An introduction to Pound-Drever-Hall laser frequency stabilization

American Journal of Physics

Volumn 69, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 79-87

  Black, Eric D ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035583299     PISSN: 00029505     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1119/1.1286663     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. R. W. P. Drever et al., "A Gravity-Wave Detector Using Optical Cavity Sensing," in Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, Jena, July 1980, edited by E. Schmutzer (Cambridge U.P., Cambridge, 1983), pp. 265-267.
2. R. W. P. Drever et al., "Laser phase and frequency stabilization using an optical resonator," Appl. Phys. B: Photophys. Laser Chem. 31, 97-105 (1983).
3. A. Abromovici et al., "LIGO: The laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory," Science 256, 325-333 (1992).
4. S. Seel, R. Storz, G. Ruoso, J. Mlynek, and S. Schiller, "Cryogenic optical resonators: A new tool for laser frequency stabilization at the 1 Hz level," Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 (25), 4741-4744 (1997).
5. L. A. Rawley et al., "Millisecond Pulsar PSR 1937+21: A Highly Stable Clock," Science 238, 761-765 (1987).
6. Axel Schenzle, Ralph G. DeVoe, and Richard G. Brewer, "Phasemodulation laser spectroscopy," Phys. Rev. A 25, 2606-2621 (1982).
7. G. C. Bjorklund et al., "Frequency Modulation (FM) Spectroscopy: Theory of Line shapes and Signal-to-Noise Analysis," Appl. Phys. B: Photophys. Laser Chem. 32, 145-152 (1983).
8. Gary C. Bjorklund, "Frequency-modulation spectroscopy: A new method for measuring weak absorptions and dispersions," Opt. Lett. 5, 15-17 (1980).
9. R. V. Pound, "Electronic Frequency Stabilization of Microwave Oscillators," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 17, 490-505 (1946).
10. R. A. Boyd, J. L. Bliss, and K. G. Libbrecht, "Teaching physics with 670-nm diode lasers - experiments with Fabry-Perot cavities," Am. J. Phys. 64, 1109-1116 (1996).
11. Eugene Hecht, Optics (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. 1998).
12. Grant R. Fowles, Introduction to Modern Optics (Dover, New York, 1975).
13. G. F. Franklin, J. D. Powell, and A. Emami-Naeni, Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1987).
14. B. Friedland, Control System Design: An Introduction to State Space Methods (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1986).
15. H. Kogelnik and T. Li, "Laser beams and resonators," Appl. Opt. 5, 1550-1567 (1966).
16. A. E. Siegman. Lasers (University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1986).
17. Amnon Yariv, Optical Electronics in Modern Communications (Oxford U.P., New York, 1997).
18. Peter R. Saulson, Fundamentals of Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors (World Scientific, Singapore, 1994).
19. R. L. Barger, M. S. Sorem, and J. L. Hall, "Frequency stabilization of a cw dye laser," Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 573-575 (1973).
20. The Pockels cell actually modulates the laser's phase, but the distinction between phase and frequency modulation is irrelevant for the conceptual model.
21. iΩt works just about as well.
22. i(ω+β sin Ωt) terms of Bessel functions. These may make a significant contribution to the 2Ω term, but we do not need to consider them in this tutorial.
23. J. B. Camp, H. Yamamoto, S. E. Whitcomb, and D. E. McClelland, "Analysis of Light Noise Sources in a Recycled Michelson Interferometer with Fabry-Perot Arms," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (to be published).
24. You can get around this quantum limit to some extent by squeezing the light, but that is beyond the scope of this article.
25. T. T. Lyons, M. W. Regehr, and F. J. Raab. "Shot Noise in GravitationalWave Detectors with Fabry-Perot Arms" (unpublished).
26. s, but this is a relatively minor effect.