Mejia-Carranza J, Meyer RC, Brown IR, Altmann T, Ton J, Mullineaux PM (2010) Constitutive salicylic acid defences do not compromise seed yield, drought tolerance and water productivity in the Arabidopsis accession C24. Plant, Cell Environ 33:1959–1973
    • (2010) Plant, Cell Environ , vol.33 , pp. 1959-1973
    • Bechtold, U.1    Lawson, T.2    Mejia-Carranza, J.3    Meyer, R.C.4    Brown, I.R.5    Altmann, T.6    Ton, J.7    Mullineaux, P.M.8
  • 8
    • 0025837031 scopus 로고
    • Lipoxygenase gene expression is modulated in plants by water deficit, wounding, and methyl jasmonate
    • PID: 1766441
    • Bell E, Mullet JE (1991) Lipoxygenase gene expression is modulated in plants by water deficit, wounding, and methyl jasmonate. Mol Gen Genet 230:456–462
    • (1991) Mol Gen Genet , vol.230 , pp. 456-462
    • Bell, E.1    Mullet, J.E.2
  • 10
    • 0034957365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a role of salicylic acid in the oxidative damage generated by NaCl and osmotic stress in Arabidopsis seedlings
    • PID: 11457953
    • Borsani O, Valpuesta V, Botella MA (2001) Evidence for a role of salicylic acid in the oxidative damage generated by NaCl and osmotic stress in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Physiol 126:1024–1030
    • (2001) Plant Physiol , vol.126 , pp. 1024-1030
    • Borsani, O.1    Valpuesta, V.2    Botella, M.A.3
  • 12
    • 84902387184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes for specific cellular resistance responses against Didymella pinodes in pea
    • PID: 24706065
    • Carrillo E, Satovic Z, Aubert G, Boucherot K, Rubiales D, Fondevilla S (2014) Identification of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes for specific cellular resistance responses against Didymella pinodes in pea. Plant Cell Rep 33:1133–1145
    • (2014) Plant Cell Rep , vol.33 , pp. 1133-1145
    • Carrillo, E.1    Satovic, Z.2    Aubert, G.3    Boucherot, K.4    Rubiales, D.5    Fondevilla, S.6
  • 14
    • 0028151261 scopus 로고
    • Empirical threshold values for quantitative trait mapping
    • PID: 7851788
    • Churchill GA, Doerge RW (1994) Empirical threshold values for quantitative trait mapping. Genetics 138:963–971
    • (1994) Genetics , vol.138 , pp. 963-971
    • Churchill, G.A.1    Doerge, R.W.2
  • 15
    • 0030973207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simple method to calculate resolving power and confidence interval of QTL map location
    • PID: 9145551
    • Darvasi A, Soller M (1997) A simple method to calculate resolving power and confidence interval of QTL map location. Behav Genet 27:125–132
    • (1997) Behav Genet , vol.27 , pp. 125-132
    • Darvasi, A.1    Soller, M.2
  • 16
    • 0031935338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of grain number, nitrogen nutrition and stem number in limiting pea crop (Pisum sativum) yield under agricultural conditions
    • Doré T, Meynard MJ, Sebillotte M (1998) The role of grain number, nitrogen nutrition and stem number in limiting pea crop (Pisum sativum) yield under agricultural conditions. Eur J Agron 8:29–37
    • (1998) Eur J Agron , vol.8 , pp. 29-37
    • Doré, T.1    Meynard, M.J.2    Sebillotte, M.3
  • 17
    • 67349125855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of sugar content QTL and PQL with physiological traits relevant to frost damage resistance in pea under field and controlled conditions
    • PID: 19322559
    • Dumont E, Fontaine V, Vuylsteker C, Sellier H, Bodèle S, Voedts N, Devaux R, Frise M, Avia K, Hilber JL (2009) Association of sugar content QTL and PQL with physiological traits relevant to frost damage resistance in pea under field and controlled conditions. Theor Appl Genet 118:1561–1571
    • (2009) Theor Appl Genet , vol.118 , pp. 1561-1571
    • Dumont, E.1    Fontaine, V.2    Vuylsteker, C.3    Sellier, H.4    Bodèle, S.5    Voedts, N.6    Devaux, R.7    Frise, M.8    Avia, K.9    Hilber, J.L.10
  • 18
    • 20444449777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response to Mycosphaerella pinodes in a germplasm collection of Pisum spp
    • Fondevilla S, Ávila CM, Cubero JI, Rubiales D (2005) Response to Mycosphaerella pinodes in a germplasm collection of Pisum spp. Plant Breed 124:313–315
    • (2005) Plant Breed , vol.124 , pp. 313-315
    • Fondevilla, S.1    Ávila, C.M.2    Cubero, J.I.3    Rubiales, D.4
  • 20
    • 80255123412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of common genomic regions controlling resistance to Mycosphaerella pinodes, earliness and architectural traits in different pea genetic backgrounds
    • Fondevilla S, Almeida NF, Satovic Z, Rubiales D, Vaz Patto MC, Cubero JI, Torres AM (2011) Identification of common genomic regions controlling resistance to Mycosphaerella pinodes, earliness and architectural traits in different pea genetic backgrounds. Euphytica 182:43–52
    • (2011) Euphytica , vol.182 , pp. 43-52
    • Fondevilla, S.1    Almeida, N.F.2    Satovic, Z.3    Rubiales, D.4    Vaz Patto, M.C.5    Cubero, J.I.6    Torres, A.M.7
  • 21
    • 84864391545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of quantitative trait loci involved in resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae in pea (Pisum sativum L.)
    • Fondevilla S, Martín-Sanz A, Satovic Z, Fernández-Romero MD, Rubiales D, Caminero C (2012) Identification of quantitative trait loci involved in resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Euphytica 186:805–812
    • (2012) Euphytica , vol.186 , pp. 805-812
    • Fondevilla, S.1    Martín-Sanz, A.2    Satovic, Z.3    Fernández-Romero, M.D.4    Rubiales, D.5    Caminero, C.6
  • 22
    • 77958055952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a synthetic understanding of the role of phenology in ecology and evolution
    • PID: 20819806
    • Forrest J, Miller-Russhing AJ (2010) Toward a synthetic understanding of the role of phenology in ecology and evolution. Phil Trans R Soc B 365:3101–3112
    • (2010) Phil Trans R Soc B , vol.365 , pp. 3101-3112
    • Forrest, J.1    Miller-Russhing, A.J.2
  • 24
    • 33645051449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PHENOPSIS, an automated platform for reproducible phenotyping of plant responses to soil water deficit in Arabidopsis thaliana permitted the identification of an accession with low sensitivity to soil water deficit
    • PID: 16411964
    • Granier C, Aguirrezabal L, Chenu K, Cookson SJ, Dauzat M, Hamard P, Thioux J-J, Rolland G, Bouchier-Combaud S, Lebaudy A, Muller B, Simonneau T, Tardieu F (2006) PHENOPSIS, an automated platform for reproducible phenotyping of plant responses to soil water deficit in Arabidopsis thaliana permitted the identification of an accession with low sensitivity to soil water deficit. New Phytol 169:623–635
    • (2006) New Phytol , vol.169 , pp. 623-635
    • Granier, C.1    Aguirrezabal, L.2    Chenu, K.3    Cookson, S.J.4    Dauzat, M.5    Hamard, P.6    Thioux, J.-J.7    Rolland, G.8    Bouchier-Combaud, S.9    Lebaudy, A.10    Muller, B.11    Simonneau, T.12    Tardieu, F.13
  • 25
    • 0030772228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in drought tolerance between cultivars of field bean and field pea. A comparison of drought-resistant and drought-sensitive cultivars
    • Grzesiak S, Lijima M, Kono Y, Yamauchi A (1997) Differences in drought tolerance between cultivars of field bean and field pea. A comparison of drought-resistant and drought-sensitive cultivars. Acta Physiol Plant 3:349–357
    • (1997) Acta Physiol Plant , vol.3 , pp. 349-357
    • Grzesiak, S.1    Lijima, M.2    Kono, Y.3    Yamauchi, A.4
  • 26
    • 77954776252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of water spectral indices with plant and soil water relations in contrasting wheat genotypes
    • PID: 20639342
    • Gutierrez M, Reynolds MP, Klatt AR (2010) Association of water spectral indices with plant and soil water relations in contrasting wheat genotypes. J Exp Bot 61:3291–3303
    • (2010) J Exp Bot , vol.61 , pp. 3291-3303
    • Gutierrez, M.1    Reynolds, M.P.2    Klatt, A.R.3
  • 27
    • 68949155558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of quantitative trait loci for drought tolerance at seedling stage by screening a large number of introgression lines in maize
    • Hao Z, Liu X, Li X, Xie C, Li M, Zhang D, Zhang S, Xu Y (2009) Identification of quantitative trait loci for drought tolerance at seedling stage by screening a large number of introgression lines in maize. Plant Breed 128:337–341
    • (2009) Plant Breed , vol.128 , pp. 337-341
    • Hao, Z.1    Liu, X.2    Li, X.3    Xie, C.4    Li, M.5    Zhang, D.6    Zhang, S.7    Xu, Y.8
  • 28
    • 0023399442 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of leaf relative water content by infrared reflectance
    • Hunt ER, Rock BN, Nobel PS (1987) Measurement of leaf relative water content by infrared reflectance. Remote Sensi Environ 22:429–435
    • (1987) Remote Sensi Environ , vol.22 , pp. 429-435
    • Hunt, E.R.1    Rock, B.N.2    Nobel, P.S.3
  • 29
    • 85051836430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of physiological parameters as tools to discriminate water stress tolerance in pea. International Conference on Bioscience: Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Novi Sad, Serbia, June 18-20-2012
    • Iglesias-García R, Prats E, Rubiales D (2012) Use of physiological parameters as tools to discriminate water stress tolerance in pea. International Conference on Bioscience: Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Novi Sad, Serbia, June 18-20-2012, P:107
    • (2012) , pp. 107
    • Iglesias-García, R.1    Prats, E.2    Rubiales, D.3
  • 30
    • 85051836591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAS/STAT® 9.1 User’s guide
    • SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC
    • SAS Institute Inc (2004) SAS/STAT® 9.1 User’s guide, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC
    • (2004)
  • 31
    • 0032772555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple interval mapping for quantitative trait loci
    • PID: 10388834
    • Kao CH, Zeng ZB, Teasdale RD (1999) Multiple interval mapping for quantitative trait loci. Genetics 152:1203–1216
    • (1999) Genetics , vol.152 , pp. 1203-1216
    • Kao, C.H.1    Zeng, Z.B.2    Teasdale, R.D.3
  • 32
    • 52449092583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrative analyses of genetic variation in enzyme activities of primary carbohydrate metabolism reveal distinct modes of regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana
    • PID: 18710526
    • Keurentjes JJB, Sulpice R, Gibon Y, Steinhauser M-C, Fu J, Koornneef M, Stitt M, Vreughdenhil D (2008) Integrative analyses of genetic variation in enzyme activities of primary carbohydrate metabolism reveal distinct modes of regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genome Biol 9:R129
    • (2008) Genome Biol , vol.9 , pp. R129
    • Keurentjes, J.J.B.1    Sulpice, R.2    Gibon, Y.3    Steinhauser, M.-C.4    Fu, J.5    Koornneef, M.6    Stitt, M.7    Vreughdenhil, D.8
  • 33
  • 34
    • 84981605107 scopus 로고
    • Changing concepts regarding plant water relations
    • Kramer PJ (1988) Changing concepts regarding plant water relations. Plant, Cell Environ 11:565–568
    • (1988) Plant, Cell Environ , vol.11 , pp. 565-568
    • Kramer, P.J.1
  • 35
    • 0031200963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloning and expression of a Gibberellin 2b,3b-Hydroxylase cDNA from pumpkin endosperm
    • Lange T, Robatzek S, Frisse A (1999) Cloning and expression of a Gibberellin 2b,3b-Hydroxylase cDNA from pumpkin endosperm. Plant Cell 9:1459–1467
    • (1999) Plant Cell , vol.9 , pp. 1459-1467
    • Lange, T.1    Robatzek, S.2    Frisse, A.3
  • 37
    • 0031200961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mendel’s stem length gene (Le) encodes a gibberellin 3P-hydroxylase
    • PID: 9286112
    • Lester DR, Ross JJ, Davies PJ, Reid J (1997) Mendel’s stem length gene (Le) encodes a gibberellin 3P-hydroxylase. Plant Cell 9:1435–1443
    • (1997) Plant Cell , vol.9 , pp. 1435-1443
    • Lester, D.R.1    Ross, J.J.2    Davies, P.J.3    Reid, J.4
  • 38
    • 0003081008 scopus 로고
    • Strategies in response to water stress
    • Kreeb HK, Richter H, Hinkley TM, (eds), SPB Academic Press, The Netherlands
    • Ludlow MM (1989) Strategies in response to water stress. In: Kreeb HK, Richter H, Hinkley TM (eds) Structural and functional response to environmental stresses: Water shortage. SPB Academic Press, The Netherlands, pp 269–281
    • (1989) Structural and functional response to environmental stresses: Water shortage , pp. 269-281
    • Ludlow, M.M.1
  • 39
    • 0001418931 scopus 로고
    • Genotypic variation in maintenance of leaf water potential in rice
    • O’Toole JC, Moya TB (1978) Genotypic variation in maintenance of leaf water potential in rice. Crop Sci 18:873–876
    • (1978) Crop Sci , vol.18 , pp. 873-876
    • O’Toole, J.C.1    Moya, T.B.2
  • 41
    • 0033785074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jasmonic acid signaling modulates ozone-induced hypersensitive cell death
    • PID: 11006337
    • Rao MV, Lee H, Creelman RA, Mullet JE, Davis KR (2000) Jasmonic acid signaling modulates ozone-induced hypersensitive cell death. Plant Cell 12:1633–1646
    • (2000) Plant Cell , vol.12 , pp. 1633-1646
    • Rao, M.V.1    Lee, H.2    Creelman, R.A.3    Mullet, J.E.4    Davis, K.R.5
  • 42
    • 0037970609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ozone-induced ethylene production is dependent on salicylic acid, and both salicylic acid and ethylene act in concert to regulate ozone-induced cell death
    • PID: 12445117
    • Rao MV, Lee HI, Davis KR (2002) Ozone-induced ethylene production is dependent on salicylic acid, and both salicylic acid and ethylene act in concert to regulate ozone-induced cell death. Plant J 32:447–456
    • (2002) Plant J , vol.32 , pp. 447-456
    • Rao, M.V.1    Lee, H.I.2    Davis, K.R.3
  • 45
    • 84868115862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting sources of drought tolerance within an Avena spp. collection through multivariate approaches
    • PID: 22824964
    • Sánchez-Martín J, Mur LA, Rubiales D, Prats E (2012) Targeting sources of drought tolerance within an Avena spp. collection through multivariate approaches. Planta 236:1529–1545
    • (2012) Planta , vol.236 , pp. 1529-1545
    • Sánchez-Martín, J.1    Mur, L.A.2    Rubiales, D.3    Prats, E.4
  • 46
    • 33846798370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene networks involved in drought stress response and tolerance
    • PID: 17075077
    • Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K (2007) Gene networks involved in drought stress response and tolerance. J Exp Bot 58:221–227
    • (2007) J Exp Bot , vol.58 , pp. 221-227
    • Shinozaki, K.1    Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K.2
  • 47
  • 49
    • 0033948874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • QTL for cell-membrane stability mapped in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under drought stress
    • Tripathy JN, Zhang J, Robin S, Nguyen TT, Nguyen HT (2000) QTL for cell-membrane stability mapped in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under drought stress. Theor Appl Genet 100:1197–1202
    • (2000) Theor Appl Genet , vol.100 , pp. 1197-1202
    • Tripathy, J.N.1    Zhang, J.2    Robin, S.3    Nguyen, T.T.4    Nguyen, H.T.5
  • 50
    • 0001035683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In: Sparks DL (Ed) Adaptation of grain legumes (pulses) to water limited environments, Vol. 71
    • Turner NC, Wright GC, Siddique KHH (2001) In: Sparks DL (Ed) Adaptation of grain legumes (pulses) to water limited environments, Vol. 71, pp: 193-231
    • (2001) pp: 193-231
    • Turner, N.C.1    Wright, G.C.2    Siddique, K.H.H.3
  • 51
    • 0036273510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The jasmonate signal pathway
    • PID: 12045275
    • Turner JG, Ellis C, Devoto A (2002) The jasmonate signal pathway. Plant Cell 14:S153–S164
    • (2002) Plant Cell , vol.14 , pp. S153-S164
    • Turner, J.G.1    Ellis, C.2    Devoto, A.3
  • 53
    • 33646473413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of pea cultivars to water stress: changes in morphophysiological characters, endogenous hormones and yield
    • Upreti KK, Murti GSR, Bhatt RM (2000) Response of pea cultivars to water stress: changes in morphophysiological characters, endogenous hormones and yield. Veg Sci 27:57–61
    • (2000) Veg Sci , vol.27 , pp. 57-61
    • Upreti, K.K.1    Murti, G.S.R.2    Bhatt, R.M.3
  • 55
    • 84991976341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wang S, Basten CJ, Zeng ZB (2011) Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5, Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC ()
    • Wang S, Basten CJ, Zeng ZB (2011) Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5, Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (http://statgen.ncsu.edu/qtlcart/WQTLCart.htm)
  • 56
    • 34250865501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Over-expression of a LEA gene in rice improves drought resistance under the field conditions
    • Xiao B, Huang Y, Tang N, Xiong L (2007) Over-expression of a LEA gene in rice improves drought resistance under the field conditions. Theor App Gen 115:35–46
    • (2007) Theor App Gen , vol.115 , pp. 35-46
    • Xiao, B.1    Huang, Y.2    Tang, N.3    Xiong, L.4
  • 57
    • 0036273511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell signaling during cold, drought, and salt stress
    • PID: 12045276
    • Xiong L, Schumaker KS, Zhu JK (2002) Cell signaling during cold, drought, and salt stress. Plant Cell 14:S165–S183
    • (2002) Plant Cell , vol.14 , pp. S165-S183
    • Xiong, L.1    Schumaker, K.S.2    Zhu, J.K.3
  • 59
    • 26444589213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic analysis for drought resistance of rice at reproductive stage in field with different types of soil
    • PID: 16075205
    • Yue B, Xiong L, Xue W, Xing Y, Luo L, Xu C (2005) Genetic analysis for drought resistance of rice at reproductive stage in field with different types of soil. Theor Appl Genet 111:1127–1136
    • (2005) Theor Appl Genet , vol.111 , pp. 1127-1136
    • Yue, B.1    Xiong, L.2    Xue, W.3    Xing, Y.4    Luo, L.5    Xu, C.6
  • 60
    • 0032715073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rhizobium-legume symbiosis and nitrogen fixation under severe conditions and in an arid climate
    • PID: 10585971
    • Zahran HH (1999) Rhizobium-legume symbiosis and nitrogen fixation under severe conditions and in an arid climate. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 63:968–989
    • (1999) Microbiol Mol Biol Rev , vol.63 , pp. 968-989
    • Zahran, H.H.1
  • 61
    • 0033386380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the genetic architecture of quantitative traits
    • Zeng ZB, Kao CH, Basten CJ (1999) Estimating the genetic architecture of quantitative traits. Genetics 74:279–289
    • (1999) Genetics , vol.74 , pp. 279-289
    • Zeng, Z.B.1    Kao, C.H.2    Basten, C.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.