Rhizobium-legume symbiosis and nitrogen fixation under severe conditions and in an arid climate

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews

Volumn 63, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 968-989

  Zahran, Hamdi Hussein ^a  

^a Beni Suef University   (Egypt)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE; LEGUME; NITROGEN FIXATION; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; RHIZOBIUM; SOIL MICROFLORA; SYMBIOSIS;

NEGIBACTERIA; RHIZOBIUM;

EID: 0032715073     PISSN: 10922172     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.63.4.968-989.1999     Document Type: Review

References (373)

1. Aarons, S. R., and P. H. Graham. 1991. Response of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli to acidity. Plant Soil 134:145-151.
2. Abaidoo, R. C., T. George, B. B. Bohlol, and P. W. Singleton. 1990. Influence of elevation and applied nitrogen on rhizosphere colonization and competition for nodule occupancy by different rhizobial strains on field-grown soybean and common bean. Can. J. Microbiol. 36:92-96.
3. Abdel-Ghaffar, A. S. 1989. Aspects of microbial activities and dinitrogen fixation in Egyptian desert soils. Arid Soil Res. Rehabil. 3:281-294.
4. Abdel-Wahab, A. M., and M. H. Abd-Alla. 1995. Nodulation and nitrogenase activity of Vicia faba and Glycine max in relation to rhizobia strain, form and level of combined nitrogen. Phyton 35:177-187.
5. Abdel-Wahab, H. H., and H. H. Zahran. 1979. Salt tolerance of Rhizobium species in broth culture. Z. Allg. Mikrobiol. 19:681-685.
6. Abdel-Wahab, H. H., and H. H. Zahran. 1981. Effects of salt stress on nitrogenase activity and growth of four legumes. Biol. Plant (Prague) 23: 16-23.
7. 2)-fixation and growth of Medicago sativa L. Acta Agron. Acad. Sci. Hung. 32:114-118.
8. Abdel-Wahab, H. H., H. H. Zahran, and M. H. Abd-Alla. 1996. Root-hair infection and nodulation of four grain legumes as affected by the form and the application time of nitrogen fertilizer. Folia Microbiol. 41:303-308.
9. Abdel-Wahab, S. M., M. T. El-Mokadem, F. A. Helemish, and M. M. Abou El-Nour. 1991. The symbiotic performance of Bradyrhizobium japonicum under stress of salinized irrigation water. Ain Shams Sci. Bull. 28B:469-488.
10. Abu-Gharbia, M. A. 1996. Growth of rhizobia, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of some legumes under pesticide treatment. Sohag Pure Appl. Sci. Bull. Fac. Sci. South Valley Univ. Egypt 12:87-104.
11. 2 fixation of soybean. Plant Soil 97:361-368.
12. 2 fixing Rhizobium meliloti from soils contaminated with aromatic and chloroaromatic hydrocarbons: PAHs and PCBs. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 39:33-43.
13. Ahmed, B., and P. Quilt. 1980. Effect of soil moisture stress on yield, nodulation and nitrogenase activity of Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Sirato and Desmodium intorium cv. Greenleaf. Plant Soil 57:187-194.
14. Albrecht, S. L., J. M. Bennett, and K. J. Boote. 1994. Relationship of nitrogenase activity to plant water stress in field grown soybeans. Field Crop Res. 8:61-71.
15. Albrecht, S. L., J. M. Bennett, and K. H. Quesenberry. 1981. Growth and nitrogen fixation of Aeschynomene under water stressed conditions. Plant Soil 60:309-315.
16. Alexander, E., D. Pham, and T. R. Steck. 1999. The viable-but-nonculturable condition is induced by copper in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium leguminosarum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:3754-3756.
17. Almendras, A. S., and P. J. Bottomley. 1987. Influence of lime and phosphate on nodulation of soil-grown Trifolium subterraneum L. by indigenous Rhizobium trifolii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2090-2097.
18. Al-Niemi, T. S., M. L. Kahn, and T. R. McDermott. 1997. P metabolism in the bean-Rhizobium tropici symbiosis. Plant Physiol. 113:1233-1242.
19. Al-Sherif, E. M. 1998. Ecological studies on the flora of some aquatic systems in Beni-Suef district. M.Sc. thesis. Cairo University (Beni-Suef Branch), Beni-Suef, Egypt.
20. Alva, A. K., C. J. Assher, and D. G. Edwards. 1990. Effect of solution pH, external calcium concentration and aluminum activity on nodulation and early growth of cowpea. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 41:359-365.
21. Aparicio-Tejo, P., and M. Sanchez-Diaz. 1982. Nodule and leaf nitrate reductase and nitrogen fixation in Medicago sativa L. under water stress. Plant Physiol. 69:479-482.
22. 2 fixation of guar at high root temperature. Plant Soil 126:209-213.
23. Arreseigor, C., F. R. Minchin, A. J. Gordon, and A. K. Nath. 1997. Possible cause of the physiological decline in soybean nitrogen fixation in response to nitrate. J. Exp. Bot. 48:905-913.
24. Athar, M., and D. A. Johnson. 1996. Influence of drought on competition between selected Rhizobium meliloti strains and naturalized soil rhizobia in alfalfa. Plant Soil 184:231-241.
25. Atkins, C. A., B. J. Shelp, J. Kuo, M. B. Peoples, and T. S. Pate. 1984. Nitrogen nutrition and the development and senescence of nodules on cowpea seedlings. Planta 162:316-326.
26. 15N) in Medicago sativa at four salinity levels. Biol. Fertil. Soils 24:81-86.
27. Baker, D. D., and B. C. Mullin. 1992. Actinorhizal symbioses, p. 259-292. In G. Stacey, R. H. Burris, and H. J. Evans (ed.), Biological nitrogen fixation. Chapman & Hall, New York, N.Y.
28. Bandyopadhyay, S., P. Bhattacharjee, and N. Mukherjee. 1979 In vitro sensitivity of Rhizobium species to some fungicides and insecticides. Pesticides 13:22-25.
29. Batanouny, K. H. 1979. The desert vegetation in Egypt. Cairo Univ. Afric. Studies Rev. Spec. Publ. 1:9-37.
30. Bayoumi, H. E. A., B. Biro, S. Balazsy, and M. Kecskes. 1995. Effects of some environmental factors on Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium strains. Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung. 42:61-69.
31. Becana, M., and J. I. Sprent. 1987. Nitrogen fixation and nitrate reduction in the root nodules of legumes. Physiol. Plant. 70:757-765.
32. Beck, D. P., and D. N. Munns. 1984. Phosphate nutrition of Rhizobium sp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47:278-282.
33. Beck, D. P., and D. N. Munns. 1985. Effect of calcium on the phosphorus nutrition of Rhizobium meliloti. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49:334-337.
34. Beecher, H. G. 1993. Effects of saline irrigation water on soybean yield and soil salinity in the Murrumbidgee Valley. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 33:85-91.
35. Bell, R. W., D. J. Edwards, and C. J. Asher. 1989. External calcium requirements for growth and nodulation of six tropical food legumes grown in flowing solution culture. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 40:85-96.
36. Beltra, R., G. Del-Solar, J. J. Sanchez-Serrano, and E. Alonso. 1988. Mutants of Rhizobium phaseoli HM Mel(-) obtained by means of elevated temperatures. Zentbl. Mikrobiol. 143:529-532.
37. Bertholet, J., and K. W. Clark. 1985. Effect of trifluralin and metribuzin on faba bean growth, development and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Can. J. Plant Sci. 65:9-21.
38. Bhat, U. R., and R. W. Carlson. 1992. Chemical characterization of pH-dependent structure epitopes of lipopolysaccharide from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli. J. Bacteriol. 174:2230-2235.
39. -. Plant Physiol. 114:1405-1412.
40. Boncompagini, E., M. Osters, M. Poggi, and D. LeRudulier. 1999. Occurrence of choline and glycine betaine uptake and metabolism in the family Rhizobiaceae and other roles in osmoprotection. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:2072-2077.
41. Bordeleau, L. M., and D. Prevost. 1994. Nodulation and nitrogen fixation in extreme environments. Plant Soil 161:115-124.
42. Botsford, J. L. 1990. Analysis of protein expression in response to osmotic stress in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 72:355-360.
43. Botsford, J. L., and T. A. Lewis. 1990. Osmoregulation in Rhizobium meliloti: production of glutamic acid in response to osmotic stress. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:488-494.
44. Bottomley, P. 1991. Ecology of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium, p. 292-347. In G. Stacey, R. H. Burris, and H. J. Evans (ed.). Biological nitrogen fixation. Chapman & Hall, New York, N.Y.
45. Breedveld, M. W., L. P. T. M. Zevenhuizen, and A. J. B. Zehnder. 1991. Osmotically-regulated trehalose accumulation and cyclic beta-(1,2)-glucan excreted by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii TA-1. Arch. Microbiol. 156:501-506.
46. Brockwell, J., P. J. Bottomley, and J. E. Thies. 1995. Manipulation of rhizobia microflora for improving legume productivity and soil fertility: a critical assessment. Plant Soil 174:143-180.
47. Brockwell, J., A. Pilka, and R. A. Holliday. 1991. Soil pH is a major determinant of the numbers of naturally-occurring Rhizobium meliloti in non-cultivated soils of New South Wales. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 31:211-219.
48. Burauel, P., J. Wieneke, and F. Fuhr. 1990. Carbohydrate status in roots of two soybean cultivars. A possible parameter to explain different efficiencies in phosphate uptake. Plant Soil 123:169-174.
49. Burns, R. C., and R. W. F. Hardy. 1975. Nitrogen fixation in bacteria and higher plants. Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y.
50. Burris, R. H. 1994. Biological nitrogen fixation - past and future, p. 1-11. In N. A. Hegazi, M. Fayez, and M. Monib (ed.). Nitrogen fixation with non-legumes. The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo, Egypt.
51. Busse, M. D., and P. J. Bottomley. 1989. Growth and nodulation responses of Rhizobium meliloti to water stress induced by permeating and nonpermeating solutes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:2431-2436.
52. Buttery, B. R., and V. A. Dirks. 1987. The effect of soybean cultivar, Rhizobium strain and nitrate on plant growth, nodule mass and acetylene reduction rate. Plant Soil 98:285-293.
53. Caba, J. M., C. Lluch, A. Hervas, and F. Ligero. 1990. Nitrate metabolism in roots and nodules of Vicia faba in response to exogenous nitrate. Physiol. Plant. 79:531-539.
54. Caetano-Anolles, G., A. Lagares, and G. Favelukes. 1989. Adsorption of Rhizobium meliloti to alfalfa roots: dependence on divalent cations and pH. Plant Soil 117:67-74.
55. Carter, J. M., W. K. Gardner, and A. H. Gibson. 1994. Improved growth and yield of faba beans (Vicia faba cv. Fiord) by inoculation with strains of Rhizobium legitminosarum biovar viciae in acid soils in south-west Victoria. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 45:613-623.
56. Cassman, K. G., D. N. Munns, and D. P. Beck. 1981. Phosphorus nutrition of Rhizobium japonicum: strain differences in phosphate storage and utilization. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45:517-520.
57. Cassman, K. G., A. S. Witney, and R. L. Fox. 1981. Phosphorus requirements of soybean and cowpea as affected by mode of N nutrition. Agron. J. 73:17-22.
58. Caucas, V., and A. Abril. 1996. Frankia sp. infects Atriplex cordobensis-cross inoculation assays and symbiotic efficiency. Phyton 59:103-110.
59. 2 fixation. J. Plant Physiol. 150:92-96.
60. Chen, H., E. Gartner, and B. G. Rolfe. 1993. Involvement of genes on a megaplasmid in the acid-tolerant phenotype of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:1058-1064.
61. Chen, H., A. E. Richardson, E. Cartner, M. A. Diordjevic, R. J. Roughley, and B. G. Rolfe. 1991. Construction of an acid-tolerant Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii strain with enhanced capacity tor nitrogen fixation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:2005-2011.
62. Chen, H., A. E. Richardson, and B. G. Rolfe. 1993. Studies on the physiological and genetic basis of acid tolerance in Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:1798-1804.
63. Chien, C. T., J. Maundu, J. Cavaness, L. M. Dandurand, and C. S. Orser. 1992. Characterization of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive mutants of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. viciae strain C12046. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 90:135-140.
64. Ciafardini, G., and C. Barbieri. 1987. Effects of cover inoculation of soybean on nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and yield. Agron. J. 79:645-648.
65. Clarke, L. M., M. J. Dilworth, and A. R. Glenn. 1993. Survival of Rhizobium meliloti WSM419 in laboratory culture: effect of combined pH shock and carbon. Soil Biol. Biochem. 25:1289-1291.
66. Clarkson, D. T., and J. B. Hanson. 1980. The mineral nutrition of higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 31:239-298.
67. Clemens, J., L. C. Campbell, and S. Nurisjab. 1983. Germination, growth and mineral ion concentrations of Casuarina species under saline conditions. Aust. J. Bot. 31:1-9.
68. Cooper, J. E., M. Wood, and A. J. Bjourson. 1985. Nodulation of Lotus pedunculatus in acid rooting solution by fast-and slow-growing rhizobia. Soil Biol. Biochem. 17:487-492.
69. Cordovilla, M. P., F. Ligero, and C. Lluch. 1994. The effect of salinity on N fixation and assimilation in Vicia faba. J. Exp. Bot. 45:1483-1488.
70. Cordovilla, M. P., F. Ligero, and C. Lluch. 1995. Influence of host genotypes on growth, symbiotic performance and nitrogen assimilation in Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) under salt stress. Plant Soil 172:289-297.
71. Cordovilla, M. P., A. Ocana, F. Ligero, and C. Lluch. 1995. Growth stage response to salinity in symbiosis Vicia faba-Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae. Plant Physiol. 14:105-111.
72. Cordovilla, M. P., A. Ocana, F. Ligero, and C. Lluch. 1995. Salinity effects on growth analysis and nutrient composition in four grain legumes-Rhizobium symbiosis. J. Plant Nutr. 18:1595-1609.
73. Correa, O. S., and A. J. Barneix. 1997. Cellular mechanisms of pH tolerance in Rhizobium loti. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 13:153-157.
74. Cote, R., L. M. Bordeleau, J. Lapointe, and B. Grodzinski. 1989. Carbon partitioning in nodulated alfalfa in the presence of nitrate. Can. J. Microbiol. 67:1998-2004.
75. Craig, G. F., C. A. Atkins, and D. T. Bell. 1991. Effect of salinity on growth of Rhizobium and their infectivity and effectiveness on two species of Acacia. Plant Soil 133:253-262.
76. + from the plasmalemma of root cells. Plant Physiol. 79:207-211.
77. Csonka, L. N., and A. D. Hanson. 1991. Prokaryotic osmoregulation: genetics and physiology. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 45:569-606.
78. Cunningham, S. D., and D. N. Munns. 1984. The correlation between extracellular polysaccharide production and acid tolerance in Rhizobium. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48:1213-1226.
79. Dakora, F. D., and S. O. Keya. 1997. Contribution of legume nitrogen fixation to sustainable agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29:809-817.
80. Danso, S. K. A., F. Zapata, and K. O. Awonaike. 1990. Effect of postemergence, supplemental inoculation on nodulation and symbiotic performance of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) at three levels of soil nitrogen. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:1793-1798.
81. 2-fixation, nodulation and growth of white clover. Ann. Bot. 57:331-338.
82. Dazzo, F. B., and W. J. Brill. 1978. Regulation by fixed nitrogen of host-symbiont recognition in the Rhizobium-clover symbiosis. Plant Physiol. 62: 18-21.
83. Dazzo, F. B., and E. M. Hrabak. 1981. Presence of trifoliin A. a Rhizobium-binding lectin, in clover root exudate. J. Supramol. Struct. Cell Biochem. 16:133-138.
84. Dazzo, F. B., and D. H. Hubbell. 1975. Cross-reactive antigens and lectin as determinants of symbiotic specificity in the Rhizobium-clover association. Appl. Microbiol. 30:1017-1033.
85. Delgado, M. J., J. M. Garrido, F. Ligero, and C. Lluch. 1993. Nitrogen fixation and carbon metabolism by nodules and bacteroids of pea plants under sodium chloride stress. Physiol. Plant. 89:824-829.
86. Delgado, M. J., F. Ligero, and C. Lluch. 1994. Effects of salt stress on growth and nitrogen fixation by pea, faba-bean, common bean and soybean plants. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 26:371-376.
87. Del Papa, M. F., L. J. Balague, S. C. Sowinski, C. Wegener, E. Segundo, F. M. Abarca, N. Toro, K. Niehaus, A. Pühler, O. M. Aguilar, G. Martinez-Drets, and A. Lagares. 1999. Isolation and characterization of alfalfa-nodulating rhizobia present in acidic soils of central Argentina and Uruguay. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:1420-1427.
88. De Maagd, R. A., R. de Rijk, I. H. M. Mulders, and B. J. J. Lugtenberg. 1989. Immunological characterization of Rhizobium leguminosarum outer membrane antigens by use of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. J. Bacteriol. 171:1136-1142.
89. Devries, J. D., J. M. Bennett, S. L. Albrecht, and K. J. Boote. 1989. Water relations, nitrogenase activity and root development of three grain legumes in response to soil water deficits. Field Crop Res. 21:215-226.
90. Diaz, C. L., P. Lems-van Kan, L. A. M. Van der Schaal, and J. W. Kijne. 1984. Determination of pea (Pisum sativum L.) root lectin using an enzymelinked immunoassay. Planta 161:302-307.
91. Dixon, R. O. D., and C. T. Wheeler. 1986. Nitrogen fixation in plants. Blackie, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
92. Eaglesham, A. R. J. 1989. Nitrate inhibition of root nodule symbiosis in doubly rooted soybean plants. Crop Sci. 29:115-119.
93. Eaglesham, A. R. J., and A. Ayanaba. 1984. Tropical stress ecology of rhizobia, root-nodulation and legume fixation, p. 1-35. In N. S. Subba Rao (ed.), Current developments in biological nitrogen fixation. Edward Arnold Publishers, London, United Kingdom.
94. El-Lakany, M. H., and E. J. Luard. 1982. Comparative salt tolerance of selected Casuarina species. Aust. For. Res. 13:11-20.
95. El-Mokadem, M. T., F. A. Helemish, S. M. Abdel-Wahab, and M. M. Abou-El-Nour. 1991. Salt response of clover and alfalfa inoculated with salt tolerant strains of Rhizobium. Ain Shams Sci. Bull. 28B:441-468.
96. El-Sheikh, E. A. E., and M. Wood. 1990. Salt effects on survival and multiplication of chick pea and soybean rhizobia. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 22:343-347.
97. 2 fixation by soybean inoculated with salt-tolerant rhizobia or salt-sensitive bradyrhizobia in saline soil. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 27:657-661.
98. El-Shinnawi, M. M., N. A. El-Saify, and T. M. Waly. 1989. Influence of the ionic form of mineral salts on growth of faba bean and Rhizobium legu-minosarum. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 5:247-254.
99. Embalomatis, A., D. K. Papacosta, and P. Katinakis. 1994. Evaluation of Rhizobium meliloti strains isolated from indigenous populations northern Greece. J. Agric. Crop Sci. 172:73-80.
100. Ernst, W. H. O. 1990. Mine vegetation in Europe, p. 21. In A. J. Shaw (ed.). Heavy metal tolerance in plants: evolutionary aspects. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
101. Eskew, D. J., J. Kapuya, and S. K. A. Danso. 1989. Nitrate inhibition of nodulation and nitrogen fixation by supernodulation nitrate-tolerant symbiosis mutants of soybean. Crop Sci. 29:1491-1496.
102. Evans, J., B. Dear, and G. E. O'Connor. 1990. Influence of an acid soil on the herbage yield and nodulation of five annual pasture legumes. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 30:55-60.
103. Evans, J., Z. Hochman, G. E. O'Connor, and G. J. Osborne. 1988. Soil acidity and Rhizobium: their effect on nodulation of subterranean clover on the slopes of southern New South Wales. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 38:605-618.
104. Evans, L. S., K. F. Lewin, and F. A. Vella. 1980. Effect on nutrient medium pH on symbiotic nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium leguminosarum and Pisum sativum. Plant Soil 56:71-80.
105. Fagg, C. W., and J. L. Stewart. 1994. The value of Acacia and Prosopis in arid and semi-arid environments. J. Arid Environ. 27:3-25.
106. Fahmy, S. S., M. F. Abdel Sabour, and M. El-Housseini. 1997. Evaluation of some organic fertilizers in respect to their maturity and suitability as soil amendment, p. 64-77. In Proceedings of the 9th Microbiology Conference.
107. FAO. 1990. Fertilizer yearbook, vol. 39. FAO, Rome, Italy.
108. Felker, P., P. R. Clark, A. E. Leag, and P. F. Pratt. 1981. Salinity tolerance of the tree legumes: mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyona, P. velutina and P. articulata), algarrobo (P. chilensis), kiawa (P. pallida) and tamarufo (P. amanigo) grown in sand culture on nitrogen-free media. Plant Soil 61:311-317.
109. Ferreira, E. M., and I. V. Castro. 1995. Nodulation and growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum E.) in soils previously treated with sewage sludge. Soil Biol. Biochem. 27:1177-1183.
110. First, A. J., F. W. Smith, and D. G. Edwards. 1987. External phosphorus requirements of five tropical grain legumes grown in flowing-solution culture. Plant Soil. 99:75-84.
111. Fisher, D. J., and A. L. Hayes. 1981. Effects of some surfactant fungicides on Rhizobium trifolii and its symbiotic relationship with white clover. Ann. Appl. Biol. 98:101-107.
112. Ford, C. W. 1984. Accumulation of low molecular weight solutes in water stressed tropical legumes. Phytochemistry 23:1007-1015.
113. Fougere, F., and D. Le Rudulier. 1990. Uptake of glycine betaine and its analogues by bacteroids of Rhizobium meliloti. J. Gen. Microbiol. 136:157-163.
114. Foy, C. D., and R. H. Lee. 1987. Different aluminum tolerance of two barley cultures related to organic acids in their roots. J. Plant Nutr. 10:1089-1101.
115. Franson, R. L., M. S. Brown, and G. J. Bethlenfalvay. 1991. The GlycineGlomus-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis. XI. Nodule gas exchange and efficiency as a function of soil and root water status in mycorrhizal soybean. Physiol. Plant. 83:476-482.
116. Freiberg, C., R. Fellay, A. Bairoch, W. J. Broughton, A. Rosenthal, and X. Perret. 1997. Molecular basis of symbiosis between Rhizobium and legumes. Nature 387:394-401.
117. Fuhrmann, J., C. B. Davey, and A. G. Wollum. 1986. Desiccation tolerance in clover rhizobia in sterile soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50:639-644.
118. Fujihara, S., and T. Voneyama. 1993. Effects of pH and osmotic stress on cellular polyamine contents in the soybean rhizobia Rhizobium fredii p220 and Bradyrhizobium japonicum A 1017. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:1104-1109.
119. 2+, glutamate and homospermidine. Microbiology 140:1909-1916.
120. Fukutoku, Y., and Y. Yamada. 1982. Accumulation of carbohydrates and proline in water stressed soybean (Glycine max E.). Soil. Sci. Plant Nutr. 28:147-151.
121. Ganry, F., H. G. Diem, and Y. R. Dommergues. 1982. Effect of inoculation with Glomus mosseae on nitrogen fixation by field grown soybeans. Plant Soil 68:321-329.
122. 2 fixation, nitrogen metabolism and export and diffusive conductance of cowpea root nodules. Symbiosis 15:239-255.
123. Ghittoni, N. E., and M. A. Bueno. 1995. Peanut rhizobia under salt stress: role of trehalose accumulation in strain ATCC 514466. Can. J. Microbiol. 41:1021-1030.
124. Ghittoni, N. E., and M. A. Bueno. 1996. Changes in the cellular content of trehalose in four peanut rhizobia strains cultured under hypersalinity. Symbiosis 20:117-127.
125. Gibson, A. H., and J. E. Harper. 1985. Nitrate effect on nodulation of soybean by Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Crop Sci. 25:497-501.
126. Giller, K. E., S. P. McGrath, and P. R. Hirsch. 1989. Absence of nitrogen fixation in clover grown on soil subject to long-term contamination with heavy metals is due to survival of only ineffective Rhizobium. Soil Biol. Biochem. 21:841-848.
127. Glass, A. D. H. 1983. Regulation of ion transport. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 34:311-326.
128. Glenn, A. R., and M. J. Dilworth. 1994. The life of root nodule bacteria in the acidic underground. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 123:1-10.
129. Glenn, E. P., J. J. Brown, and E. Blumwald. 1999. Salt tolerance and crop potential of halophytes. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 18:227-255.
130. 2 fixation are related to nodule sucrose synthase activity. Plant Physiol. 114:937-946.
131. Goss, T. J., G. W. O'Hara, M. J. Dilworth, and A. R. Glenn. 1990. Cloning, characterization, and complementation of lesions causing acid sensitivity in Tn5-induced mutants of Rhizobium meliloti WSM419. J. Bacteriol. 172: 5173-5179.
132. Gouffi, K., N. Pica, V. Pichereau, and C. Blanco. 1999. Disaccharides as a new class of nonaccumulated osmoprotectants for Sinorhizobium meliloti. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:1491-1500.
133. Graham, P. H. 1992. Stress tolerance in Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium, and nodulation under adverse soil conditions. Can. J. Microbiol. 38:475-484.
134. Graham, P. H., K. Draeger, M. L. Ferrey, M. J. Conroy, B. E. Hammer, E. Martinez, S. R. Naarons, and C. Quinto. 1994. Acid pH tolerance in strains of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium, and initial studies on the basis for acid tolerance of Rhizobium tropici UMR1899. Can. J. Microbiol. 40:198-207.
135. Graham, P. H., G. C. Ocampo, L. D. Ruiz, and A. Duque. 1980. Survival of Rhizobium phaseoli in contact with chemical seed protection. Agron. J. 72:625-627.
136. Graham, P. H., S. E. Viteri, F. Mackie, A. T. Vargas, and A. Palacios. 1982. Variation in acid soil tolerance among strains of Rhizobium phaseoli. Field Crops Res. 5:121-128.
137. Griffiths, A. P., and L. H. McCormick. 1984. Effects of soil acidity on nodulation of Alnus glutinosa and viability of Frankia. Plant Soil 79:429-434.
138. 2 reduction) by broad bean (Vicia faba L.) nodules and bacteriods under water restricted conditions. Plant Physiol. 92:595-601.
139. Hamdi, Y. 1970. Soil water tension and the movement of rhizobia. Soil Biol. Biochem. 3:121-126.
140. Hancock, T. L. C., A. M. Costello, M. E. Lidstrom, and R. S. Oremland. 1998. Strain IMB-1, a novel bacterium for the removal of methyl bromide in fumigated agricultural soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:2899-2905.
141. Hardy, R. W. F., P. Filner, and R. H. Hageman. 1975. Nitrogen input, p. 152. In A. W. A. Brown (ed.), Crop productivity-research imperatives. Charles F. Kettering Foundation, Yellow Springs, Ohio.
142. Hart, A. L. 1989. Nodule phosphorus and nodule activity in white clover N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 32:145-149.
143. Hart, A. L. 1989. Distribution of phosphorus in nodulated white clover plants. J. Plant Nutr. 12:159-171.
144. Hartel, P. G., and M. Alexander. 1984. Temperature and desiccation tolerance of cowpea rhizobia. Can. J. Microbiol. 30:820-823.
145. Heinonen-Taski, H., G. Oros, and M. Keckes. 1982. The effect of soil pesticides on the growth of red clover rhizobia. Acta Agric. Scand. 32:283-288.
146. Helemish, F. A., S. M. Abdel-Wahab, M. T. El-Mokadem, and M. M. Abou-El-Nour. 1991. Effect of sodium chloride salinity on the growth, survival and tolerance response of some rhizobial strains. Ain Shams Sci. Bull. 28B:423-440.
147. - supply, and growth temperature. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 40:991-1001.
148. Hernandez-Armenta, R., H. C. Wien, and A. R. J. Eaglesham. 1989. Maximum temperature for nitrogen fixation in common bean. Crop Sci. 29: 1260-1265.
149. Herridge, D. F., and J. H. Betts. 1988. Field evaluation of soybean genotypes selected for enhanced capacity to nodulate and fix nitrogen in the presence of nitrate. Plant Soil 110:129-135.
150. Hickey, E. W., and I. N. Hirshfield. 1990. Low-pH-induced effects on patterns of protein synthesis and on internal pH in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:1038-1045.
151. Hoelzle, I., and J. G. Streeter. 1990. Increased accumulation of trehalose in rhizobia cultured under 1% oxygen. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:3213-3215.
152. Hohenberg, J. S., and D. N. Munns. 1984. Effect of soil acidity factors on nodulation and growth of Vigna unguiculata in solution culture. Agric. J. 76:477-481.
153. Howieson, J. G., M. A. Ewing, and M. F. D'Antuoro. 1988. Selection for acid tolerance in Rhizobium meliloti. Plant Soil 105:179-188.
154. Hungria, M., and A. A. Franco. 1993. Effects of high temperature on nodulation and nitrogen fixation by Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plant Soil 149:95-102.
155. Hungria, M., A. A. Franco, and J. I. Sprent. 1993. New sources of high-temperature tolerant rhizobia for Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plant Soil 149:103-109.
156. Hunt, P. J., A. G. Wollum, and T. A. Matheny. 1981. Effects of soil water on Rhizobium japonicum infection nitrogen accumulation and yield in bragg soybean. Agric. J. 73:501-505.
157. Ibekwe, A. M., J. S. Angle, R. L. Chaney, and P. Vonberkum. 1997. Enumeration and nitrogen fixation potential of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii grown in soil with varying pH values and heavy metal concentrations. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 61:103-111.
158. Igual, J. M., C. Rodriguezbarrueco, and E. Cervantes. 1997. The effect of aluminum on nodulation and nitrogen fixation in Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq. Plant Soil 190:41-46.
159. Ikeda, J.-L., M. Kobaysahi, and E. Takahashi. 1992. Salt stress increases the respiratory cost of nitrogen fixation. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 38:51-56.
160. Imsande, J. 1986. Inhibition of nodule development in soybean by nitrate or reduced nitrogen. J. Exp. Bot. 37:348-355.
161. Ismail, B. S., T. C. Siew, and I. Mushrifah. 1995. Effect of molinate and carbofuran on nitrogen fixation by Azolla pinnata. Microbios 82:127-134.
162. Isoi, T., and S. Yoshida. 1990. Growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of soybean plants with seeds treated with kasugamycin. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 36:283-288.
163. Jakobson, I. 1985. The role of phosphorus in nitrogen fixation by young pea plants. Physiol. Plant. 64:190-196.
164. Jenkins, M. B., R. A. Virginia, and W. M. Jarrel. 1987. Rhizobial ecology of the woody legume mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) in the Sonoran desert. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:36-40.
165. Jenkins, M. B., R. A. Virginia, and W. M. Jarrel. 1989. Ecology of fast-growing and slow-growing mesquite-nodulating rhizobia in Chihuahua and Sonoran desert ecosystems. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53:543-549.
166. Jha, P. K., S. Nair, M. C. Gopinathan, and C. R. Babu. 1995. Suitability of rhizobia inoculated wild legumes Argyrolobium flaccidum, Astragalus gravelens, Indigofera gangetica and Lespedeza stenocarpa in providing a vegetational cover in an unreclaimed limestone quarry. Plant Soil. 177:139-149.
167. Jian, W., Y. Susheng, and L. Jilun. 1993. Studies on the salt tolerance of Rhizobium meliloti. Acta Microbiol. Sin. 33:260-267.
168. Johnson, A. C., and M. Wood. 1990. DNA. a possible site of action of aluminum in Rhizobium spp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:3629-3633.
169. Johnson, D. A., M. D. Rumbaugh, and K. H. Asay. 1981. Plant improvement for semi-arid range lands: possibilities for drought resistance and nitrogen fixation. Plant Soil 58:279-303.
170. Kadiata, B. D., K. Mulongoy, and N. O. Isirimah. 1996. Time course of biological nitrogen fixation, nitrogen absorption and biomass accumulation in three woody legumes. Biol. Agric. Hortic. 13:253-266.
171. Kanta, K., N. Narula, S. Rabbi, and K. G. Gupta. 1987. Development of resistance to pesticides in rhizobia. Microbiology 142:167-173.
172. Kapuya, J. A., G. W. M. Barendse, and H. F. Linskens. 1985. Water stress tolerance and proline accumulation in Phaseolus vulgaris. Acta Bot. Neerl. 34:295-300.
173. Karanja, N. K., and M. Wood. 1988. Selecting Rhizobium phaseoli strains for use with beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Kenya. Tolerance of high temperature and antibiotic resistance. Plant Soil 112:15-22.
174. Kaushik, U. K., R. C. Dogra, and S. S. Dudeja. 1995. Effects of fertilizer N on nodulation, acetylene-reducing activity, and N uptake in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). Trop. Agric. 72:76-79.
175. Keck, T. J., R. J. Wagenet, W. F. Campbell, and R. E. Knighton. 1984. Effects of water and salt stress on growth and acetylene reduction in alfalfa. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48:1310-1316.
176. Keyser, H. H., P. Soniasegaran, and B. B. Bohlool. 1993. Rhizobial ecology and technology, p. 205-226. In F. Blaine Melting (ed.). Soil microbial ecology: applications in agricultural and environmental management. Marcel Dekker, Inc.. New York, N.Y.
177. Kinkle, B. K., J. S. Angle, and H. H. Keyser. 1987. Long-term effects of metal-rich sewage sludge application on soil populations of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:315-319.
178. Kinkle, B. K., M. J. Sadowsky, K. Johnstone, and W. C. Koskinen. 1994. Tellurium and selenium resistance in rhizobia and its potential use for direct isolation of Rhizobium meliloti from soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1674-1677.
179. Kirda, C., S. K. A. Danso, and F. Zapata. 1989. Temporal water stress effects on nodulation, nitrogen accumulation and growth of soybean. Plant Soil 120:49-55.
180. Kishinevsky, B. D., D. Sen, and R. W. Weaver. 1992. Effect of high root temperature on Bradyrhizobium-peanut symbiosis. Plant Soil 143:275-282.
181. Klucas, R. V., F. J. Hans, S. A. Russell, and H. J. Evans. 1983. Nickel, a micronutrient element for hydrogen-dependent growth of Rhizobium japonicum and for expression of urease activity in soybean leaves. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:2253-2257.
182. Kucey, R. M. N. 1989. The influence of rate and time of mineral N application on yield and N fixation by field bean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 69:427-436.
183. 15N dilution) with soybeans under Thai field conditions. II. Effect of herbicides and water application schedule. Plant Soil 108:87-92.
184. 15N dilution) with soybeans under Thai field conditions. III. Effect of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains and herbicides in northeast Thailand. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 34:243-253.
185. Labanauskas, C. K., P. Shouse, L. H. Stolzy, and M. F. Handy. 1981. Protein and free amino acids in field-grown cowpea seeds as affected by water stress at various stages. Plant Soil 63:355-368.
186. LaFavre, A. K., and A. R. J. Eaglesham. 1986. The effects of high temperature on soybean nodulation and growth with different strains of bradyrhizobia. Can. J. Microbiol. 32:22-27.
187. LaFavre, A. K., and A. R. J. Eaglesham. 1987. Effects of high soil temperature and starter nitrogen on the growth and nodulation of soybean. Crop Sci. 27:742-745.
188. Lal, B., and S. Khanna. 1995. Selection of salt tolerant Rhizobium isolates of Acacia nilotica. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 10:637-639.
189. LeRudulier, D., and T. Bernard. 1986. Salt tolerance in Rhizobium: a possible role for betaines. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 39:67-72.
190. Leung, K., and P. J. Bottomley. 1987. Influence of phosphate on the growth and nodulation characteristics of Rhizobium trifolii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2098-2105.
191. Lindstrom, K., M. Sorsa, J. Polkunen, and P. Kansaner. 1985. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation of Rhizobium (Galega) in acid soils, and its survival in soil under acid and cold stress. Plant Soil 87:293-302.
192. Ljunggren, H., and A. Martensson. 1980. Herbicide effect on leguminous symbiosis, p. 99-106. In Swedish Weed Conference.
193. Lloret, J., B. B. H. Wulff, J. M. Rubio, J. A. Downie, I. Bonilla, and R. Rivilla. 1998. Exopolysaccharide II production is regulated by salt in the halotolerant strain Rhizobium meliloti EFB1. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1024-1028.
194. Lynd, J. Q., E. A. Hanlon, and G. V. Odell, Jr. 1984. Nodulation and nitrogen fixation by arrow leaf clover: effects of phosphorus and potassium. Soil Biol. Biochem. 16:589-594.
195. Madariaga, G. M., and J. S. Angle. 1992. Sludge-born salt effects on survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. J. Environ. Qual. 21:276-280.
196. Mahler, R. L., and A. G. Wollum II. 1980. Influence of water potential on the survival of rhizobia in Goldsboro loamy sand. Soil Sci. Am. J. 44:988-992.
197. Mallik, M. A. B., and K. Tesfai. 1993. Compatibility of Rhizobium japonicum with commercial pesticides in vitro. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31:432-437.
198. Mallik, M. A. B., and K. Tesfai. 1985. Pesticidal effect on soybean-rhizobia symbiosis. Plant Soil 85:33-41.
199. Mandimba, G. R. 1995. Contribution of nodulated legumes on the growth of Zea mays L. under various cropping systems. Symbiosis 19:213-222.
200. Martensson, A. M. 1992. Effect of agrochemicals and heavy metals on fast-growing rhizobia and their symbiosis with small-seeded legumes. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24:435-445.
201. Martensson, A. M., L. Brutti, and H. Ljunggren. 1989. Competition between strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum for nodulation of soybeans at different nitrogen fertilizer levels. Plant Soil 117:219-225.
202. Martensson, A. M., and E. Witter. 1990. Influence of various amendments on nitrogen-fixing soil microorganisms in a long-term field experiment, with special reference to sewage sludge. Soil Biol. Biochem. 22:977-982.
203. Mashhady, A. S., S. H. Salem, F. N. Barakh, and A. M. Heggo. 1998. Effect of salinity on survival and symbiotic performance between Rhizobium meliloti and Medicago sativa in Saudi Arabian soils. Arid Soil Res. Rehabil. 12:3-14.
204. Masutha, T. H., M. L. Muofhe, and F. D. Dokora. 1997. Evaluation of N2 fixation and agroforestry potential in selected tree legumes for sustainable use in South Africa. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29:993-998.
205. McGrath, J. W., F. Hammerschmidt, and J. P. Quinn. 1998. Biodegradation of phosphonomycin by Rhizobium huakuii PMY1. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:356-358.
206. McGrath, S. P., P. C. Brooks, and K. E. Giller. 1988. Effects of potentially toxic metals in soil derived from past applications of sewage sludge on nitrogen fixation by Trifolium repens L. Soil Biol. Biochem. 20:415-424.
207. McLay, C. D. A., L. Barton, and C. Tang. 1997. Acidification potential of ten grain legume species grown in nutrient solution. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 48:1025-1032.
208. McNeil, D. L. 1982. Variation in Rhizobium japonicum strains to nodulate soybean and maintain fixation in the presence of nitrate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:647-652.
209. Michelsen, A., and S. Rosendahl. 1990. The effect of VA mycorrhizal fungi, phosphorus and drought stress on the growth of Acacia nilotica and Lacuna leucocephala. Plant Soil 124:7-13.
210. Michiels, J., C. Verreth, and J. Vanderleyden. 1994. Effects of temperature stress on bean nodulating Rhizobium strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1206-1212.
211. Miettinen, P., and P. E. Echegoyen. 1996. The effects of two pesticides (Vitavax-300 and Gaucho) on rhizobia and on the nodulation of four legumes. Agric. Food Sci. Finl. 5:203-207.
212. Moawad, H., and D. Beck. 1991. Some characteristics of Rhizobium leguminosarum isolates from uninoculated field-grown lentil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 23:917-925.
213. Mogollon, T., M. Flores, and M. Cazorla. 1986. Growth determination of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii under action of herbicide Amitrol. An. Edafol. Agrobiol. 45:631-636.
214. Mohammad, R. M., M. Akhavan-Kharazian, W. F. Campbell, and M. D. Rumbaugh. 1991. Identification of salt-and drought-tolerant Rhizobium meliloti L. strains. Plant Soil 134:271-276.
215. Moro, M. J., F. Domingo, and F. Bermudez-de-Castro. 1992. Acetylene reduction activity (ARA) by the shrub legume Adenocarpus decorticans Boiss. in southern Spain (Almeria). Acta Oecol. 13:325-333.
216. Mpepereki, S., F. Makonese, and A. G. Wollum. 1997. Physiological characterization of indigenous rhizobia nodulating Vigna unguiculata in Zimbabwean soils. Symbiosis 22:275-292.
217. Muller, S. H., and P. A. A. Pereira. 1995. Nitrogen fixation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as affected by mineral nitrogen supply at different growth stages. Plant Soil 177:55-61.
218. Munevar, F., and A. G. Wollum. 1982. Response of soybean plants to high root temperature as affected by plant cultivar and Rhizobium strain. Agron. J. 74:138-142.
219. Munns, D. N. 1968. Nodulation of Medicago sativa in solution culture. III. Effects of nitrate on root hairs and infection. Plant Soil 29:33-49.
220. Munns, D. N. 1986. Acid soils tolerance in legumes and rhizobia. Adv. Plant Nutr. 2:63-91.
221. Munns, D. N., H. H. Keyser, V. W. Fogle, J. S. Hohenberg, T. L. Righetti, D. L. Lauter, M. G. Zaruog, K. L. Clarkin, and K. W. Whitacre. 1979. Tolerance of soil acidity in symbiosis of mung bean with rhizobia. Agron. J. 71:256-260.
222. Mytton, L. R., and G. J. Rys. 1985. The potential for breeding white clover (Trifolium repens L.) with improved nodulation and nitrogen fixation when grown with combined nitrogen. 2. Assessment of genetic variation in Trifolium repens. Plant Soil 88:197-211.
223. Nair, S., P. K. Jha, and C. R. Babu. 1993. Induced salt tolerant rhizobia. from extremely salt tolerant Rhizobium gene pools, from reduced but effective symbiosis under non-saline growth. Microbios 74:39-51.
224. Nannipieri, P., C. Ciardi, T. Plazzi, and L. Badalucco. 1990. Short-term nitrogen reaction following the addition of urea to a grass-legume association. Soil Biol. Biochem. 22:549-553.
225. Nelsen, L. M. 1987. Response of Rhizobium leguminosarum isolates to different forms of inorganic nitrogen during nodule development in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Soil Biol. Biochem. 19:759-763.
226. Nilsen, E. T., R. A. Virginia, and W. H. Jarrall. 1986. Water relations and growth characteristics of Prosopis glandulosa var. Torreyana in a simulated phreatophytic environment. Am. J. Bot. 73:430-433.
227. Novak, K., V. Skrdleta, M. Nemcova, and L. Lisa. 1993. Behaviour of pea nodulation mutants as affected by increasing nitrate level. Symbiosis 15: 195-206.
228. Obbard, J. P., D. R. Sauerbeck, and K. C. Jones. 1994. The effect of heavy metal-contaminated sewage sludge on the rhizobial soil population of an agricultural field trial, p. 127-161. In M. H. Donker, H. Eijsackers, and F. Heimback (ed.), Ecotoxicology of soil organisms. Lewis Publishers. London, United Kingdom.
229. O'Hara, G. W., and A. R. Glenn. 1994. The adaptive acid tolerance response in root nodule bacteria and Escherichia coli. Arch. Microbiol. 161:286-292.
230. O'Hara, G. W., T. J. Goss, M. J. Dilworth, and A. R. Glenn. 1989. Maintenance of intracellular pH and acid tolerance in Rhizobium meliloti. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:1870-1876.
231. Orchard, V. A., and F. G. Cook. 1983. Relation between soil respiration and soil moisture. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15:447-453.
232. Osa-Afina, L. O., and M. Alexander. 1982. Difference among cowpea rhizobia in tolerance to high temperature and desiccation in soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:435-439.
233. Pararjasingham, S., and D. P. Knievel. 1990. Nitrogenase activity of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) during and after water stress. Can. J. Plant Sci. 70:163-171.
234. Park, S. J., and B. R. Buttery. 1989. Identification and characterization of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines well nodulated in the presence of high nitrate. Plant Soil 119:237-244.
235. Paul, E. A. 1988. Towards the year 2000: directions for future nitrogen research, p. 417-425. In J. R. Wilson (ed.). Advances in nitrogen cycling in agricultural ecosystems. CAB International. Wallingford, United Kingdom.
236. 2 fixation and grain yield of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plant Soil 152:151-155.
237. Peoples, M. B., R. R. Gault, G. J. Scammell, B. S. Dear, J. Vigona, G. A. Sandral, J. Paul, E. C. Wolf, and J. F. Angus. 1998. Effect of pasture management on the contributions of fixed N to the N economy of leyfarming systems. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 49:459-474.
238. Peoples, M. B., D. F. Herridge, and J. K. Ladha. 1995. Biological nitrogen fixation: an efficient source of nitrogen for sustainable agricultural production. Plant Soil 174:3-28.
239. 2 fixation through plant and soil management. Plant Soil 174:83-101.
240. 2 fixation at different levels of available phosphorus under field and environmentally-controlled conditions. Plant Soil 115:75-82.
241. Piha, M. I., and D. N. Munnus. 1987. Sensitivity of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) symbiosis to high soil temperature. Plant Soil 98: 183-194.
242. Piha, M. I., H. W. Vallack, B. M. Reeler, and N. Michal. 1995. A low input approach to vegetation establishment on mine and coal ash wastes in semi-arid regions. 1. Tin mine tailings in Zimbabwe. J. Appl. Ecol. 32:372-381.
243. Pijnenborg, J. W. M., T. A. Lie, and A. T. B. Zehnder. 1991. Nodulation of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in an acid soil: effects of inoculum size and lime pelleting. Plant Soil 131:1-10.
244. Postgate, J. R. 1982. The fundamentals of nitrogen fixation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
245. Postma, J., J. A. Van Veen, and S. Walter. 1989. Influence of different initial soil moisture contents on the distribution and population dynamics of introduced Rhizobium leguminosanim biovar trifolii. Soil Biol. Biochem. 21:437-442.
246. 3 in soybean. Plant Physiol. 92: 268-272.
247. 2 fixation of Lens vulinaris in acid soils. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 38:391-406.
248. Rai, R., and V. Prasad. 1983. Studies on compatibility of nitrogen fixation by high temperature-adapted Rhizobium strains and Vigna radiata genotype at two levels in calcareous soil. J. Agric. Sci. 101:377-381.
249. Rainbird, R. M., C. A. Akins, and J. J. S. Pate. 1983. Effect of temperature on nitrogenase functioning in cowpea nodules. Plant Physiol. 73:392-394.
250. Ramos, M. L. G., A. J. Gordon, F. R. Minchin, J. I. Sprent, and R. Parsons. 1999. Effect of water stress on nodule physiology and biochemistry of a drought tolerant cultivar of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Ann. Bot. 83:57-63.
251. Randall Weiss, P., R. F. Denison, and T. R. Sinclair. 1985. Response to drought stress of nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) rates by field-grown soybeans. Plant Physiol. 78:525-536.
252. Rao, D. L. N., and P. C. Sharma. 1995. Effectiveness of rhizobial strains for chickpea under salinity stress and recovery of nodulation on desalinization. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 33:500-504.
253. Rao, D. L. N., P. C. Sharma, and K. S. Gill. 1994. Response of pigeonpea to alkalinity and Rhizobium inoculation. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 42:381-384.
254. Reddell, P., R. C. Foster, and G. D. Bowen. 1986. The effect of sodium chloride on growth and nitrogen fixation in Casuarina obesa Miq. New Phytol. 102:397-408.
255. Reddell, P., P. A. Rosbrook, G. D. Bowen, and D. Gwaze. 1988. Growth responses in Casuarina cunninghamiana planting to inoculation with Frankia. Plant Soil 108:79-86.
256. Reddy, G. B., C. N. Cheng, and S. J. Dunn. 1983. Survival of Rhizobium japonicum in sludge environment. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15:343-345.
257. Redecker, D., P. Vonbereswordtwallrabe, D. P. Beck, and D. Werner. 1997. Influence of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on stable isotopes of nitrogen in Phaseolus vulgaris. Biol. Fertil. Soils 24:344-346.
258. 15N isotope dilution. Agron. J. 76:498-502.
259. 2 fixation in pea, lentil and faba bean. Can. J. Plant. Sci. 65:555-562.
260. Requena, N., I. Jimenez, M. Toro, and J. M. Barea. 1997. Interaction between plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium spp. in the rhizosphere of Anthyllis cytisoides, a model legume for revegetation in Mediterranean semi-arid ecosystems. New Phytol. 136:667-677.
261. 2+ and Al ions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:2541-2548.
262. Robin, C., L. Shamsun-Noor, and A. Guckert. 1989. Effect of potassium on the tolerance to PEG-induced water stress of two white clover varieties (Trifolium repens L.). Plant Soil 120:143-158.
263. Robson, A. D., and P. J. Bottomley. 1991. Limitations in the use of legumes in agriculture and forestry, p. 320-349. In M. J. Dilworth and A. R. Glenn (ed.). Biology and biochemistry of nitrogen fixation. Elsevier Publishers. Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
264. Rother, J. A., J. W. Millbank, and I. Thornton. 1983. Nitrogen fixation by white clover (Trifolium repens) in grasslands on soils contaminated with cadmium, lead and zinc. J. Soil Sci. 34:127-136.
265. Roughley, R. J. 1970. The influence of root temperature, Rhizobium strain and host selection on the structure and nitrogen-fixing efficiency of the root nodules of Trifolium subterraneum. Ann. Bot. 34:631-646.
266. Roughley, R. J., and P. J. Dart. 1970. Root temperature and root-hair infection of Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Cranmore. Plant Soil 32:518-520.
267. Ruiz-Sainz, J. E., J. E. Beringer, and A. H. Gutierrez-Nevarro. 1984. Effect of the fungicide captafol on the survival and symbiosis properties of Rhizobium trifolii. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 57:361-367.
268. Rys, G. J., and L. R. Mytton. 1985. The potential for breeding white clover (Trifolium repens L.) with improved nodulation and nitrogen fixation when grown with combined nitrogen. 1.The effects of different amounts of nitrate nitrogen on phenotypic variation. Plant Soil 88:181-195.
269. Sangakkara, U. R., U. A. Hartwig, and J. Noesberger. 1996. Soil moisture and potassium affect the performance of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in faba bean and common bean. Plant Soil 184:123-130.
270. Sanginga, N., S. K. A. Danso, and G. D. Bower. 1989. Nodulation and growth response of Allocasuarina and Casuarina species to phosphorus fertilization. Plant Soil 118:125-132.
271. Sanginga, N., L. E. Wirkom, A. Okogun, I. O. Akobundu, R. J. Carsky, and G. Tian. 1996. Nodulation and estimation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation by herbaceous and legumes in Guinea savanna in Nigeria. Biol. Fertil. Soils 23:441-448.
272. Sauvage, D., J. Hamelia, and F. Lacher. 1983. Glycine betaine and other structurally related compounds improve the salt tolerance of Rhizobium meliloti. Plant Sci. Lett. 31:291-302.
273. Saxena, A. K., and R. B. Rewari. 1991. The influence of phosphate and zinc on growth, nodulation and mineral composition of chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) under salt stress. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 7:202-205.
274. Sayed, W. F., C. T. Wheeler, H. H. Zahran, and A. A. M. Shoreit. 1997. Effect of temperature and moisture on the survival and symbiotic effectiveness of Frankia spp. Biol. Fertil. Soils 25:349-353.
275. Sayed, W. F., C. T. Wheeler, H. H. Zahran, and A. A. M. Shoreit. Optimizing the conditions for the isolation of Frankia from nodules of casuarina. Egypt. J. Microbiol., in press.
276. Schnelle, H. A., and D. L. Hensley. 1990. Effects of pesticides upon nitrogen fixation and nodulation by dury bean. Pestic. Sci. 28:38-88.
277. Schoot Uiterkamp, A. J. M. 1990. Nitrogen cycling and human intervention, p. 55-66. In P. M. Gresshoff, L. E. Roth, G. Stacey, and W. E. Newton (ed.), Nitrogen fixation: achievements and objectives. Chapman & Hall, New York, N.Y.
278. Segovia, L., D. Pinero, R. Palacios, and E. Martinez Romero. 1991. Genetic structure of a soil population of nonsymbiotic Rhizobium leguminosarum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:426-433.
279. 15N dilution technique be used to study N, fixation in tropical tree symbioses as affected by water deficit? J. Exp. Bot. 44:1749-1755.
280. Semu, E., D. J. Hume, and C. T. Cotke. 1979. Influence of soybean inoculation and nitrogen levels on populations and serogroups of Rhizobium japonicum in Ontario. Can. J. Microbiol. 25:739-745.
281. Serrano, R., and R. Gaxiola. 1994. Microbial model and salt stress tolerance in plants. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 13:121-138.
282. Sheoran, A., A. L. Khurana, and S. S. Dudeja. 1997. Nodulation competitiveness in Rhizobium-chickpea modulation variants symbiosis. Microbiol. Res. 152:407-412.
283. Sherwood, J. E., G. L. Truchet, and F. B. Dazzo. 1984. Effect of nitrate supply on the in vivo synthesis and distribution of trifoliin A, a Rhizobium trifolii-binding lectin, in Trifolium repens seedlings. Planta 126:540-547.
284. Shoushtari, N. H., and I. L. Pepper. 1985. Mesquite rhizobia isolated from the Sonoran desert: competitiveness and survival in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 17:803-806.
285. Silberbush, M., A. Golan-Goldhirsh, Y. Heimer, J. Ben-Asher, and S. H. Lips. 1988. Response of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown in saline nutrient solution to potassium nitrate. J. Plant Physiol. 132:229-233.
286. Simpson, D., and M. J. Daft. 1991. Effects of Glomus clarum and water stress on growth and nitrogen fixation in two genotypes of groundnut. Afr. Ecosyst. Environ. 35:47-54.
287. Singh, B., and T. V. R. Nair. 1995. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on nodulation and nitrogen assimilation in cow pea. Crop Improv. 22:133-138.
288. Singleton, P. W., H. M. Abel Magid, and J. W. Tavares. 1985. Effect of phosphorus on the effectiveness of strains of Rhizobium japonicum. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49:613-616.
289. Skujins, J. 1984. Microbial ecology of desert soils. Adv. Microbiol. Ecol. 7:49-91.
290. Smart, J. B., M. J. Dilwarth, and A. D. Robson. 1984. A continuous culture study of the phosphorus nutrition of Rhizobium trifolii WU95, Rhizobium NGR234 and Bradyrhizobium CB756. Arch. Microbiol. 140:276-280.
291. Smart, J. B., M. J. Dilwarth, and A. D. Robson. 1984. Effect of phosphorus supply on phosphate uptake and alkaline phosphatase activity in rhizobia. Arch. Microbiol. 140:281-286.
292. Smith, L. T., A. M. Allaith, and G. M. Smith. 1994. Mechanism of osmotically-regulated N-acetylglutaminylglutamine amide production in Rhizobium meliloti. Plant Soil 161:103-108.
293. Smith, L. T., J. A. Pocard, T. Bernard, and D. Le Rudulier. 1988. Osmotic control of glycine betaine biosynthesis and degradation in Rhizobium meliloti. J. Bacteriol. 170:3142-3149.
294. Smith, L. T., and G. M. Smith. 1989. An osmoregulated dipeptide in stressed Rhizobium meliloti. J. Bacteriol. 171:4714-4717.
295. Smith, L. T., G. M. Smith, M. R. Desouza, J. M. Pocard, D. Le Rudulier, and M. A. Madkour. 1994. Osmoregulation in Rhizobium meliloti: mechanism and control by other environmental signals. J. Exp. Zool. 268:162-165.
296. Smith, S. R. 1997. Rhizobium in soils contaminated with copper and zinc following the long-term application of sewage sludge and other organic wastes. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29:1475-1489.
297. Somasegaran, P., V. G. Reyes, and H. J. Hoben. 1984. The influence of high temperatures on the growth and survival of Rhizobium spp. in peat inoculants during preparation, storage and distribution. Can. J. Microbiol. 30: 23-30.
298. 2 fixation and benefit to subsequent crops. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24:563-569.
299. Speaker, E. M., and W. E. Sooper. 1988. Municipal sludge for minespoil reclamation. I. Effects on microbial populations and activity. J. Environ. Qual. 17:591-597.
300. Sprent, J. I. 1985. Nitrogen fixation in arid environments, p. 215-229. In Plants for arid lands. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom.
301. Sprent, J. I., and P. Sprent. 1990. Nitrogen fixing organisms. Pure and applied aspects. Chapman & Hall, London, United Kingdom.
302. Sprent, J. I., and H. H. Zahran. 1988. Infection, development and functioning of nodules under drought and salinity, p. 145-151. In D. P. Beck and L. A. Materon (ed.), Nitrogen fixation by legumes in Mediterranean agriculture. Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk, Dordrecht. The Netherlands.
303. Ssali, H., and S. O. Keya. 1983. The effect of phosphorus on nodulation, growth and dinitrogen fixation by beans. Biol. Agric. Hortic. 1:135-144.
304. Stephens, B. D., and C. A. Neyra. 1983. Nitrate and nitrite reduction in relation to nitrogenase activity in soybean nodules and Rhizobium japonicum bacteroids. Plant Physiol. 71:731-735.
305. Straub, P. F., G. Shearer, P. H. S. Reynolds, S. A. Sawyer, and D. Kohl. 1997. Effect of disabling bacteroid proline catabolism on the response of soybeans to repeated drought stress. J. Exp. Bot. 48:1299-1307.
306. Subba Rao, G. V., C. Johansen, J. V. D. K. Kumar Rao, and M. K. Jana. 1990. Response of the pigeonpca-Rhizobium symbiosis to salinity stress: variation among Rhizobium strains in symbiotic ability. Biol. Fertil. Soils 9:49-53.
307. Subba-Rao, N. S. 1980. Crop responses to microbial inoculation, p. 406-420. In N. S. Subba Rao (ed.). Recent advances in nitrogen fixation. Edward Arnold, London, United Kingdom.
308. Susheng, Y., Z. Jing, and L. Jilun. 1993. The osmoregulation of Sinorhizobium fredii. Acta Microbiol. Sin. 33:86-91.
309. Talibort, R., J. Mohamed, G. Goouesbet, S. Himidi-Kabbab, H. Wroblewski, C. Blanco, and T. Bernard. 1994. Osmoregulation in rhizobia: ectoine-induced salt tolerance. J. Bacteriol. 176:5210-5217.
310. Tang, C., L. Barton, and C. Raphael. 1998. Pasture legume species differ in their capacity to acidify soil. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 49:53-58.
311. Tang, C., and A. D. Robson. 1993. pH above 6.0 reduces nodulation in Lupinus species. Plant Soil 152:269-276.
312. Tang, C., and B. D. Thomson. 1996. Effects of solution pH and bicarbonate on the growth and nodulation of a range of grain legumes. Plant Soil 186:321-330.
313. Tao, H., N. J. Brewin, and K. D. Noel. 1992. Rhizobium leguminosurum CFN42 lipopolysaceharide antigenic changes induced by environmental conditions. J. Bacteriol. 174:2222-2229.
314. Tate, R. L. 1995. Soil microbiology (symbiotic nitrogen fixation), p. 307-333. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
315. Taylor, R. W., M. L.Williams, and K. R. Sistani. 1991. Nitrogen fixation by soybean-Bradyrhizobium combinations under acidity, low P and high Al stresses. Plant Soil 131:293-300.
316. Thies, J. E., P. L. Woomer, and P. W. Singleton. 1995. Enrichment of Bradyrhizobium spp. populations in soil due to cropping of the homologous host legume. Soil Biol. Biochem. 27:633-636.
317. Thomas, R. J., N. M. Askawa, M. A. Rondon, and H. F. Alarcon. 1997. Nitrogen fixation by three tropical forage legumes in an acid soil savanna of Colombia. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29:801-808.
318. 2 fixing tree. Oecologia 109:28-33.
319. Tiwari, R. P., W. G. Reeve, and A. R. Glenn. 1992. Mutation conferring acid sensitivity in the acid tolerant strains Rhizobium meliloti WSM419 and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae WSM 710. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 100:107-112.
320. Tong, Z., and M. J. Sadowsky. 1994. A selective medium for the isolation and quantification of Bradyrhizobium laponicum and Bradyrhizobium elkanii strains from soils and inoculants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:581-586.
321. tration in mung bean roots. Physiol. Plant. 63:247-252.
322. Toro, M., R. Azcon, and J. M. Barea. 1998. The use of isotopic dilution techniques to evaluate interactive effects of Rhizobium genotype, mycorhizal fungi, phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria and rock phosphate on nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition by Medicago sativa. New Phytol. 138: 265-273.
323. Torralba Redonde, B., M. Flores Rores Rodriguez, and A. L. Villar Moreno. 1986. The amitrol action over Rhizobium meliloti. An. Edafol. Agrobiol. 45:1079-1086.
324. Tu, J. C. 1981. Effect of salinity on Rhizobium-root hair interaction, nodulation and growth of soybean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 61:231-239.
325. Van Der Watt, H. V. H., R. O. Barnard, I. J. Cronie, J. Dekker, G. J. B. Croft, and M. M. Van Der Watt. 1991. Amelioration of subsoil acidity by application of a coal-derived calcium fulvatc to the soil surface. Nature 350:146-148.
326. Van Rossum, D., A. Muyotcha, B. M. De Hope, H. W. Van Verseveld, A. H. Stouthamer, and F. C. Boogerd. 1994. Soil acidity in relation to groundnut-Bradyrhizobium symbiotic performance. Plant Soil 163:165-175.
327. Vargas, A. A. T., and P. H. Graham. 1988. Phaseolus vulgaris cultivar and Rhizobium strain variation in acid-pH tolerance and nodulation under acid conditions. Field Crops Res. 19:91-101.
328. Vargas, A. A. T., and P. H. Graham. 1989. Cultivar and pH effects on competition for nodule sites between isolates of Rhizobium in beans. Plant Soil 117:195-200.
329. Vassileva, V., G. Milanov, G. Ignatov, and B. Nikolov. 1997. Effect of low pH on nitrogen fixation of common bean grown at various calcium and nitrate levels. J. Plant Nutr. 20:279-294.
330. Velagaleti, R. R., and S. Marsh. 1989. Influence of host cultivars and Bradyrhizobium strains on the growth and symbiotic performance of soybean under salt stress. Plant Soil 119:133-138.
331. Velagaleti, R. R., S. Marsh, D. Krames, et al. 1990. Genotyping differences in growth and nitrogen fixation soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars grown under salt stress. Trop. Agric. 67:169-177.
332. 2) fixation in cowpea and groundnut. Plant Soil 114:69-74.
333. Venkateswarlu, B., A. V. Rao, and A. N. Lahiri. 1983. Effect of water stress on nodulation and nitrogenase activity of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.). Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Plant Sci. 92:297-301.
334. 2 fixation to tropical forage legumes and transfer to associated grass. Soil Biol. Biochem. 27:1193-1200.
335. Vlassak, K. M., and J. Vandurleyden. 1997. Factors influencing nodule occupancy by inoculant rhizobia. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 16:163-229.
336. Wadisirisuk, P., S. K. A. Danso, G. Hardarson, and G. D. Bowen. 1989. Influence of Bradyrhizobium japonicum location and movement on nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybeans. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:1711-1716.
337. Waldon, H. B., M. B. Jenkins, R. A. Virginia, and E. E. Harding. 1989. Characteristics of woodland rhizobial populations from surface and deep-soil environment of the Sonoran Desert. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55: 3058-3064.
338. Walsh, K. B. 1995. Physiology of the legume nodule and its response to stress. Soil Biol. Biochem. 27:637-655.
339. Wange, S. S. 1989. Response of ground nut (Aruchis hypogaea L.) to inoculation with Rhizobium strains isolated from wild arboreal legumes. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 5:135-141.
340. Wani, S. P., O. P. Rupela, and K. K. Lee. 1995. Sustainable agriculture in the semi-arid tropics through biological nitrogen fixation in grain legumes. Plant Soil 174:29-49.
341. Wei, Q. F., B. Lowery, and A. E. Peterson. 1985. Effect of sludge application on physical properties of silty clay loam soil. J. Exp. Qual. 14:178-180.
342. Wetzel, A., and D. Werner. 1995. Ecotoxicological evaluation of contaminated soil using the legume root nodule symbiosis as effect parameter. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 10:127-134.
343. Williams, P. M., and M. S. De Mallorca. 1984. Effect of osmotically induced leaf moisture stress on nodulation and nitrogenase activity of Glycine max. Plant Soil 80:267-283.
344. Wilson, D. O., and K. M. Trang. 1980. Effects of storage temperature and enumeration method on Rhizobium spp. numbers in peat inoculants. Trop. Agric. 57:233-238.
345. Wood, M., J. E. Cooper, and A. J. Bjourson. 1988. Response of Lotus rhizobia to acidity and aluminum in liquid culture and in soil. Plant Soil 107:227-231.
346. Worrall, V. S., and R. J. Roughley. 1976. The effect of moisture stress on infection of Trifolium subterraneum L. by Rhizobium trifolii Dang. J. Exp. Bot. 27:1233-1241.
347. Wullstein, L. H. 1989. Evaluation and significance of associative dinitrogen fixation for arid soil rehabilitation. Arid Soil. Res. Rehabil. 3:259-265.
348. Wyn Jones, R. G. 1985. Salt tolerance in plants, p. 454-459. In Chemistry in Britain. British Association for the Advancement of Science, London, United Kingdom.
349. Yadav, O. P., and U. C. Shukla. 1983. Effect of zinc on nodulation and nitrogen fixation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). J. Agric. Sci. 101:559-563.
350. Yap, S. F., and S. T. Lim. 1983. Response of Rhizobium sp. UMKL 20 to sodium chloride stress. Arch. Microbiol. 135:224-228.
351. Yelton, M. M., S. S. Yang, S. A. Edie, and S. T. Lim. 1983. Characterization of an effective salt-tolerant fast-growing strain of Rhizobium japonicum. J. Gen. Microbiol. 129:1537-1547.
352. 15N abundance technique. Biol. Fertil. Soils 9:25-30.
353. Zahran, H. H. 1986. Effect of sodium chloride and polyethylene glycol on rhizobial root hair infection, root nodule structure and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Vicia faba L. plants. Ph.D. thesis. Dundee University, Dundee, Scotland.
354. Zahran, H. H. 1991. Variation in growth pattern of three Egyptian strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum grown under sodium chloride and ammonium nitrate treatments. Bull. Fac. Sci. Assiut Univ. 20:161-169.
355. Zahran, H. H. 1991. Conditions for successful Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in saline environments. Biol. Fertil. Soils 12:73-80.
356. Zahran, H. H. 1992. Characterization of root-nodule bacteria indigenous in the salt-affected soils of Egypt by lipopolysaccharide, protein and plasmid profiles. J. Basic Microbiol. 32:279-287.
357. Zahran, H. H. 1992. DNA-DNA hybridization of some root-nodule bacteria indigenous in the salt-affected soils of Egypt. Folia Microbiol. 37:295-298.
358. Zahran, H. H. 1992. Rhizobium-legume symbiosis and dinitrogen fixation in desert environments: potential and significance, p. 59-79. In Fifth Egypt Botanical Conference.
359. Zahran, H. H. 1997. Diversity, adaptation and activity of the bacterial flora in saline environments. Biol. Fertil. Soils 25:211-223.
360. Zahran, H. H. 1998. Structure of root nodules and nitrogen fixation in Egyptian wild herb legumes. Biol. Plant. 41:575-585.
361. Zahran, H. H. Unpublished data.
362. Zahran, H. H., and M. A. Abu-Gharbia. 1995. Development and structure of bacterial root-nodules of two Egyptian cultivars of Vicia faba L. under salt and water stresses. Bull. Fac. Sci. Assiut Univ. 24:1-10.
363. Zahran, H. H., M. S. Ahmed, and E. A. Afkar. 1995. Isolation and characterization of nitrogen-fixing moderate halophilic bacteria from saline soils of Egypt. J. Basic Microbiol. 35:269-275.
364. Zahran, H. H., E. M. Mohammad, M. M. Emam, and S. S. Ismael. 1997. The chemical composition, structure and ultrastructure of a halotolerant rhizobia isolated from Egypt, p. 121-148. In Proceedings of the 9th Microbiology Conference.
365. Zahran, H. H., A. M. Moharram, and H. A. Mohammad. 1992. Some ecological and physiological studies on bacteria from salt-affected soils of Egypt. J. Basic Microbiol. 32:405-413.
366. Zahran, H. H., L. A. Rasanen, M. Karsisto, and K. Lindstrom. 1994. Alteration of lipopolysaccharide and protein profiles in SDS-PAGE of rhizobia by osmotic and heat stress. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 10: 100-105.
367. Zahran, H. H., and J. I. Sprent. 1986. Effects of sodium chloride and polyethylene glycol on root hair infection and nodulation of Vicia faba L. plants by Rhizobium leguminosarum. Planta 167:303-309.
368. Zahran, H. H., et al. Unpublished data.
369. Zahran, M. A., and A. J. Willis. 1992. The vegetation of Egypt. Chapman & Hall, London, United Kingdom.
370. Zhang, X. P., M. Karsisto, R. Harper, and K. Lindstrom. 1991. Diversity of Rhizobium bacteria isolated from the root nodules of leguminous trees. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41:104-113.
371. Zhao, Z., S. E. Williams, and G. E. Schuman. 1997. Renodulation and characterization of Rhizobium isolates from cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.). Biol. Fertil. Soils 25:169-174.
372. 2 fixation by woody plants in a subtropical savanna ecosystem. J. Appl. Ecol. 33:1125-1136.
373. - fixation by Acacia ampliceps. Soil Biol. Biochem. 27:409-413.