Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy

Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-330

  Dudziak, Mary L ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84924814647     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (711)

1. Thomas Bender,Director), The LaPietra Report: A Report to the Profession (September 2000), http://www.oah.org/activities/lapietra/final.html;
2. The Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History, Akira Iriye and Pierre-Yves Saunier, eds. (Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), http://www.transnationalhistory.com/home.aspx.
3. Brenda Gayle Plummer, "The Changing Face of Diplomatic History: A Literature Review," The History Teacher 38 (May 2005): 385-400;
4. Kevin Gaines, "A World to Win: The International Dimension of the Black Freedom Movement," OAH Magazine of History 20 (October 2006): 14-18;
5. Jeff Woods, "The Cold War and the Struggle for Civil Rights," OAH Magazine of History 24 (October 2010): 13-17.
6. Robin D. G. Kelley, "'But a Local Phase of aWorld Problem': BlackHistory's Global Vision, 1883-1950," Journal of American History 86 (December 1999): 1045-1077.
7. Mary L. Dudziak, "The Limits of Good Faith: Desegregation in Topeka, Kansas, 1950-1956," Law and History Review 5 (Fall 1987): 376.
8. Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011), 99-102, 110.
9. Thomas Allen Schwartz, "In Memoriam: Sally M. (Marks) Kuisel," Passport 41 (April 2010): 50.
10. Brenda Gayle Plummer, RisingWind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996);
11. Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963 (Albany: State University of New York Press; 1986).
12. Mary L. Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120.
13. The literature on Cold War historiography is, of course, vast. A starting point is the new three-volume compilation The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, eds. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
14. I expand on ideas about the way the Cold War is understood in War •Time: An Idea, Its History, Its Consequences (Oxford University Press, 2012).
15. Steven Lawson, review of Cold War Civil Rights, American Historical Review 107 (February 2002): 246-247.
16. Lewis Allan and Earl Robinson, "The House I Live In," (1942), The Great American Songbook (Milwaukee: Hal Leonard; 1991), 54.
17. Earl Robinson with Eric A. Gordon, Ballad of an American: The Autobiography of Earl Robinson (Lanham, Md.: The Scarecrow Press; 1998), 151-157.
18. New York Times, August 23, 1958, p. 16
19. New York Times, August 25, 1958, p.16
20. New York Times, August 27, 1958, p. 16
21. New York Times, September 13, 1958, p. 9
22. New York Times, September 15, 1958, p. 21
23. New York Times, September 23, 1958, p. 20.
24. New York Times, September 14, 1958, p. 56
25. New York Times, September 25, 1958, p. 20
26. New York Times, September 30, 1958, p. 1
27. Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom (New York: Dover; 1969), 376-390;
28. Linda O. McMurry, To Keep The Waters Troubled: The Life of Ida B. Wells (New York: Oxford University Press; 1998), 188-199.
29. Edward P. Crapol, "The Foreign Policy of Antislavery, 1833-1846," in Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams, Lloyd C. Gardner, ed., (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1986), 85-103
30. Race and U.S. Foreign Policy from Colonial Times through the Age of Jackson, Michael L. Krenn, ed., (New York: Garland Publishing, 1998), 345-366.
31. Jonathan Seth Rosenberg, " 'How Far the Promised Land?': World Affairs and the American Civil Rights Movement from the First World War to Vietnam" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1997), 84, 90-91, 116, 147-148;
32. Carol Elaine Anderson, "Eyes Off the Prize: African-Americans, the United Nations, and the Struggle for Human Rights, 1944-1952" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1995), 55-104.
33. The importance of race at the Paris Peace Conference is detailed in Paul Gordon Lauren's masterful work, Power and Prejudice: The Politics and Diplomacy of Racial Discrimination, 2nd ed. (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996), 82-107.
34. Philip A. Klinkner with Rogers M. Smith, The Unsteady March: The Rise and Decline of Racial Equality in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1999), 109-118.
35. David M. Bixby, "The Roosevelt Court, Democratic Ideology and Minority Rights: Another Look at United States v. Classic," Yale Law Journal 90 (March 1981): 741.
36. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and American Democracy (New York: Harper and Row; 1944), 1004.
37. Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia (New York: John Day; 1942), 29
38. Myrdal, An American Dilemma, 1016
39. John W. Dower, War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986), 5, 26.
40. Paula F. Pfeffer, A. Philip Randolph, Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990);
41. Herbert Garfinkel, When Negroes March: The March on Washington Movement in the Organizational Politics for FEPC (Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1959);
42. Lucy Grace Barber, "Marches onWashington, 1894-1963: National Political Demonstrations and American Political Culture" (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1996), 251-362;
43. Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press; 1996), 86.
44. Peter J. Kellogg, "Civil Rights Consciousness in the 1940s," The Historian 42 (1979): 18-41.
45. Kitty Kelley, His Way: The Unauthorized Biography of Frank Sinatra (New York: Bantam Books; 1986), 115-116.
46. John Morton Blum, V Was for Victory: Politics and American Culture During World War II (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; 1976).
47. Paul Boyer, By the Bomb's Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age (New York: Pantheon Books, 1985);
48. Martin J. Sherwin, A World Destroyed: Hiroshima and the Origins of the Arms Race (New York: Random House; 1987).
49. Elaine TylerMay, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books; 1988).
50. Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Boston: Little Brown, 1998), 154-200, 359-415;
51. David Caute, The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge under Truman and Eisenhower (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978);
52. Manning Marable, Race, Reform and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1984);
53. Gerald Horne, Communist Front?: The Civil Rights Congress 1946-1956 (Rutherford, N.J.: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1988);
54. Kenneth O'Reilly, "Racial Matters": The FBI's Secret File on Black America, 1960-1972 (New York: The Free Press; 1989).
55. Patricia Sullivan, Days of Hope: Race and Democracy in the New Deal Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996);
56. Robin D. G. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe: Alabama Communists During the Great Depression (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990);
57. Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press; 1996).
58. Penny M. Von Eschen, Race Against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press; 1997), 112-121.
59. Thomas Borstelmann, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle: The United States and Southern Africa in the Early Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press; 1993), 56.
60. Rosenberg, " 'How Far the Promised Land?'," 395-475;
61. Kenneth R. Janken, "From Colonial Liberation to Cold War Liberalism: Walter White, the NAACP, and Foreign Affairs, 1941-1955," Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (November 1998): 1074-1095;
62. Martin Duberman, Paul Robeson (New York: Knopf, 1988), 341-350, 364-372, 388-389;
63. Victor Navasky, Naming Names (New York: Viking Press, 1980);
64. Mary L. Dudziak, "Josephine Baker, Racial Protest and the Cold War," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 543-570.
65. Armstead L. Robinson and Patricia Sullivan, New Directions in Civil Rights Studies (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991);
66. Steven F. Lawson, "Freedom Then, Freedom Now: The Historiography of The Civil Rights Movement," American Historical Review (April 1991): 456-471;
67. Charles M. Payne, I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (Berkeley: University of California Press; 1995), 413-441;
68. David Chappell, "Introduction," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 56 (Fall 1997): 11-16
69. Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W. E. B. DuBois and the Afro American Response to the Cold War (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986);
70. Derrick A. Bell Jr., "Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Convergence Dilemma," Harvard Law Review 93 (January 1980): 518
71. Derrick A. Bell Jr., Shades of Brown: New Perspectives on School Desegregation (New York: Teachers College Press, 1980);
72. Derrick A. Bell Jr., "Racial Remediation: An Historical Perspective on Current Conditions," Notre Dame Lawyer 52 (October 1976): 5, 12.
73. Thomas Borstelmann, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle: The United States and Southern Africa in the Early Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993);
74. Penny Von Eschen, Race Against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997);
75. Michael L. Krenn, Black Diplomacy: African Americans and the State Department, 1945-1969 (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1999);
76. "Symposium: African Americans and U. S. Foreign Relations," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 531
77. Mark Solomon, "Black Critics of Colonialism and the Cold War," in Cold War Critics: Alternatives to American Foreign Policy in the Truman Years, Thomas G. Patterson, ed. (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971), 205-239;
78. Mary Francis Berry, Black Resistance White Law: A History of Constitutional Racism in America (New York: Penguin Press, 1994), 135, 146
79. Mary L. Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120;
80. Richard Lentz and Pamela Brown, " 'The Business of Great Nations': International Coverage, Foreign Public Opinion and theModern American Civil RightsMovement" (paper presented to theWestern Journalism Historians Conference, Berkeley, California, February 28-29, 1992);
81. Yvette Richards, "Race, Gender and Anticommunism i the International Labor Movement: The Pan-African Connections of Maida Springer, International Labor Representative," Journal of Women's History 11 (Summer 1999).
82. Michael M. Hunt, Ideology and U. S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press; 1987), 46-91;
83. Race and U.S. Foreign Policy from the Colonial Period to the Present, 5 vols., Michael L. Krenn, ed., (New York: Garland, 1998).
84. Klinkner with Smith, The Unsteady March, 317-351.
85. Robert S. Chang, Disoriented: Asian Americans, the Law and the Nation-State ; Juan F. Perea (New York: New York University Press, 1999)
86. "The Black/White Binary Paradigm of Race: The 'Normal Science' of American Racial Thought," California Law Review 85 (October 1997): 1213-1258.
87. Recasting America: Culture and Politics in the Age of the Cold War, Lary May, ed., (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989);
88. Stephen J. Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1991).
89. Adolph L. Reed Jr., W. E. B. DuBois and American Political Thought: Fabianism and the Color Line (New York: Oxford University Press; 1997), 6-11.
90. Gary Gerstle, Working Class Americanism: The Politics of Labor in a Textile City, 1914-1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 5-15.
91. Daniel T. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998);
92. David Thelen, "The Nation and Beyond: Transnational Perspectives on United States History," Journal of American History 86 (December 1999): 965-975
93. "The Nation and Beyond: A Special Issue," Journal of American History 86 (December 1999): 965-1307.
94. Robin D. G. Kelley, " 'But a Local Phase of a World Problem': Black History's Global Vision," Journal of American History 86 (December 1999): 1045.
95. Wallace H. Warren, " 'The Best People in Town Won't Talk': The Moore's Ford Lynching of 1946 and Its Cover-Up," in Georgia in Black and White: Explorations in the Race Relations of a Southern State, 1865-1950, John C. Inscoe, ed. (Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1994), 266-288.
96. Congressional Record, 79th Cong., 2d Sess., 1946, 92, pt. 8:10259 (reprinting article from New York Herald Tribune, July 27, 1946).
97. Leon F. Litwack, Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow (New York: Knopf; 1998), 280-325;
98. Charles M. Payne, I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (Berkeley: University of California Press; 1995).
99. New York Times, July 31, 1946, pp. 1,48
100. Daily Worker (New York), August 7, 1946, p. 2
101. New York Times, July 31, 1946, pp. 1, 48
102. New York Times, July 29, 1946, p. 36.
103. Congressional Record, 79th Cong., 2d Sess., 1946, 92, pt. 8:10258.
104. Donald R. McCoy and Richard T. Ruetten, Quest and Response: Minority Rights and the Truman Administration (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1973), 45-48;
105. Walter White, A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White (New York: Viking Press, 1948), 322-323, 327.
106. McCoy and Ruetten, Quest and Response, 47-48.
107. William C. Berman, The Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1970), 51.
108. Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945-1948 (New York: Norton; 1977), 32-33.
109. Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman, Robert H. Ferrell, ed., (New York: Harper and Row, 1980), 146-147;
110. David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon and Schuster; 1992), 588-589;
111. Alonzo L. Hamby, Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (New York: Oxford University Press; 1995), 364-666.
112. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 32-33, 114
113. McCoy and Ruetten, Quest and Response, 32-33;
114. A. Philip Randolph, "Call to the March," in Black Protest Thought in the Twentieth Century, 2d ed., August Meier, Elliott Rudwick, and Francis L. Broderick, eds. (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1971), 220-224.
115. Louis Ruchames, Race, Jobs and Politics: The Story of FEPC (Westport, Conn.: Negro University Press, 1953), 126.
116. Berman, The Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration, 26-29.
117. Harvard Sitkoff, "Harry Truman and the Election of 1948: The Coming of Age of Civil Rights in American Politics," Journal of Southern History 37 (November 1971): 597.
118. McCullough, Truman, 590.
119. Henry Lee Moon, The Balance of Power: The Negro Vote (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1948), 11-12, 213-214.
120. McCoy and Ruetten, Quest and Response, 127, 131-134, 145-146.
121. Sitkoff, "Election of 1948," 610;
122. McCoy and Ruetten, Quest and Response, 129, 143.
123. Sitkoff, "Election of 1948," 613-614;
124. McCoy and Ruetten, Quest and Response, 143-144, 145-147;
125. Barton J. Bernstein, "The Ambiguous Legacy: The Truman Administration and Civil Rights," in Politics and Policies of the Truman Administration, Barton J. Bernstein, ed. (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1970), 712-713.
126. Harry S. Truman, "Special Message to the Congress on Greece and Turkey: The Truman Doctrine," March 12, 1947
127. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Harry S. Truman, 1947 (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1963), 176-179;
128. Bernard A.Weisberger, Cold War, Cold Peace: The United States and Russia Since 1945 (New York: American Heritage; 1984), 55-61;
129. Les K. Adler and Thomas G. Paterson, "Red Fascism: The Merger of Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia in the American Image of Totalitarianism, 1930s-1950s," American Historical Review 75 (April 1970): 1046
130. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: Norton; 1969), 217-219.
131. Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1998);
132. David Caute, The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower (New York: Simon and Schuster; 1978), 30.
133. Alonzo L. Hamby, Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973), 86-91
134. Richard M. Freeland, The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism (New York: Knopf, 1972), 5
135. Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Adminstration, and the Cold War (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1992);
136. The Truman Period As a Research Field, A Reappraisal, 1972, Richard S. Kirkendall, ed. (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1974), 105-108, 129-136, 182-187.
137. Labor-Management Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act, § 9(h), Pub. L. 80-101, 61 Stat. 136, 146 (1947);
138. Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes, 266-273;
139. Caute, The Great Fear, 355-356;
140. Adler v. Board of Education, 342 U.S. 485 (1952);
141. Diane Ravitch, The Troubled Crusade: American Education, 1945-1980 (New York: Basic Books; 1983), 82.
142. Ellen Schrecker, No Ivory Tower: McCarthyism and the Universities (New York: Oxford University Press; 1987).
143. Wayne Addison Clark, "An Analysis of the Relationship Between Anti-Communism and Segregationist Thought in the Deep South, 1948-1964" (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina, 1976), 12, 30, 34.
144. Roy Wilkins, "Undergirding the Democratic Ideal," The Crisis 58 (December 1951): 647, 650
145. Gloster Current, "The 41st-A Convention of Great Decision," The Crisis 57 (August/September 1950): 512, 523
146. "Resolutions adopted by the Forty-Second Annual Convention of the NAACP at Atlanta, GA., June 30, 1951," The Crisis 58 (August/September 1951): 475, 476
147. Wilson Record, Race and Radicalism: The NAACP and the Communist Party in Conflict (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press; 1964), 132-141.
148. Robert E. Cushman, "Our Civil Rights Become a World Issue," New York Times magazine, January 12, 1948, p. 12.
149. Steven F. Lawson, Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944-1969 (New York: Columbia University Press; 1976), 49.
150. New York Times, May 3, 1948, pp. 1, 12.
151. Chester Bowles, Ambassador's Report (New York: Harper, 1954), 2-3, 31, 99.
152. Frenise A. Logan, "Racism and Indian-U.S. Relations, 1947-1953: Views in the Indian Press," Pacific Historical Review 54 (February 1985): 71-79;
153. New York Times, January 5, 1947, p. 42.
154. Eric W. Rise, The Martinsville Seven: Race, Rape and Capital Punishment (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995), 99-116.
155. Senator William Benton, Congressional Record, 81st Cong., 2nd Sess.,May 9, 1950, 6692.
156. James W. Ivy, "American Negro Problem in the European Press," The Crisis 57 (July 1950): 413, 416-418.
157. Ivy, "American Negro Problem," 416-417.
158. New York Times, October 19, 1946, p. 22
159. New York Times, March 2, 1946, p. 63.
160. Pete Daniel, The Shadow of Slavery: Peonage in the South, 1901-1969 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972), 175-192;
161. William Cohen, "Involuntary Servitude in the South, 1865-1940: A Preliminary Analysis," Journal of Southern History 42 (February 1976): 31.
162. John S. Reshetar Jr., The Soviet Polity: Government and Politics in the USSR, 3rd ed. (New York: Harper and Row, 1989), 9-19, 281-292;
163. Robert Conquest, Stalin: Breaker of Nations (New York: Viking Penguin, 1991), 2, 141-300.
164. Congressional Record, 81st Cong., 2nd Sess., May 9, 1950, 6993.
165. Virginia A. Pratt, The Influence of Domestic Controversy on American Participation in the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 1946-1953 (New York: Garland; 1986), 37
166. New York Times, June 2, 1946, p. 33
167. Herbert Aptheker, Afro-American History: The Modern Era (New York: Citadel Press; 1971), 301-311;
168. Abner W. Berry, "Rough, Tough and Angry," New Masses, June 18, 1946, pp. 17-19.
169. "An Appeal to the World," reprinted in W. E. B. DuBois, "Three Centuries of Discrimination," The Crisis 54 (December 1947): 380
170. New York Times, October 24, 1947, p. 9
171. New York Times, October 12, 1947, p. 52
172. McCoy and Ruetten, Quest and Response, 67
173. Berman, The Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration, 65-66.
174. Walter Frances, White, A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White (New York: Viking Press; 1948), 358-359;
175. McCoy and Ruetten, Quest and Response, 67
176. Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W. E. B. DuBois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986), 15, 78.
177. Berman, The Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration, 66
178. McCoy and Ruetten, Quest and Response, 67
179. Joanna Schneider Zangrando and Robert L. Zangrando, "ER and Black Civil Rights," in Without Precedent: The Life and Career of Eleanor Roosevelt, Joan Hoff-Wilson and Marjorie Lightman, ed. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984), 88, 101-102.
180. Berman, The Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration, 66
181. White, Man Called White, 359
182. Horne, Black and Red, 79-80
183. James L. Tyson, U.S. International Broadcasting and National Security (New York: Ramapo Press: National Strategy Information Center, 1983), 4-5;
184. Walter L.Hixon, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture and the Cold War, 1945-1961 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997);
185. Laura Ann Belmonte, "Defending a Way of Life: American Propaganda and the Cold War, 1945-1959" (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 1996);
186. Chester Bowles, Promises to Keep: My Years in Public Life, 1941-1969 (New York: Harper and Row; 1971), 248.
187. Michael Krenn, " 'Unfinished Business': Segregation and U.S. Diplomacy at the 1958 World's Fair," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 591-612.
188. Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W. E. B. DuBois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963 (Albany: State University of New York Press; 1986), 280-281.
189. Mark Solomon, "Black Critics of Colonialism and the ColdWar," in ColdWar Critics: Alternatives to American Foreign Policy in the Truman Years, Thomas G. Patterson, ed. (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971), 207-208, 233-234, and n.9
190. Wilson Record, The Negro and the Communist Party (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1951), 197
191. New York Times,May 14, 1952, p. 12.
192. Michael L. Krenn, Black Diplomacy: African Americans and the State Department, 1945-1969 (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe; 1999).
193. William O. Douglas, Strange Lands and Friendly People (New York: Harper; 1951), 296.
194. New York Times, March 19, 1950, p. 50.
195. "Status Report on the National Psychological Effort and First Progress Report of the Psychological Strategy Board," Aug. 1, 1952, folder 391.1, box 22, Papers of the Psychological Strategy Board, Truman Library, p. 3.
196. W. James Ellison, "Paul Robeson and the State Department," The Crisis 84 (May 1977): 185;
197. Martin Duberman, Paul Robeson (New York: Knopf, 1989), 341-350, 364-372.
198. Duberman, Paul Robeson, 388-389;
199. Alan Rogers, "Passports and Politics: The Courts and the ColdWar," The Historian 47 (August 1985): 499-502;
200. Paul Robeson, Here I Stand (New York: Othello Associates; 1958), 71-81.
201. Duberman, Paul Robeson, 398-403.
202. David Cushman Coyle, The United Nations and How It Works, rev. ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), 84-85;
203. Civil Rights Congress,We Charge Genocide: The Historic Petition to the United Nations for Relief from a Crime of the United States Government Against the Negro People, 2nd ed.,William Patterson, ed. (New York: International Publishers, 1970), 3, 32
204. William Patterson, The Man Who Cried Genocide: An Autobiography (New York: International Publishers; 1971), 178-179.
205. Civil Rights Congress, We Charge Genocide, vii, xiv-xvi, xvii-xviii, 58-187;
206. New York Times, December 18, 1951, p. 13.
207. Civil Rights Congress, We Charge Genocide, xvi.
208. Gerald Horne, Communist Front?: The Civil Rights Congress, 1946-1956 (Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press; 1988), 169-174;
209. Patterson, The Man Who Cried Genocide, 193-195, 205-206;
210. New York Times, December 25, 1951, p. 15
211. New York Times, January 1, 1952, p. 10
212. New York Times, December 27, 1951, p. 11
213. New York Times, January 24, 1952, p. 8
214. New York Times, December 18, 1951, p. 13
215. Horne, Communist Front? 156, 174
216. Carol Elaine Anderson, "Eyes Off the Prize: African Americans, the United Nations and the Struggle for Human Rights, 1944-1952" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1995), 164-174;
217. Patterson, The Man Who Cried Genocide, 198-210;
218. Civil Rights Congress, We Charge Genocide, vii.
219. Gary Giddins, Satchmo (New York: Doubleday; 1988), 160-165;
220. Hugues Panassie, Louis Armstrong (New York: Scribner's; 1971), 34-36.
221. James Campbell, "Black Boys and the FBI," Times Literary Supplement, November 30-December 6, 1990, pp. 1290-1291;
222. Kenneth O'Reilly, Black Americans: The FBI Files (New York: Carroll and Graf, 1994), 17-24, 78-79;
223. Walter White, A Man Called White (New York: Viking Press, 1948), 242-261, 271-293;
224. Walter White, How Far the Promised Land? (New York: Viking Press; 1956), 3-28;
225. Donald R. McCoy and Richard T. Ruetten, Quest and Response: Minority Rights and the Truman Administration (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas; 1973), 261-264.
226. Lynn Haney, Naked at the Feast: A Biography of Josephine Baker (New York: Dodd, Mead; 1981), 247-252;
227. Phyllis Rose, Jazz Cleopatra: Josephine Baker in Her Times, (New York: Atheneum, 1989), 218-19;
228. Chicago Defender,October 27, 1951, pp. 1-2;
229. Amsterdam News, July 14, 1951, p. 22.
230. Haney, Naked at the Feast, 238, 255-256;
231. Washington Post, October 22, 1951, p. 9B;
232. Washington Post, October 24, 1951, p. 15B;
233. Washington Post, October 26, 1951, p. 15B;
234. Washington Post, November 30, 1951, p. 15B;
235. Washington Post, November 3, 1951, p. 9B;
236. O'Reilly, Black Americans, 5-6.
237. Haney, Naked at the Feast, 259-265;
238. Chester Bowles, "Racial Harmony-HowMuch Does itMatter inWorld Affairs?" 1952
239. Chester Bowles, Ambassador's Report (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1954), 31, 216-217, 395-396.
240. Chester Bowles, "Racial Harmony-HowMuch Does itMatter inWorld Affairs?" 1952, folder 540, box 115, series 2, Chester Bowles Papers.
241. President's Committee on Civil Rights, To Secure These Rights (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1947), 139-148.
242. Dean Acheson, "Morality, Moralism and Diplomacy," in Grapes from Thorns (New York: Norton, 1972), 125-140.
243. Douglas Brinkley, Dean Acheson: The Cold War Years, 1953-71 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992), 24-26.
244. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: Norton, 1969);
245. Dean Acheson, Power and Diplomacy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958 New York: Atheneum, 1970);
246. Dean Acheson, A Democrat Looks at His Party (New York: Harper, 1955);
247. Dean Acheson, A Citizen Looks at Congress (New York: Harper, 1957);
248. Brinkley, Dean Acheson, 204-205.
249. President's Committee on Civil Rights, To Secure These Rights, 148 (emphasis in original).
250. Harry S. Truman, "Special Message to the Congress on Civil Rights," February 2, 1948, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman, 1948 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1964), 121-126.
251. Louis Ruchames, Race, Jobs and Politics: The Story of FEPC (Westport, Conn.: Negro University Press, 1953; 1971), 208
252. William C. Berman, The Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration (Columbus: Ohio State University Press; 1970), 167
253. Barton J. Bernstein, "The Ambiguous Legacy: The Truman Administration and Civil Rights," in Politics and Policies of the Truman Administration, Barton J. Bernstein, ed. (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1970), 271-277, 291
254. Susan M. Hartmann, Truman and the 80th Congress (Columbia: University ofMissouri Press, 1971);
255. Richard M. Dalfiume, Desegregation of the Armed Forces: Fighting on Two Fronts, 1939-1953 (Columbia: University ofMissouri Press; 1969), 157-174;
256. Mary L. Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (1988): 61
257. Race and U.S. Foreign Policy During the Cold War, Michael L. Krenn, ed. (New York: Garland, 1998), 177-236.
258. Christopher Thorne, "Britain and the Black G.I.s: Racial Issues and Anglo-American Relations in 1942," in Race and U.S. Foreign Policy from 1900 through World War II, Michael Krenn, ed. (New York: Garland, 1998), 342-349;
259. Thomas Hachey, "Walter White and the American Negro Soldier in World War II: A Diplomatic Dilemma for Britain," Phylon 39 (September 1978): 241-249
260. Krenn, Race and U.S. Foreign Policy from 1900 through World War II, 333-341.
261. Project Whistlestop, Desegregation of the Armed Forces, Truman Library; Blacks and the Military in American History: Basic Documents, Bernard C. Nalty and Morris J. MacGregor, eds. (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1977), 182.
262. Harry S. Truman, "Special Message to the Congress on Civil Rights," February 2, 1948
263. Harry S. Truman, "SpecialMessage to Congress on the Threat to the Freedom of Europe,"March 17, 1948
264. Dalfiume, Desegregation of the Armed Forces, 167
265. Jack D. Foner, Blacks and the Military in American History: A New Perspective (New York: Praeger; 1974), 182.
266. Harry S. Truman, executive order, "Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, Executive Order 9981," Federal Register 13 (July 26, 1948): 4313
267. David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon and Schuster; 1992), 587.
268. Bernard C. Nalty, Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military (New York: Free Press; 1986), 241-242.
269. McCullough, Truman, 712-713;
270. Bernstein, "Ambiguous Legacy," 291-292;
271. Foner, Blacks and the Military, 185
272. Michael J. Klarman, "Brown, Racial Change and the Civil Rights Movement," Virginia Law Review 80 (February 1994): 32-35;
273. Harry S. Truman, "Address in Harlem, New York, Upon Receiving the Franklin Roosevelt Award," Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman, 1948, 924.
274. Nalty, Strength for the Fight, 241
275. Michael S. Sherry, In the Shadow of War: The United States Since the 1930s (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press; 1995), 147.
276. Jacob K. Javits, press release, January 12, 1950, Digitalization: Project Whistlestop, Desegregation of the Armed Forces, Truman Library.
277. Nalty, Strength for the Fight, 255-269.
278. Congressional Record, 81st Cong., 2nd Sess., 1950, 96: 6692.
279. Congressional Record, 81st Cong., 2nd Sess., 1950, 96: 6694-6695;
280. Ruchames, Race, Jobs and Politics, 94.
281. Barton J. Bernstein, "Commentary," in The Truman Period as a Research Field: A Reappraisal, 1972, Richard S. Kirkendall, ed. (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1974), 105-108, 161, 187
282. Barton J. Bernstein, "The Truman Administration and Minority Rights: A Review Essay," Journal of Ethnic Studies (Fall 1973): 66, 70-71.
283. Alonzo L. Hamby, Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press; 1973), 189-190;
284. Donald R. McCoy and Richard T. Ruetten, Quest and Response: Minority Rights and the Truman Administration (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1973), 211-212, 218-221;
285. John T. Elliff, The United States Department of Justice and Individual Rights, 1937-1962 (New York: Garland; 1987), 254-259.
286. Philip Elman, "The Solicitor General's Office, Justice Frankfurter and Civil Rights Litigation, 1946-1960: An Oral History," Harvard Law Review 100 (February 1987): 817-818, 826-830
287. Randall Kennedy, "A Reply to Phillip Elman," Harvard Law Review 100 (June 1987): 1938-1948
288. Elman, "Oral History," 254-259, 819-820;
289. Tom C. Clark and Philip Benjamin Perlman, Prejudice and Property: An Historic Brief Against Racial Covenants (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1948);
290. Harry S. Truman, "Address in Harlem, New York Upon Receiving The Franklin Roosevelt Award," October 29, 1948
291. Berman, Politics of Civil Rights, 127.
292. Daniel M. Berman, It Is So Ordered: The Supreme Court Rules on School Segregation (New York: Norton, 1966), 61.
293. Berman, Politics of Civil Rights, 232
294. Berman, Politics of Civil Rights, 239-240.
295. McCoy and Ruetten, Quest and Response, 134-135.
296. Elliff, The United States Department of Justice and Individual Rights, 254-259.
297. Oral argument of Solicitor General Perlman, United States Law Week 16 (January 20, 1948): 3219
298. Clement E. Vose, Caucasians Only: The Supreme Court, The NAACP, and the Restrictive Covenant Cases (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959), 200
299. Elliff, The United States Department of Justice and Individual Rights, 254-259
300. Mark V. Tushnet, NAACP's Legal Strategy Against Segregated Education 1925-1950 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987);
301. Richard Kluger, Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle for Equality (New York: Knopf, 1976);
302. Jack Greenberg, Crusaders in the Courts: How a Dedicated Band of Lawyers Fought for the Civil Rights Revolution (New York: Basic Books; 1994).
303. Congressional Record, 81st Cong., 2nd Sess., May 9, 1950, 96: 6694.
304. Elliff, The United States Department of Justice and Individual Rights, 323-329;
305. National Committee on Segregation in the Nation's Capital, Segregation in Washington (Chicago: National Committee on Segregation in the Nation's Capital; 1948).
306. Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483, 486 (1954);
307. Mary L. Dudziak, "The Supreme Court and Racial Equality During World War II," Journal of Supreme Court History 1996 (November 1996): 35-48.
308. Peter H. Irons, Justice at War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993);
309. Jacobus tenBroek, Edward N. Barnhart, and Floyd W. Matson, Prejudice, War and the Constitution (Berkeley: University of California Press), 68-184.
310. David M. Bixby, "The Roosevelt Court, Democratic Ideology and Minority Rights: Another Look at U.S. v. Classic," Yale Law Journal 90 (March 1981): 741
311. Richard Primus, "A Brooding Omnipresence: Totalitarianism in Postwar Constitutional Thought," Yale Law Journal 106 (November 1996): 423-457;
312. Margaret Raymond, "Rejecting Totalitarianism: Translating the Guarantees of Constitutional Criminal Procedure," North Carolina Law Review 76 (April 1998): 1193-1263.
313. Edwin S. Corwin, Total War and the Constitution (New York: Knopf; 1947).
314. Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge, trans. LouisWorth and Edward Shils (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1968), 2-4.
315. Dennis Hutchinson, "Unanimity and Desegregation in the Supreme Court, 1948-1958," Georgetown Law Journal 68 (October 1979): 1
316. Mark V. Tushnet with Kayta Lezin, "What Really Happened in Brown v. Board of Education," Columbia Law Review 91 (December 1991): 1867-1930.
317. William O. Douglas, Strange Lands and Friendly People (New York: Harper; 1951), 296.
318. William O. Douglas, Beyond the High Himalayas (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1953), 317, 321-323.
319. New York Times, June 29, 1954
320. New York Times, August 20, 1954
321. New York Times, July 27, 1956, p. 1
322. New York Times, September 1, 1956, p. 3
323. New York Times, August 29, 1956, p. 12.
324. Earl Warren, The Memoirs of Earl Warren (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday; 1977), 265-269.
325. J.Woodford Howard Jr., Mr. Justice Murphy: A Political Biography (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press; 1968), 354.
326. New York Times, May 18, 1954, p. 1.
327. Warren, Memoirs, 3.
328. Carl T. Rowan, The Pitiful and the Proud (New York: Random House; 1956), 19
329. "Chief Justice Warren In India," Baltimore Sun, October 1, 1956
330. National Security Council, "Status of United States Program for National Security as of June 30, 1954," NSC 5430, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1984), 11:1777, 1785-1786.
331. National Security Council, "Status of United States Program for National Security as of December 31, 1954," NSC 5509, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957 (Washington, D. C.: Government PrintingOffice, 1987), 9:504, 516
332. Robert Frederick Burk, The Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984), 144, 162, 165-166;
333. Michael S. Mayer, "With Much Deliberation and Some Speed: Eisenhower and the Brown Decision," Journal of Southern History 52 (February 1986): 43.
334. Burk, The Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights, 162-163;
335. Warren, Memoirs, 291
336. J. Harvie Wilkinson III, From Brown to Bakke: The Supreme Court and School Integration (New York: Oxford University Press; 1979), 24.
337. New York Times, May 18, 1954, p. 2
338. San Francisco Chronicle, May 18, 1954, p. 18.
339. Birmingham Post-Herald, May 18, 1954, p. 5
340. New York Times, May 18, 1954, pp. 1, 20
341. Atlanta Daily World, May 18, 1954, p. 1.
342. John Barlow Martin, The Deep South Says Never (New York: Ballantine Books, 1957), 1-4, 24.
343. Wayne Addison Clark, "An Analysis of the Relationship Between Anti-Comunism and Segregationist Thought in the Deep South, 1946-1964" (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina, 1976).
344. Herman E. Talmadge, You and Segregation (Birmingham, Ala.: Vulcan Press, 1955), vii, 1.
345. Talmadge's book was popular. The first printing of ten thousand copies sold out in one week, and a second printing of fifty thousand copies was ordered. Time, November 14, 1955, p. 31.
346. Stephen L. Wasby, Anthony A. D'Amato, and Rosemary Metrailer, Desegregation from Brown to Alexander: An Exploration of Supreme Court Strategies (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press; 1977), 162-173;
347. Jack Bass, Unlikely Heroes (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981);
348. J. W. Peltason, Fifty-eight Lonely Men: Southern Federal Judges and School Desegregation (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1961);
349. Hutchinson, "Unanimity and Desegregation," 60.
350. Wasby, D'Amato, and Metrailer, Desegregation from Brown to Alexander, 194-195.
351. Also in 1963, the Court required immediate desegregation of municipal recreational facilities in Watson v. City of Memphis, 373 U.S. 526, 530 (1963).
352. "If Shame Could Kill," La Sentinelle (La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland),October 4, 1955);
353. Charles-Henri Favrod, "The Verdict in Sumner," Gazette de Lausanne, September 29, 1955).
354. Stephen J. Whitfield, A Death in the Delta: The Story of Emmett Till (New York: The Free Press; 1988), 46.
355. Jack Greenberg, Crusaders in the Courts: How a Dedicated Band of Lawyers Fought for the Civil Rights Revolution (New York: Basic Books; 1994), 229-230;
356. Aaron v. Cooper, 143 F. Supp. 855, 866 (E.D. Ark 1956);
357. Little Rock, U.S.A., Wilson Record and Jane Cassels Record, eds. (San Francisco: Chandler Publishing, 1960), 36.
358. Faubus v. United States, 254 F.2d 797, 799-801 (8th Cir. 1958).
359. Arkansas Gazette, September 5, 1957, p. A1
360. Record and Record, Little Rock, U.S.A., 209
361. Orval Faubus, Down from the Hills (Little Rock, Ark.: Pioneer; 1980), 211
362. Herbert Brownell and John P. Burk, Advising Ike: The Memoirs of Attorney General Herbert Brownell (Lawrence: The University Press of Kansas; 1993), 207.
363. Faubus, Down from the Hills, 19-20, 55
364. Robert Fredrick Burk, The Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press; 1984), 154-156;
365. Tony Allan Freyer, The Little Rock Crisis: A Constitutional Interpretation (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press; 1984), 63-68.
366. Arkansas-Democrat Gazette, November 21, 1993, p. 63
367. Arkansas-Democrat, October 17, 1993, p. 1A;
368. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, 113 n. 65;
369. Michael Klarman, "Brown, Racial Change, and the Civil Rights Movement," Virginia Law Review 80 (February 1994): 110, 118-119;
370. Brownell and Burk, Advising Ike, 209.
371. Record and Record, Little Rock, U.S.A., 38, 41-42;
372. Thomason v. Cooper, 254 F.2d 808, 809 (8th Cir. 1958);
373. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, 102.
374. Record and Record, Little Rock, U.S.A., 39
375. Record and Record, Little Rock, U.S.A., 51-53.
376. Faubus, Down from the Hills, 205.
377. Arkansas Gazette, September 11, 1957, p. 2A
378. Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years: Waging Peace, 1956-1961, (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965), 162, 168.
379. New York Times, September 27, 1957, p. 12
380. New York Times, September 26, 1957, p. 14
381. New York Times, September 7, 1957, p. 9
382. New York Times, September 10, 1957, p. 10.
383. Faubus, Down from the Hills, 205-328
384. Mary L. Dudziak, "The Little Rock Crisis and Foreign Affairs: Race, Resistance, and the Image of American Democracy," Southern California Law Review 70 (September 1997): 1641-1716;
385. Cary Fraser, "Crossing the Color Line in Little Rock: The Eisenhower Administration and the Dilemma of Race for U.S. Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History (Spring 2000);
386. Azza Salama Layton, "International Pressure and the U.S. Government's Response to Little Rock," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 56 (Fall 1997): 257-272;
387. Harold R. Isaacs, "World Affairs and U.S. Race Relations: A Note on Little Rock," Public Opinion Quarterly 22 (Autumn 1958): 364-370.
388. Martin M. Teasley, "Promoting a 'Proper Perspective' Abroad: Eisenhower Administration Concern with Domestic Civil Rights as an Overseas Image Problem" (unpublished paper, 1990).
389. Times of India, September 6, 1957, p. 1
390. Tanganyika Standard, September 6, 1957, p. 1
391. East African Standard, September 6, 1957, p. 1
392. East African Standard, September 7, 1957, p. 1
393. DailyMail (Sierra Leone), September 11, 1957, p. 1
394. Egyptian Gazette, September 5, 1957, p. 1
395. Egyptian Gazette, September 10, 1957, p. 1
396. Egyptian Gazette, September 11, 1957, p. 1.
397. Egyptian Gazette was the English-language newspaper in Egypt with the largest circulation. The paper covered the crisis on almost a daily basis, usually with frontpage stories, from September 5 to October 5, 1957.
398. Times (London), September 4, 1957, p. H10.
399. Montreal Star, September 25, 1957
400. Times (London), September 23, 1957, p. C6
401. Austrian Information, November 22, 1957, p. 5
402. Harry S. Ashmore, "The Easy Chair," Harper's Magazine, June 1958
403. New York Times, September 26, 1957, p. 14.
404. Izvestia, September 13, 1957, p. 4
405. Current Digest of the Soviet Press 9 (October 23, 1957): 25-26.
406. Faubus, Down from the Hills, 221.
407. Faubus, Down from the Hills, 33-37;
408. "The Commies Trained Gov. Faubus of Arkansas," 1-2;
409. David Braden Posner, "Afro-America in West German Perspective, 1945-66" (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1997), 216.
410. Burk, The Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights, 178-179;
411. Telegram, Eisenhower to Faubus, September 10, 1957, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1957 (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office; 1958), 673-674;
412. Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1965) 166-167;
413. Public Papers: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1957, 674-675.
414. Asahi Shimbun (Tokyo), September 15, 1957, p. 1
415. Burk, The Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights, 182, 193.
416. The Times (London), September 20, 1957, p. F10.
417. The Times (London), September 23, 1957, p. C6.
418. Race Relations Law Reporter 2 (1957): 957-963.
419. Record and Record, Little Rock U.S.A., 56-57.
420. Eisenhower, The White House Years, 169-172.
421. Dwight D. Eisen-hower, The White House Years, 170
422. Congressional Record 90 (1958)
423. Eisenhower, The White House Years, 170.
424. Earl Warren, The Memoirs of Earl Warren (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday; 1977), 291
425. Burk, The Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights, 142-145;
426. "War and Peace in Ike's Favor," Washington Post, August 7, 1955
427. Stanley L. Kutler, "Eisenhower, the Judiciary, and Desegregation: Some Reflections," in Eisenhower: A Centenary Assessment, Gunter Bischof and Stephen E. Ambrose, eds. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995), 87.
428. Eisenhower, The White House Years, 171.
429. Burk, The Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights, 185-186;
430. James C. Durham, A Moderate Among Extremists: Dwight D. Eisenhower and the School Desegregation Crisis (Chicago: Nelson-Hall; 1981), 143-172;
431. Stephen A. Ambrose, Eisenhower: The President (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984) 2:417-422;
432. Klarman, "Brown and the Civil Rights Movement," 28.
433. Eisenhower, The White House Years, 172
434. Dwight D. Eisenhower, "Radio and Television Address to the American People on the Situation in Little Rock," September 24, 1957
435. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1957, 690-694.
436. Dwight D. Eisenhower, "Radio and Television Address to the American People on the Situation in Little Rock," September 24, 1957
437. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1957, 690-694.
438. Egyptian Gazette, September 30, 1957, p. 4
439. Tanganyika Standard, September 26, 1957, p. 1
440. East African Standard, September 26, 1957, p. 1
441. Asahi Shimbun (Tokyo), September 25, 1957, p. 1
442. Le Monde, September 26, 1957, p. 1.
443. See also Atlanta Constitution, September 25, 1957, p. 12 (discussing international coverage).
444. Manuel Mora Valverde, "La Actitud del Pdte. Eissenhower [sic] Frente a los Negros Merece Nuestro Aplauso," Adelante, September 29, 1957);
445. Renmin Ribao (People's Daily) (China), September 29, 1957, p. P7.
446. Atlanta Constitution, Sept. 25, 1957, pp. 1, 5.
447. South China Morning Post, September 28, 1957, p. 11
448. Times of India, September 30, 1957, p. 6
449. Eyes on the Prize-America's Civil Rights Years, Fighting Back 1957-1962, produced by Blackslide, Inc., for PBS-TV, 1986.
450. Hindustan Times, September 29, 1957, p. 1.
451. South China Morning Post, October 4, 1957, p. 1.
452. Greenberg, Crusaders in the Courts, 232-238;
453. Faubus, Down from the Hills, 388-395;
454. Record and Record, Little Rock, U.S.A., 105 (reprint of July 30, 1958
455. Sacramento Bee, September 12, 1958, p. 14A
456. Michael L. Krenn, " 'Unfinished Business': Segregation and U.S. Diplomacy at the 1958 World's Fair," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 593.
457. Robert W. Smith, "Large-Scale Scientific Enterprise," in Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth Century, Stanley L. Kutler et al. eds. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1996): 2:754-755;
458. David Halberstam, The Fifties (New York: Villard Books; 1993), 624-628;
459. Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958).
460. Beals, Warriors Don't Cry, 241, 299-305.
461. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, 148.
462. Philip B. Kurland and Gerhard Kasper, Landmark Briefs and Arguments of the Supreme Court of the United States (Washington, D.C.: University Publications of America, 1975) 54:711-712;
463. Cooper, 358 U.S. at 13-14 (1958).
464. Dennis J. Hutchinson, "Unanimity and Desegregation: Decisionmaking in the Supreme Court, 1948-1958," Georgetown Law Journal 68 (October 1979): 78
465. Bernard Schwartz with Stephen Lesher, Inside the Warren Court (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday; 1983), 162
466. "Governor's School Closing Proclamation," Race Relations Law Reporter 3 (1958): 869
467. "Act No. 4 of the 1958 Extraordinary Session of the Arkansas Legislature," Race Relations Law Reporter 3 (1958): 1048-1049;
468. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, 154-156.
469. "Private School Charter," Race Relations Law Reporter 3 (1958): 870-872;
470. "Petition for Order Against Leasing," Race Relations Law Reporter 3 (1958): 875-877;
471. Schwartz with Lesher, Inside theWarren Court, 162
472. Hutchinson, "Unanimity and Desegregation," 78-80.
473. Times (London), September 30, 1958, p. 9
474. Times (London), September 15, 1958, p. 8
475. Times (London), September 18, 1958, p. 8
476. Times (London), September 23, 1958, p. 7
477. Times (London), September 17, 1958, p. 10
478. Times (London), September 19, 1958, p. 9
479. Times (London), September 16, 1958, p. 8
480. Times (London), September 22, 1958, p. 9.
481. South China Morning Post, August 30, 1958, p. 14
482. South China Morning Post, September 10, 1958, p. 6.
483. South China Morning Post, September 15, 1958, p. 10
484. South China Morning Post, August 27, 1958, p. 12
485. South China Morning Post, August 28, 1958, p. 9
486. South China Morning Post, August 29, 1958, p. 13
487. South China Morning Post, August 30, 1958, p. 12.
488. Times of India, October 1, 1958, p. 6.
489. Times of India, August 29, 1958, p. 1
490. Times of India, August 30, 1958, p. 5
491. Times of India, September 14, 1958, p. 9.
492. Egyptian Gazette, September 30, 1958, p. 2.
493. Egyptian Gazette, October 5, 1958, p. 1.
494. Tanganyika Standard, August 23, 1958, p. 1
495. Tanganyika Standard, September 1, 1958, p. 1.
496. Daisy Bates, The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir (New York: David McKay; 1962), 163
497. Greenberg, Crusaders in the Courts, 242.
498. Greenberg, Crusaders in the Court, 242.
499. Stephen L. Wasby, Anthony A. D'Amato, and Rosemary Metrailer, Desegregation from Brown to Alexander (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press; 1977), 194-195.
500. New York Times, November 25, 1958, p. 1
501. New York Times, October 13, 1959, p. 1.
502. Harris Wofford, Of Kennedys & Kings: Making Sense of the Sixties (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux; 1980), 126-128.
503. H. S. Wilson, African Decolonization (London: Edward Arnold; 1994), 177.
504. Dean Rusk, As I Saw It (New York: W. W. Norton; 1990), 581
505. Rusk, As I Saw It, 579-592.
506. William H. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina and the Black Struggle for Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press; 1980), 71-100.
507. John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1997), 260-280;
508. Jennifer Whitmore See, "US-Soviet Entente?: John F. Kennedy and the Pursuit of Peace, 1963" (paper presented at annual meeting of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, June 1996).
509. Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1998), x.
510. Milton R. Konvitz, Expanding Liberties: Freedom's Gain in Postwar America (New York: Viking Press, 1966).
511. Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W. E. B. DuBois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963 (Albany: State University of New York; 1986).
512. David Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: William Morrow, 1986);
513. Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-1963 (New York: Simon and Schuster; 1988).
514. Harris Wofford, recorded interview by Berl Bernhard, November 29, 1965, pp. 7, 31
515. Carl M. Brauer, John F. Kennedy and the Second Reconstruction (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), 20-23.
516. Richard D. Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa (New York: Oxford University Press; 1983), 20-33.
517. Brauer, Second Reconstruction, 43, 127, 205-210, 212-213;
518. Branch, Parting the Waters, 586-587;
519. Wofford, Of Kennedys and Kings, 124
520. Arthur Schlesinger, A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 847-849, 853.
521. Tom Mathews, Standing Fast: The Autobiography of Roy Wilkins (New York: Viking Press, 1982), 280-282.
522. Brauer, Second Reconstruction, 76.
523. Elisabeth Cobbs Hoffman, All You Need is Love: The Peace Corps and the Spirit of the 1960s (Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1998), 29.
524. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights, 71
525. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 127-136;
526. Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960's (Cambridge: Har-vard University Press; 1981), 9-30;
527. Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, Clayborne Carson, David J. Garrow, Vincent Harding, Darlene Clark Hine, eds., (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 78-79, 83-88.
528. August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Oxford University Press; 1973), 135-158;
529. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 158-161.
530. Meier and Rudwick, CORE, 136-138;
531. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 155-157.
532. Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 854-855;
533. Meier and Rudwick, CORE, 138.
534. Eyes on the Prize-America's Civil Rights Years, Ain't Scared of Your Jails, 1960-1961, produced by Blackslide, Inc., for PBS-TV, 1986.
535. Richard Reeves, President Kennedy: Profile of Power (New York: Simon and Schuster; 1994), 123
536. Wofford, Of Kennedys and Kings, 125.
537. United States Information Agency, "Worldwide Reactions to Racial Incidents in Alabama," pp. 7-15,May 29, 1961
538. Meier and Rudwick, CORE, 139.
539. Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 858-859;
540. Reeves, President Kennedy, 354-364.
541. United States Information Agency, "Media Comment on the Mississippi Crisis," October 5, 1962, pp. 9-12.
542. Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 866.
543. United States Information Agency, "Media Comment on the Mississippi Crisis," October 5, 1962, p. ii;
544. United States Information Agency, "Racial Prejudice Mars the American Image," October 17, 1962
545. Rusk, As I Saw It, 582.
546. Wofford, Of Kennedys and Kings, 126-128.
547. Wofford, Of Kennedys and Kings, 127-128;
548. Brauer, Second Reconstruction, 77.
549. Pedro Sanjuan, "Address to the Legislative Council of the General Assembly of Maryland," September 13, 1961
550. Renee Romano, "No Diplomatic Immunity: African American Diplomats and the Dilemma of American Racism during the Cold War, 1961-1964," Journal of American History (forthcoming);
551. Timothy P. Maga, "Battling the 'Ugly American' at Home: The Special Protocol Service and the New Frontier, 1961-63," Diplomacy and Statecraft 3 (1992): 126-142.
552. United States Commission on Civil Rights, Civil Rights U.S.A.: Housing in Washington, D.C. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1962), 21-26.
553. Sanjuan, "Address to the Legislative Council of the General Assembly of Maryland," September 13, 1961
554. Branch, Parting the Waters, 758-763.
555. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 267-268;
556. Branch, Parting the Waters, 764-785;
557. John Walton Cotman, Birmingham, JFK and the Civil Rights Act of 1963: Implications for Elite Theory (New York: P. Lang, 1989), 100-102.
558. Richard Lentz, "Snarls Echoing 'Round the World: The 1963 Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign on theWorld Stage," American Journalism (forthcoming).
559. Cotman, Birmingham, JFK and the Civil Rights Act, 35.
560. Cotman, Birmingham, JFK and the Civil Rights Act, 21-60.
561. "no agreement had been reached on the question of his country's admission." Keesing's Contemporary Archives (London: Longman, 1963-64), 14:19463.
562. Keesing's Contemporary Archives, 14:19463
563. Keesing's Contemporary Archives, 14:19465.
564. Reeves, President Kennedy, 514-522.
565. Cotman, Birmingham, JFK and the Civil Rights Act, 147.
566. John F. Kennedy, "Radio and Television Report to the American People on Civil Rights," June 11, 1963
567. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: John F. Kennedy, 1963, (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964), 468.
568. John F. Kennedy, "SpecialMessage to the Congress on Civil Rights and Job Opportunities," June 19, 1963
569. Public Papers of the Presidents: John F. Kennedy, 1963, 483.
570. Brauer, Second Reconstruction, 247.
571. John F. Kennedy, "Commencement Address at American University in Washington," June 10, 1963
572. Public Papers of the Presidents: John F. Kennedy, 1963, 459-464.
573. Cited in see, "US-Soviet Entente?" 70.
574. Rusk, As I Saw It, 586-588;
575. Reeves, President Kennedy, 527-528;
576. Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960-1972 (New York: Oxford University Press; 1990), 125-152;
577. Rusk, As I Saw It, 586.
578. New York Times, July 11, 1963, p. 16.
579. New York Times, July 11, 1963, p. 16.
580. Washington Post, August 26, 1963, p. 1
581. Scott A. Sandage, "A Marble House Divided: The Lincoln Memorial, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Politics of Memory, 1939-1963," Journal of American History 80 (June 1993): 137-138, 159.
582. Lucy Grace Barber, "Marches on Washington, 1894-1963: National Political Demonstrations and American Political Culture" (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1996), 363-465.
583. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 265-286;
584. Branch, Parting the Waters, 846-887;
585. Paula F. Pfeffer, A. Philip Randolph, Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press; 1990), 240-280.
586. Herbert Garfinkle, When Negroes March: The March on Washington Movement in the Organizational Politics for FEPC (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1959);
587. Barber, "Marches on Washington," 251-362.
588. Barber, "Marches on Washington," 444-447.
589. Sargent to Fales, August 28, 1963.
590. Sargent to Fales, August 28, 1963
591. Paris to Secretary of State, August 21, 1963
592. Sargent to Fales, August 28, 1963.
593. David Leeming, James Baldwin (New York: Alfred A. Knopf; 1994), 227-228;
594. Branch, Parting the Waters, 878-883;
595. Maxwell R. Brooks, "The March on Washington in Retrospect," Journal of Human Relations 12 (1964): 80
596. Martin Luther King Jr., "I Have a Dream," in A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr.; James M. Washington, ed. (New York: Harper Collins, 1986), 217-220.
597. United States Information Agency, "Worldwide Comment on the Washington Civil Rights March," September 6, 1963
598. United States Information Agency, "Worldwide Comment on the Washington Civil Rights March," September 6, 1963.
599. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 292-293.
600. "Racial Issues in the U.S.: Some Policy and Program Indications of Research,"March 14, 1966
601. Lyndon B. Johnson, "Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress," November 27, 1963
602. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-64 (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965), 1:8-9.
603. United States Information Agency, "Worldwide Reaction to the First Month of the Johnson Administration," December 24, 1963, p. 15
604. United States Information Agency, "Foreign Reaction to the Presidential Succession," December 6, 1963, p. 18
605. United States Information Agency, "Foreign Reaction to the Presidential Succession," December 6, 1963, p. 18
606. United States Information Agency, "Worldwide Reaction to the First Month of the Johnson Administration," December 24, 1963.
607. United States Information Agency, "Foreign Reaction to the Presidential Succession," December 6, 1963.
608. Hugh J. Parry, "America's Human Rights Image Abroad," February 26, 1964, p. 1
609. Robert Dallek, Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961-1973 (New York: Oxford University Press; 1998), 111-118;
610. Paul R. Henggeler, In His Steps: Lyndon Johnson and the KennedyMystique (Chicago: Ivan R.Dee, 1991), 113-115
611. Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: St. Martin's Griffin; 1976), 190-193;
612. James C. Harvey, Black Civil Rights During the Johnson Administration (Jackson: University and College Press of Mississippi; 1973), 3-7.
613. United States Information Agency, "Foreign Reaction to Senate Passage of Civil Rights Bill," June 29, 1964
614. Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960-1972 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 151-152.
615. United States Information Agency, "Foreign Reaction to Senate Passage of Civil Rights Bill," June 29, 1964
616. Peter Evans Kane, "The Senate Debate on the 1964 Civil Rights Act" (Ph.D. diss., Purdue University, 1967), 59.
617. United States Information Agency, "Foreign Reaction to Senate Passage of Civil Rights Bill," June 29, 1964.
618. Rowan to Johnson, June 23, 1964.
619. Rowan to Johnson, June 30, 1964
620. Lyndon B. Johnson, "Radio and Television Remarks Upon Signing the Civil Rights Bill," July 2, 1964
621. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-64, 1: 842-844.
622. Lyndon B. Johnson, "Radio and Television Remarks up on Signing the Civil Rights Bill," July 2, 1964
623. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-64, 2: 842-844;
624. George C. Herring, America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986), 119-123;
625. William Chafe, The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II (New York: Oxford University Press; 1986), 278-280.
626. Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s (Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1981), 111-115.
627. Allen J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A Story of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York: Harper and Row; 1984), 139.
628. The March (1964), RG 306.765
629. Nicholas J. Cull, "Auteurs of Ideology: USIA Documentary Film Propaganda in the Kennedy Era as Seen in Bruce Herschensohn's The Five Cities of June (1963) James Blue's The March(1964)," Film History 10 (1998): 298-310.
630. Cull, "Auteurs of Ideology," 306
631. Charles Guggenheim, Nine from Little Rock (1964), RG 306.05160, National Archives.
632. Martin Luther King Jr., "Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech," December 10, 1964
633. A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., James M. Washington, ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1986), 224-226;
634. David Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: William Morrow; 1986), 364-365;
635. Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years (New York: Simon and Schuster; 1988), 540-543.
636. Malcolm X, "The Ballot or the Bullet," April 3, 1964
637. Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements, George Breitman, ed. (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1965), 26, 35.
638. Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963-65 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998), 385-386.
639. Peter Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X, 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979), 217-218.
640. Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X, 208-217;
641. James Farmer, Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Arbor House; 1985), 228
642. Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X, 218-219.
643. Yohuru R. Williams, "American Exported Black Nationalism: The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the Black Panther Party, and theWorldwide Freedom Struggle, 1967-1972," Negro History Bulletin 60 (July 1997): 13-20;
644. James Forman, TheMaking of Black Revolutionaries (Seattle: University ofWashington Press; 1995), 481-492.
645. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 368.
646. David J. Garrow, Protest at Selma: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (New Haven: Yale University Press; 1978), 31-36;
647. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 380.
648. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 394-399.
649. Lyndon B. Johnson, "Special Message to the Congress: The American Promise," March 15, 1965
650. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965, 1:281.
651. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem andModern Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1944), lxix;
652. Johnson, "Special Message to the Congress," Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965, 1: 281-282.
653. Johnson, "Special Message to the Congress," Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965, 1:284.
654. United States Information Agency, "World Press Reaction to Selma," March 29, 1965, pp. 1-2
655. Voting Rights Act of 1965, U.S. Statutes at Large 79 (1965): 437-446;
656. Steven F. Lawson, Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944-1969 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976) 307-321, 334
657. Steven F. Lawson, In Pursuit of Power: Southern Blacks and Electoral Politics, 1965-1982 (New York: Columbia University Press; 1985), 14-15;
658. Graham, The Civil Rights Era, 171-173.
659. Kay Mills, This Little Light of Mine: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer (New York: Dutton; 1993), 163.
660. Lyndon B. Johnson, "Remarks in the Capitol Rotunda at the Signing of the Voting Rights Act," August 6, 1965
661. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965, 2: 840-843.
662. Michael S. Sherry, In The Shadow of War: The United States Since the 1930s (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press; 1995), 259-266.
663. Graham, The Civil Rights Era, 174-175;
664. Kenneth O'Reilly, Nixon's Piano: Presidents and Racial Politics from Washington to Clinton (New York: The Free Press; 1995), 256.
665. Gerald Horne, Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s (New York: Da Capo Press; 1997), 45-133;
666. Matusow, The Unraveling of America, 362
667. Lester A. Sobel, Civil Rights 1960-66 (New York: Facts on File; 1967), 306.
668. Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam Books; 1987), 242-260.
669. "Racial Issues in the U.S.: Some Policy and Program Indications of Research," March 14, 1966
670. Herring, America's Longest War, 170-185;
671. Chafe, The Unfinished Journey, 296-297.
672. Chafe, The Unfinished Journey, 273
673. Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster; 1995), 306-307.
674. William Julius Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1978), 144-154;
675. Horne, Fire This Time, 280-281.
676. Robert Penn Warren, Segregation: The Inner Conflict in the South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994);
677. George Gallup, The Gallup Poll 1935-1971, vol. 3 (New York: Random House, 1972), 1828, 1908, 1933-1938.
678. Harris v. McCrae, 448 U.S. 297 (1980);
679. City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc., 462 U.S. 416 (1983).
680. An exception to this general trend was a line of Warren Court era cases: Griffin v. Illinois, 351 U.S. 12 (1956)
681. Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections, 383 U.S. 663 (1960)
682. Matusow, The Unraveling of America, 363.
683. Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X, 275-278;
684. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 392-393, 623-624;
685. Gitlin, The Sixties, 305-313.
686. Carter, The Politics of Rage, 362-364.
687. O'Reilly, Nixon's Piano, 270-272.
688. United States Kerner Commission, The Kerner Report: The 1968 Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civilian Disorders (New York: Pantheon Books; 1988).
689. Lewis Chester, Godfrey Hodgson, Bruce Page, An American Melodrama: The Presidential Campaign of 1968 (New York: Viking Press, 1969), 294, 265;
690. O'Reilly, Nixon's Piano, 273-275.
691. Graham, The Civil Rights Era, 301-449.
692. James Baldwin, "Stranger in the Village," in Notes of a Native Son (Boston: Beacon Press, 1955), 175.
693. New York Times, April 10, 1968, pp. 1, 34
694. Newsweek, April 22, 1968, pp. 26, 31
695. Andrew Young, An Easy Burden: The Civil Rights Movement and the Transformation of America (New York: HarperCollins; 1996), 477-478.
696. John David Skrentny, "The Effect of the Cold War on African-American Civil Rights: America and the World Audience, 1945-1968," Theory and Society 27 (1998): 237-285;
697. Doug McAdam, "On the International Origins of Domestic Political Opportunities," in Social Movements and American Political Institutions, Anne Costain and Andrew McFarland, eds. (Lanham, Md.: Roman and Littlefield, 1988);
698. Philip A. Klinkner with Rogers M. Smith, The Unsteady March: The Rise and Decline of Racial Equality in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1999), 317-351.
699. Adolph Reed Jr., "The 'Black Revolution' and the Reconstitution of Domination," in Race, Politics and Culture: Critical Essays on the Radicalism of the 1960s, Adolph Reed Jr., ed. (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), 61-95.
700. David R. Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, rev. ed. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998).
701. Mary L. Dudziak, "Cold War Civil Rights: The Relationship Between Civil Rights and Foreign Affairs in the Truman Administration" (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1992), 201-209.
702. "Human Rights Records in the United States," Xinhua News Agency, March 1, 1999
703. Jackie Sam, "Human Rights Violations Acceptable Except Outside the United States," Hong Kong Standard, March 6, 1999, p. 11
704. Los Angeles Times, April 20, 1996, p. A16.
705. The Guardian (London), April 13, 1999, p. 12
706. Soering v. United Kingdom, 11 EHRR 439 (1989)
707. New York Times, February 9, 1999, p. B4
708. New York Times, February 16, 1999, p. B1
709. "Adams Isn't Boxing Clver [sic]," Belfast Telegraph, March 3, 1999.
710. Locksley G. E. Edmundson, "Africa and the African Diaspora: The Years Ahead," in Africa in World Affairs: The Next Thirty Years, Ali A. Mazrui and Hasu H. Patel, eds. (New York: The Third Press, 1973), 18
711. Martin Luther King, Jr., "Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution," A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., James Melvin Washington, ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1986), 277.