Phase noise and frequency stability in oscillators

Phase Noise and Frequency Stability in Oscillators

Volumn 9780521886772, Issue , 2008, Pages 1-203

  Rubiola, Enrico ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE FRANCHE COMTÉ   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENGINEERING EDUCATION; FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS; FREQUENCY STABILITY; REVERSE ENGINEERING; STUDENTS; VARIABLE FREQUENCY OSCILLATORS;

COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING; FREQUENCY RANGES; GRADUATE STUDENTS; JET PROPULSION LABORATORY; NOISE MECHANISMS; OSCILLATOR PHASE NOISE; PHASE NOISE SPECTRUM; PHYSICAL SYSTEMS;

PHASE NOISE;

EID: 84925063394     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511812798     Document Type: Book

References (107)

1. AML Communications Inc., Camarillo CA, http://www.amlj.com/. Table 2.2, 2.5.4, Fig. 2.17
2. P. Ashburn. SiGe Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors. Wiley, 2003. 2.5.6
3. J. A. Barnes and D. W. Allan. Variances based on data with dead time between the measurements. Technical note 1318, NIST, Boulder CO, 1990. 1.7.1
4. J. Bernamont. Fluctuations de resistance dans un conducteur metallique de faible volume. Comptes Rendus Acad. Sciences (Paris), 198: 1755–1758, 1934. 2.1.3
5. J. Bernamont. Fluctuations in the resistance of thin films. Proc. Phys. Soc. (London), 49 suppl.: 138–139, July 1937. 2.1.3
6. E. D. Black. An introduction to Pound-Drever-Hall laser frequency stabilization. Am. J. Phys., 69(1): 79–87, Jan. 2001. Also LIGO technical note LIGO-T980045–00D, May 1998. 3.4.3
7. H. S. Black. Translation system. US Patent no. 1 686 792, issued 9 Oct. 1928 (concept of feedforward amplifier). 2.5.2
8. H. S. Black. Stabilized feed-back amplifiers. Electrical Eng., 53(1): 114–120, 1934. Reprinted in Proc. IEEE, 87(2): 379–385, Feb. 1999. 2.5.2
9. R. B. Blackman and J. W. Tuckey. The Measurement of Power Spectra. Dover, 1959. 1.4.1
10. M. Born and E. Wolf. Principles of Optics. Cambridge University Press, seventh edition, 1999. 5.2.1
11. R. Boudot. Oscillateurs micro-onde a haute purete spectrale. Ph.D. thesis, Universite de Franche Comte, Besancon, Dec. 2006. Fig. 2.8
12. R. Boudot, Y. Gruson, N. Bazin, E. Rubiola, and V Giordano. Design and measurement of a low phase-noise X-band oscillator. Electron. Lett., 42(16): 929–931, Aug. 2006. 2.5.6
13. S. Bregni. Synchronization of Digital Telecommunications Networks. Wiley, 2002. 1.7.2
14. O.E.Brigham. The Fast Fourier Transform and its Applications. Prentice-Hall, 1988.1.4.3
15. J. R. Burgoon and R. L. Wilson. SC-cut quartz oscillator offers improved performance. Hewlett Packard J.: 20–29, Mar. 1981. Fig. 6.8, 6.4, Table 6.1
16. V. Candelier, P. Canzian, J. Lamboley, M. Brunet, and G. Santarelli. Ultra stable oscillators. In Proc. Europ. Freq. Time Forum and Freq. Control Symp. Joint Meeting, Tampa FL, May 2003, pp. 575–582. Table 6.1
17. V Candelier, J. Chauvin, C. Gelle, G. Marotel, M. Brunet, and R. Petit. Ultra stable oscillators. In Proc. Europ. Freq. Time Forum, Warszawa, Mar. 1998, pp. 345–351. Table 6.1
18. S. Chang, A. G. Mann, A. N. Luiten, and D. G. Blair. Measurements of radiation pressure effect in cryogenic sapphire dielectric resonators. Phys. Rev. Lett., 79(11): 2141–2144, Sept. 1997. 1.6.4
19. C. J. Christensen and G. L. Pearson. Spontaneous resistance fluctuations in carbon microphones and other granular resistances. Bell Syst. Techn. J., 15(2): 197–223, Apr. 1936. 2.1.3
20. G. Cibiel, M. Regis, O. Llopis, A. Rennane, L. Bary, R. Plana, Y. Kersale, and V Giordano. Optimization of an ultra low-phase noise sapphire: SiGe HBT oscillator using nonlinear CAD. IEEE Trans. Ultras. Ferroelec. andFreq. Contr., 51(1): 33–41, Jan. 2004. 2.5.6 http://www.zakou.com and http://www.cmac.com/. 2.5.6, Table 6.1
21. J. D. Cressler, editor. Silicon Heterostructure Handbook. CRC, 2006. 2.5.6
22. J. D. Cressler and G. Niu. Silicon-Germanium Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors. Artech House, 2003. 2.5.6
23. B. Cretin and J. C. Mollier. Design of a 3/2-order phase-locked loop for improved laser probe resolution. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., 34(4): 660–664, Dec. 1985. 6.6
24. S. T. Dawkins, J. J. McFerran, and A. N. Luiten. Considerations on the measurement of the stability of oscillators with frequency counters. IEEE Trans. Ultras. Ferroelec. and Freq. Contr., 54(5): 918–925, May 2007. 1.7
25. R. W P. Drever, J. L. Hall, F. V Kowalski, J. Hough, G. M. Ford, A. J. Munley, and H. Ward. Laser phase and frequency stabilization using an optical resonator. Appl. Phys. Lett., 31(2): 97–105, June 1983. Fig. 3.18, 3.4.3
26. M. M. Driscoll and R. W. Weinert. Spectral performance of sapphire dielectric resonatorcontrolled oscillators operating in the 80 K to 275 K temperature range. In Proc. Freq. ControlSymp., San Francisco CA, May-June 1995, pp. 401–412. 2.5.1, 2.5.3
27. B. C. Edwards, M. I. Buchwald, and R. I. Epstein. Development of the Los Alamos solid- state optical refrigerator. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 69(5): 2050–2055, May 1998. 2.6.6
28. D. Eliyahu and L. Maleki. Low phase noise and spurious level in multi-loop opto-electronic oscillators. In Proc. Europ. Freq. Time Forum and Freq. Control Symp. Joint Meeting, Tampa FL, May, 2003, pp. 405–410.
29. R. I. Epstein, M. I. Buchwald, B. C. Edwards, T. R. Gosnell, and C. E. Mungan. Observation of a laser-induced fluorescent cooling of a solid. Nature, 377(6549): 500–503, Oct. 1995. 6.6
30. J. K. A. Everard and M. A. Page-Jones. Ultra low noise microwave oscillators with low residual flicker noise. In Proc. Int. Microw. Theory Tech. Symp., May 1995, pp. 693–696. 2.5.1
31. W Feller. An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, vol. 2. Wiley, second edition, 1971. 1.3
32. H. T. Friis. Noise figure of radio receivers. Proc. IRE, 32: 419–422, July 1944. 2.2.2
33. Z. Galani, M. J. Bianchini, R. C. Waterman, Jr., R. Dibiase, R. W Laton, and J. Bradford Cole. Analysis and design of a single-resonator GaAs FET oscillator with noise degeneration. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., 32(12): 1556–1565, Dec. 1984. Fig. 3.20, 3.4.3, 4.5.3
34. S. Galliou, F. Sthal, J.-J. Boy, and M. Mourey. Recent results on quartz crystal LD-cuts operating in oscillators. In Proc. Ultrason. Ferroelec. Freq. Contr. Joint Conf., Montreal, Aug. 2004, pp. 475–477. 6.4, Table 6.1
35. E. A. Gerber and A. Ballato. Precision Frequency Control (two volumes). Academic Press, 1985. 6.3
36. L. J. Giacoletto. Study ofp-n-p alloy junction transistor from dc through medium frequencies. RCA Rev., 15: 506–562, Dec. 1954. 2.2.3
37. M. L. Gorodetsky, A. A. Savchenkov, and V S. Ilchenko. Ultimate Q of optical microsphere resonators. Optics Lett., 21(7): 453–455, Apr. 1996. 5.2.2
38. C. A. Greenhall. Spectral ambiguity of Allan variance. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., 47(3): 623–627, June 1998. 1.8
39. I. S. Grudinin, A. B. Matsko, A. A. Savchenkov, D. Strekalov, V S. Ilchenko, andL. Maleki. Ultra high Q crystalline microcavities. Optics Comm., 265: 33–38, Sept. 2006. 5.2.2
40. A. Gruhle and C. Mahner. Low 1/f noise SiGe HBTs with application to low phase noise microwave oscillators. Electron. Lett., 33(24): 2050–2052, Nov. 1997. 2.5.6
41. N. Gufflet, R. Bourquin, and J.-J. Boy. Isochronism defect for various doubly rotated cut quartz resonators. IEEE Trans. Ultras. Ferroelec. andFreq. Contr., 49(4): 514–518, Apr. 2002. 1.6.4, 6.4
42. E. A. Guillemin. Synthesis of Passive Networks. Wiley, 1957. 4.8
43. H. K. Gummel and H. C. Poon. An integral charge control model of bipolar transistors. Bell Syst. Techn. J., 49: 827, May/June 1970. 2.2.3
44. D. Halford, A. E. Wainwright, and J. A. Barnes. Flicker noise of phase in RF amplifiers: characterization, cause, and cure. In Proc. Freq. Control Symp., Apr. 1968, pp. 340–341. Abstract only is published. 2.3.2
45. A. Hati, D. Howe, D. Walker, and F. Walls. Noise figure vs. PM noise measurements: a study at microwave frequencies. In Proc. Europ. Freq. Time Forum and Freq. Control Symp. Joint Meeting, Tampa FL, May 2003. 2.3.2
46. H. Hellwig (chair.). IEEE Standard Definitions of Physical Quantities for Fundamental Frequency and Time Metrology. IEEE Standard 1139–1988. 1.6.1
47. W. R. Hewlett. A New Type Resistance-Capacity Oscillator. Graduate thesis, Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto CA, June 1939. 4.3.2
48. F. N. Hooge. 1/f noise is no surface effect. Phys. Lett. A, 29: 139–140, 1969. 2.1.3, 2.5.5
49. C. H. Horn. A carrier suppression technique for measuring S/N and carrier/sideband ratios greater than 120 dB. In Proc. Freq. Control Symp., Fort Monmouth NJ, May 1969, pp. 223–235. 1.9 http://www.hparchive.com/Manuals/. 6.4
50. V S. Ilchenko and A. B. Matsko. Optical resonators with whispering-gallery modes - Part II: Applications. J. Selected Topics Quantum Elec., 12(1): 15–32, Jan.-Feb. 2006. 5.2.2
51. V S. Ilchenko, X. S. Yao, and L. Maleki. Pigtailing the high-Q microsphere cavity: a simple fiber coupler for optical whispering-gallery modes. Optics Lett., 24(11): 723–725, June 1999.5.2.2
52. E. N. Ivanov, J. G. Hartnett, and M. E. Tobar. Cryogenic microwave amplifiers for precision measurements. IEEE Trans. Ultras. Ferroelec. and Freq. Contr., 47(6): 1273–1274, Nov. 2000. Fig. 2.9, 2.3.3
53. E. N. Ivanov, M. E. Tobar, and R. A. Woode. Application of interferometric signal processing to phase-noise reduction in microwave oscillators. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., 46(10): 1537–1545, Oct. 1998. 2.5.3
54. G. M. Jenkins and D. G. Watts. Spectral Analysis and its Applications. Holden Day, 1968. 1.4.1, 6.1.2
55. J. B. Johnson. The Schottky effect in low frequency circuits. Phys. Rev., 26: 71–85, July 1925.2.1.3
56. J. B. Johnson. Thermal agitation of electricity in conductors. Phys. Rev., 32: 97–109, July 1928. 2.1.12
57. D. Kajfez and P. Guillon, editors. Dielectric Resonators. Noble, second edition, 1998. Previously published by Artech House, 1986, and Vector Fields, 1990. 6.6, 6.6
58. R. K. Karlquist. A new type of balanced-bridge controlled oscillator. IEEE Trans. Ultras. Ferroelec. andFreq. Contr., 47(2): 390–403, Mar. 2000. Fig. 6.9, 6.4, 6.4. Table 6.1
59. H. G. Kimball, editor. Handbook of Selection and Use of Precise Frequency and Time Systems. ITU, 1997. 1.6
60. V. F. Kroupa. Theory of 1/f noise - a new approach. Phys. Lett. A, 336: 126–132, Jan. 2005. 6.3
61. D. B. Leeson. A simple model of feed back oscillator noise spectrum. Proc. IEEE, 54: 329–330, Feb. 1966. 3.2
62. D. B. Leeson and G. F. Johnson. Short-term stability for a Doppler radar: requirements, measurements, and techniques. Proc. IEEE, 54: 244, Feb. 1996 (document), 3.2.
63. R. Leier. SiGe silences YIG oscillator phase noise. Electronic Design, Online ID no. 11902, Jan. 2006. 2.5.6
64. W. R. LePage. Complex Variables and Laplace Transform for Engineers. McGraw Hill, 1961. Reprinted by Dover Books. Appendix A
65. A. N. Luiten, editor. Frequency Measurement and Control. Topics in Applied Physics. Springer, 2001. 6.6, 6.6
66. A. B. Matsko and V S. Ilchenko. Optical resonators with whispering-gallery modes - Part I: Basics. J. Selected Topics Quantum Elec., 12(1): 3–14, Jan.-Feb. 2006. 5.2.2
67. A. L. McWhorter. 1/f noise and germanium surface properties. In R. H. Kingston, editor, Semiconductor Surface Physics, pp. 207–228. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1957. 2.1.3, 2.5.5
68. G. K. Montress, T. E. Parker, and M. J. Loboda. Residual phase noise of VHF, UHF, and microwave components. IEEE Trans. Ultras. Ferroelec. and Freq. Contr., 41(5): 664–679, Sept. 1994. 2.3.4
69. C. W. Nelson, A. Hati, D. A. Howe, and W. Zhou. Microwave optoelectronic oscillator with optical gain. In Proc. Intl. Freq. Control Symp. and Europ. Freq. Time Forum Joint Meeting, Geneva, May-June 2007, pp. 1014–1019. 2.6.2
70. H. Nyquist. Thermal agitation of electric charge in conductors. Phys. Rev., 32: 110–113, July 1928.2.1.1 http://www.oscilloquartz.com/. Table 6.1
71. A. Papoulis. Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes. McGraw Hill, third edition, 1992. 1.3
72. D. B. Percival and A. T. Walden. Spectral Analysis for Physical Applications. Cambridge University Press, 1998. 1.4.1, 6.1.2
73. N. Pothecary. Feedforward Linear Power Amplifiers. Artech House, 1999. 2.5.2
74. R. V. Pound. Electronic frequency stabilization of microwave oscillators. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 17(11): 490–505, Nov. 1946. Fig. 3.17, 3.4.3, 4.5.3
75. S. Römisch, J. Kitching, E. F. Pikal, L. Hollberg, and F. L. Walls. Performance evaluation of an optoelectronic oscillator. IEEE Trans. Ultras. Ferroelec. and Freq. Contr., 47(5): 1159–1165, Sept. 2000. 6.7, Fig. 6.16
76. E. Rubiola. The measurement of AM noise of oscillators. Website arXiv.org, document arXiv:physics/0512082, Dec. 2005. 1.6.4, 3.1.1
77. E. Rubiola. On the measurement of frequency and of its sample variance with highresolution counters. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 76(5), May 2005. Websites arxiv.org and rubiola.org, document arXiv:physics/0411227, Dec. 2004. 1.7
78. E. Rubiola and R. Boudot. The effect of AM noise on correlation phase noise measurements. Website arxiv.org, document arXiv:physics/0609147, Sept. 2006. 1.9.2
79. E. Rubiola and V Giordano. Advanced interferometric phase and amplitude noise measurements. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 73(6): 2445–2457, June 2002. Website arxiv.org, document arXiv:physics/0503015v1. 2.5.3
80. E. Rubiola and V Giordano. On the 1/f frequency noise in ultra-stable quartz oscillators. IEEE Trans. Ultras. Ferroelec. and Freq. Contr., 54(1): 15–22, Jan. 2007. Fig. 2.7, Fig. 3.11, Fig. 6.2, 6.3, Table 6.1
81. E. Rubiola, J. Groslambert, M. Brunet, and V Giordano. Flicker noise measurement of HF quartz resonators. IEEE Trans. Ultras. Ferroelec. and Freq. Contr., 47(2): 361–368, Mar. 2000. 6.3
82. E. Rubiola, Y. Gruson, and V Giordano. On the flicker noise of circulators for ultra-stable oscillators. IEEE Trans. Ultras. Ferroelec. and Freq. Contr., 51(8): 957–963, Aug. 2004. Fig. 3.17, Fig. 3.20
83. E. Rubiola and F. Lardet-Vieudrin. Low flicker-noise amplifier for 50 ß sources. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 75(5): 1323–1326, May 2004. Free preprint available on the website arxiv.org, document arXiv:physics/0503012v1, March 2005. 2.3.4
84. E. Rubiola, E. Salik, N. Yu, and L. Maleki. Phase noise measurement of low-power signals. In Proc. Europ. Freq. Time Forum and Freq. Control Symp. Joint Meeting, Montreal, Aug. 2004, pp. 292–297. Fig. 2.6
85. E. Rubiola, E. Salik, N. Yu, and L. Maleki. Flicker noise in high-speed p-i-n photodiodes. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., 54(2): 816–820, Feb. 2006. Preprint available on arxiv.org, document arXiv:physics/0503022v1, March 2005. 2.6.2
86. J. Rutman. Characterization of phase and frequency instabilities in precision frequency sources: fifteen years of progress. Proc. IEEE, 66(9): 1048–1075, Sept. 1978. 1.6
87. B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich. Fundamentals of Photonics. Wiley, 1991. 5.2.1
88. A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith. Microelectronic Circuits. Oxford University Press, fifth edition, 2004. 3.1
89. H. Seidel. A microwave feedforward experiment. Bell Syst. Techn. J., 50(9): 2879–2916, Nov. 1971.
90. W. Shieh, X. S. Yao, L. Maleki, andG. Lutes. Phase-noise characterization of optoelectronic components by carrier suppression techniques. In Proc. Optical Fiber Comm. Conf., San Jose CA, May 1998, pp. 263–264. 2.6.2
91. A. E. Siegman. Lasers. University Science Books, 1986. 5.2.1
92. J. Sikula, S. Hashiguchi, M. Ohki, andM. Tacano. Some considerations forthe construction of low-noise amplifiers in very low frequency region. In J. Sikula and M. Levinsthein, editors, Advanced Experimental Methods in Noise Research on Nanoscale Electronic Devices, pp. 237–244. Kluwer, 2004. 2.3.4
93. J. J. Snyder. Algorithm for fast digital analysis of interference fringes. Appl. Opt., 19(4): 1223–1225, Apr. 1980. 1.7.2
94. M. R. Spiegel. Schaum's Outline of Laplace Transforms. McGraw Hill, 1965. Appendix A
95. P Sulzer. High stability bridge balancing oscillator. Proc. IRE, 43(6): 701–707, June 1955. Fig. 3.19, 3.4.3
96. K. K. Thladhar, G. Jenni, and J. Aubry. Improved BVA resonator - oscillator performances and frequency jumps. In Proc. Europ. Freq. Time Forum, Neuchatel, Mar. 1997, pp. 273280. Table 6.1
97. A. van der Ziel. Noise in Solid State Devices and Circuits. Wiley, 1986. 2.2.3, 2.2.3
98. M. E. Van Valkenburg. Modern Network Synthesis. Wiley, 1960. 4.8
99. J. Vanier and C. Audoin. The Quantum Physics of Atomic Frequency Standards. Adam Hilger, 1989. 1.6
100. J. R. Vig (chair.). IEEE Standard Definitions of Physical Quantities for Fundamental Frequency and Time Metrology - Random Instabilities (IEEE Standards 1139–1999). IEEE, 1999. 1.6, 1.6.1, 1.6.1
101. F. L. Walls. The quest to understand and reduce 1/f noise in amplifiers and BAW quartz oscillators. In Proc. Europ. Freq. Time Forum, Besancon, Mar. 1995, pp. 227–243. 6.3
102. F. L. Walls, E. S. Ferre-Pikal, and S. R. Jefferts. Origin of 1/f PM and AM noise in bipolar junction transistor amplifiers. IEEE Trans. Ultras. Ferroelec. and Freq. Contr., 44(2): 326–334, Mar. 1997. 2.3.2
103. L. Weinberg. Network Analysis and Synthesis. McGraw Hill, 1962. 4.8 http://www.wenzel.com. Table 6.1
104. R. A. Woode, M. E. Tobar, E. N. Ivanov, and D. Blair. An ultra low noise microwave oscillator based on high Q liquid nitrogen cooled sapphire resonator. IEEE Trans. Ultras. Ferroelec. and Freq. Contr., 43(5): 936–941, Sept. 1996. Fig. 6.15, 6.6
105. X. S. Yao, L. Davis, and L. Maleki. Coupled optoelectronic oscillators for generating both RF signal and optical pulses. J. Lightwave Technol., 18(1): 73–78, Jan. 2000. 4.4.1
106. X. S. Yao and L. Maleki. Optoelectronic microwave oscillator. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B - Opt. Phys., 13(8): 1725–1735, Aug. 1996. 5.1, 5.8, 6.7
107. X. S. Yao and L. Maleki. Multiloop optoelectronic oscillator. J. Quantum Electron., 36(1): 79–84, Jan. 2000. 6.6