Reality television and arab politics: Contention in public life

Reality Television and Arab Politics: Contention in Public Life

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-253

  Kraidy, Marwan M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84924673616     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511814259     Document Type: Book

References (558)

1. ‘Abbas, Faisal (August 6, 2005). Satan’s academy. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic]
2. ‘Abbas, Faisal (June 18, 2006). Showtime president: Saudi television viewership rate higher than in Europe or North America. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
3. ‘Abbas, Faisal (August 9, 2007). Merger of Rotana and LBC channels: Shares to be offered on U.A.E. stock exchange. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
4. ‘Abbud, Ghada. (February 10, 2005). Teenagers sinking their teeth into new technology. Arab News. About Future TV, http://www.futuretvnetwork.com/Default.aspx?page=aboutus (accessed May 20, 2008).
5. ‘Abdullatif, Kamal (1999). Modernity and History: A Critical Dialogue with Some Questions in Arab Thought(Casablanca: Afriqia al-Sharq [Arabic]).
6. ‘Abdulrahim, Yahya and Jum‘a, ‘Imad (April 3, 2004). Sadness takes over the Kuwaiti Street. Al-Watan[Arabic].
7. Abou Nasr, Maya (February 4, 2004a). Competition is intense for slots on talent show’s 2nd season. Daily Star.
8. Abou Nasr, Maya (February 4, 2004b). Who wants to be a Superstar? 12,000 do. Daily Star.
9. Abukhalil, As‘ad (2003). The Battle for Saudi Arabia: Royalty, Fundamentalism, and Global Power(New York: Seven Stories Press).
10. Abukhalil, As‘ad (2008). Determinants and characteristics of Saudi role in Lebanon: The post-civil war years, in Kingdom without Borders: Saudi Arabia’s Political, Religious and Media Frontiers, ed. M. al-Rasheed (New York: Columbia University Press), 79–88.
11. Abuzeid, Rania (July 6, 2008). Alwaleed expands media empire. The National.
12. Abu-Lughod, Lila. (2005). Dramas of Nationhood(Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
13. Abushaybah, Khaled (April 17, 2005). Saudi youth danced into the morning hours in celebration of “Hisham the bulldozer.” Al-Hayat[Arabic].
14. Abuzaid, Muhammad (October 30, 2005). Computer disks… a new media to jump over taboos. Their stars are Osama Bin Laden, Sadat and video clip [female] artists. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
15. Adelkhah, Fariba (2000). Being Modern in Iran(New York: Columbia University Press).
16. Agnew, Richard (August 21, 2005). The Arabian kings of cash. Arabian Business.
17. Ahmed, Leila (1992). Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Current Debate(New Haven: Yale University Press).
18. ‘Akeel, Maha (January 10, 2005). Camera phones legal but individual restrictions apply. Arab News.
19. ‘Akoum, Caroline (December 17, 2006). Downtown Beirut… a theater for “reality TV” whose heroes are demonstrators and politicians and analysts. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
20. ‘Akoum, Caroline (August 13, 2007). Has the era of Arab media alliances arrived? Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
21. al-A‘ali, Muhammad (May 1, 2005). MPs may block reality show. Gulf Daily News.
22. al-Ahmad, Iqbal (September 14, 2003). Superstar’s MPs. Al-Qabas[Arabic].
23. al-Alawi, D. (January 12, 2003). Bahrain launches new TV channel. Gulf Daily News.
24. al-’Ariss, Ibrahim (April 9, 2007). Awareness. Al-Hayat [Arabic].
25. al-’Ariss, Ibrahim (July 11, 2007). What if… ? Al-Hayat [Arabic].
26. al-Atrash, Rasha (March 8, 2005). “Freedom Square”: “Zoom In” on Arab viewers. Assafir[Arabic].
27. al-Atrash, Rasha (March 9, 2005). In defense of “Zoom In.” Assafir[Arabic].
28. al-Atrash, Rasha (March 12, 2005). The new Future TV: One political battle… waged with many forms and programs. Assafir[Arabic].
29. al-Atrash, Rasha (July 20, 2005). Media Page Editor, Assafir, personal interview, Adma, Lebanon.
30. al-Atrash, Rasha (December 1, 2006). Television the Hailer… and the present inform the absent! Assafir[Arabic].
31. al-Azmeh, Aziz. (1993). Islams and Modernities(London: Verso).
32. al-Baba, Hakam (March 17, 2005). Wishing for a return to the pre-print era: How do Syrian media confront Syrian reality? Al-Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
33. al-Baba, Hakam (April 6, 2005). The Camera Rules the World: Star Academy for Arab leaders. Al-Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
34. al-Barazi, ‘Ayed and Muhammad, Ghada (September 11, 2003). A legislative Superstar threatens Information Minister with the platform and al-Tabtaba’i considers Lebanon a “source of silliness and spoiledness.” Al-Rai al-Aam.
35. al-Bishr, Badreiah. (April 19, 2005). Star Academy’s democracy. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
36. al-Bishr, Badreiah (2007). The “Tash Ma Tash” Battles: A Reading of the Prohibition Mentality in Saudi Society(Casablanca, Morocco, and Beirut, Lebanon: Arab Cultural Centre [Arabic]).
37. al-Bizri, Dalal (January 23, 2005). The truthful “reality” which is kept away from television screens. Al-Hayat[Arabic].
38. al-Dabib, Munira A. (March 11, 2005). These programs aim to destroy the social tissue, especially the youth. Al-Riyadh[Arabic].
39. al-Dakhil, Munira M. (February 27, 2005). Destructive Academy is harmful to the family. Al-Riyadh[Arabic].
40. al-Dawyan, Wafa’ M. (March 22, 2005). Star Academy: A sincere invitation to ikhtilat. Al-Riyadh[Arabic].
41. al-’Enezi, Hamed A. (March 19, 2005). Star Academy… the other terrorism. Al-Riyadh[Arabic].
42. al-Fadl, Nabil (September 22, 2003). Thank you Superstar. Al-Rai al-Aam[Arabic].
43. al-Fatwaki, Samir (August 30, 2005). A technique for manufacturing leaders. Al-Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
44. al-Ferzli, Elie (March 10, 2005). Televisual quality’s contagion. Assafir[Arabic].
45. Algerian television forced to shut down Star Academyafter widespread criticism in mosques (February 4, 2006). Al-Quds al-Arabi [Arabic].
46. al-Ghaneem, Muhammad (July 11, 2007). The bay’a’s second anniversary: Building foundations for a new stage of modernization and progress. Al-Riyadh[Arabic].
47. al-Ghaddhami, ‘Abdullah M. (2005). The Tale of Modernity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(Beirut and Casablanca: Arab Cultural Center [Arabic]).
48. al-Hadath (March 7, 2004). The Reality TV Phenomenon, Marwan Matni, Producer; Shada ‘Omar, Host. Adma, Lebanon: Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation [Arabic].
49. al-Hajiri, Quboul (January 9, 2007). King ‘Abdullah’s era opened spaces for the media. Elaph [Arabic].
50. al-Hamad, Turki (2001). Arab Culture in the Era of Globalization(Beirut and London: Al-Saqi [Arabic]).
51. al-Hamad, Turki (June 19, 2005). It is in the concept that all the meaning resides. Al-Bayan [Arabic].
52. al-Hekmi, Ibrahim (February 4, 2006). Shahd Barmada: I am participating in an artistic program unrelated to politics. Al-Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
53. al-Hekmi is Superstar for 2006. (February 7, 2006). Assafir[Arabic].
54. al-Humaydan, Sawsan (May 15, 2005). Crisis hits Saudi homes because of television shows coinciding with final exams. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
55. al-Hussaini, Amira (May 3, 2005). MPs simply won’t give up fretting over petty issues. Gulf Daily News.
56. al-Ibrahim, Walid (March 7, 2008). Al-Ruba’i… names “al-Arabiya” and departed. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
57. al-Jabban, Munir (February 20, 2004). Star Academy channel… ideas for dialogue. Asharq al-awsat[Arabic].
58. al-Jacques, Sana’ (January 23, 2004). Star Academy on LBC “represents reality” with amateurs but with outstanding professionalism. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
59. al-Jacques, Sana’ (August 13, 2004). The equation merges geography and economics in rumor wars: Superstar 2 between the authenticity of the voice and the majority of votes. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
60. al-Jacques, Sana’ (August 12, 2007). Pierre Al-Daher: “Sheikh”… and “Godfather.” Asharq al- Awsat[Arabic].
61. al-Jallad, Majdi (July 9, 2008). The Law to “slaughter” satellite television… and Facebook! Al-Masry al-Youm[Arabic].
62. al-Jammal, Gaby (March 10, 2005). Phenomena that do not found new Lebanon. Assafir [Arabic].
63. al-Jasem, Waleed J. (April 6, 2004). If I were a clergyman. Al-Watan[Arabic].
64. al-Khammash, Faisal (January 17, 2007). After he announced partial solutions to stock market problems… Michel Hayek’s predictions attract the attention of Saudis Al- Hayat [Arabic].
65. al-Khairy, Amina (December 8, 2006). National “Reputation.” Al-Hayat[Arabic].
66. al-Khoury, Sylvana (March 18, 2005). The original and the copy/image. Annahar[Arabic].
67. al-Khudr, Muhammad (February 4, 2006)…. And Syrians are unfazed. Al-Hayat[Arabic].
68. al-Madhoun, Rassem (July 19, 2006). War… The most widespread and most credible reality TV. Al-Hayat[Arabic].
69. al-Majid, Hamad (June 20, 2005). Islamists and Liberals: They share the blame… ! Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
70. al-Makaty, Safran S., Douglas A. Boyd, and G. N. Van Tubergen (2000). A Q study of reactions to Direct Broadcast Satellite television programming in Saudi Arabia, in Civic Discourse and Digital Age Communications in the Middle East, ed. L. A. Gher and H. Y. Amin (Stamford, CT: Ablex, 2000), 191–206.
71. al-Maraj, Rasheed Muhammad (January 10, 2008). Vigorous economic growth in Bahrain. Speech by His Excellency Rasheed Muhammad Al Maraj, Governor of the Central Bank of Bahrain, at the Strategic Forum on the Bilateral Trade and Investment Opportunities in Banking and Finance, London.
72. al-Mashnouq, Nuhad (March 27, 2006). Listen to me, O rida. Assafir[Arabic].
73. al-Matayri, Amal Muhammad (February 28, 2004). Star Academy: An attempt to inculcate Western traditions in the selves of Muslims. Al-Watan[Arabic].
74. al-Matrafi, S. (April 22, 2005). Star Academy winner told to leave Riyadh. Arab News.
75. al-Mesh’el, Muhammed Nasser (April 5, 2004). Star Academy… An art of moral decadence. Al-Watan[Arabic].
76. al-Mezel, Muhammad (March 2, 2004). Bahrainis split on reality TV show. Gulf News [Arabic].
77. al-Mousawi, Sayyid Diya’ (March 19, 2005). Bahraini democracy, pros and cons. Al- Hayat [Arabic].
78. al-Mughni, Haya (Jan.–Mar. 1996). Women’s organizations in Kuwait, Middle East Report198: 32–5.
79. al-Mughni, Haya (2000). Women’s movements and the autonomy of civil society in Kuwait, in Feminist Approaches to Social Movements, Community and Power, vol. 1, Conscious Acts: The Politics of Social Change, ed. R. L. Teske and M. A. Tétreault (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press), 170–87.
80. al-Mughni, Haya (2001). Women in Kuwait: The Politics of Gender(London: Al-Saqi.).
81. al-Mughni, Hala and Tétreault, Mary Ann (2004). Engagement in the public sphere: Women and the press in Kuwait, in Women and Media in the Middle East: Power through Self-Expression, ed. N. Sakr, (London: I. B. Tauris. Al-Musawi), 120–37.
82. al-Munajjid, Muhammad S. (March 19, 2004). Satan Academy [akademiyat al-Shaytan wal-Superstar], http://www.islamway.com/?iw_s=Lesson&iw_a=view&lesson_id=28385 (accessed March 30, 2005).
83. al-Musawi, Muhsin J. (2006). Arab Poetry: Trajectories of Modernity and Tradition(London: Routledge).
84. al-Na‘amy, Saleh (April 23, 2005). Eye on Palestine… a look at human life. Asharq Al- Awsat[Arabic].
85. al-Najmi, Hassan (March 24, 2005). “Are you happy now? Muhammad ‘Attiya sings for Diana Carzon.” Al-Riyadh[Arabic].
86. al-Nakt Rahme, Zakiyya (March 17, 2005). Audiovisual media cover the opposition in its independence uprising (Independence Intifada) and “spaces” more heated than demonstrations [Investigation]. Annahar[Arabic].
87. al-Osaimi, Najah (April 17, 2005). Saudi wins Star Academy 05 Contest. Arab News.
88. al-Qabah, Ranim (February 8, 2005). Victory goes to the Saudi… And to the Syrians the thanks of voters. Al-Hayat[Arabic].
89. al-Qahs, Muhhamed Faleh (March 23, 2004). Star Academy made Islamic societies poised to fall and suffering from old age (al-kuhula). Al-Watan[Arabic].
90. al-Qassem, Anwar (February 24, 2005). Will Syrian media get out of the cave? Al-Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
91. al-Rashed, Abdelrahman (October 12, 2005). The fatwa crisis. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
92. al-Rasheed, Madawi (1998). The Shi‘a of Saudi Arabia: A minority in search of cultural authenticity, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies21 (5): 121–38.
93. al-Rasheed, M. (2002). A History of Saudi Arabia(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
94. al-Rasheed, M (2007). Contesting the Saudi State: Islamic Voices from a New Generation(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
95. al-Rasheed, M (April 12, 2008). The Saudi sect joins Lebanon’s seventeen sects. Al-Quds al- Arabi[Arabic].
96. al-Rasheed, M, ed. (2008). Kingdom without Borders: Saudi Arabia’s Political, Religious and Media Frontiers(New York: Columbia University Press).
97. al-Roomi, Samar (2007). Women, blogs and political power in Kuwait, in New Media in the New Middle East, ed. P. Seib (New York: Palgrave Macmillan), 139–55.
98. al-Rshaid, Aisha (August 12, 2004). Who is Super Star of the Arabs in 2004: Yasir ‘Arafat or Muammar al-Qaddhafi? Al-Watan[Arabic].
99. al-Rshaid, Aisha. Journalist, Al-Watan, personal interview, Kuwait, November 16, 2006.
100. al-Ruba’i, Ahmad (March 23, 2005). The Kuwaiti “Battle” over Star Academy. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
101. al-Shammari, Nuwayr Sa‘d (March 23, 2004). Corruption Academy. Al-Watan[Arabic].
102. al-Shammari, Sa‘d (May 18, 2004). Kuwait: Restraints on concerts prohibit dancing. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
103. al-Shammari, Sa‘d (May 8, 2004). Star Academycrisis threatens the future of Kuwait’s information minister and its repercussions may lead to a cabinet reshuffle by the end of the month. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
104. al-Shammari, Sa‘d (October 3, 2004). Star Academy increases opportunities to interrogate Kuwait’s information minister. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
105. al-Shatti, Salem (February 17, 2004). Muhammed Al-Tabtaba’i to “son Bashar”: Go back to your parents and do not be an instrument in the hands of religion’s enemy with which they strike at Islam. Al-Rai al-Aam[Arabic].
106. al-Shawwa, Maher (2005). “Star Academy 2”: A patriotic “prime” and the exit of Syrian Joey Bassous. Mulhaq-Annahar[Arabic].
107. al-Shawwa, Maher (August 1, 2005). Journalist, Dalil Annahar, personal interview, Beirut, Lebanon.
108. al-Sweel, Farah (July 26, 2008). Turkish soap opera flop takes Arab world by storm. Riyadh: Reuters.
109. al-Tabtaba’i: Celebrating Star Academy sends the wrong message to Kuwaiti youth. (2004, April 4). Al-Qabas[Arabic].
110. Alterman, Jon (1998) New media, new politics? Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
111. al-Za‘ir, Sa‘id M. (2008). Television and Social Change in Developing Countries(Beirut: Dar Wa Maktabat al-Hilal and Jeddah: Dar al-Shuruq [Arabic]).
112. al-Zaidi, Mufid (2003). The al-Jazeera Channel: Breaking Taboos in the Arabic Media Space(Beirut: Dar-al-Tali’a [Arabic]).
113. al-Zayn, Hassan (February 17, 2005). “Reality TV” in political spectacle. Assafir[Arabic].
114. Amin, Hussein and Boyd, Douglas A. (1994). The development of direct broadcast satellite television to and within the Middle East, Journal of South Asian and Middle East StudiesXVIII (2): 37–50.
115. Analysis: Saudi rulers ease their grip on the media, BBC Monitoring Media Services, May 28, 2004. London: British Broadcasting Corporation.
116. An Arab idol is crowned (August 30, 2004). New York Times, 8.
117. Anderson, Benedict (1993). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism(London: Verso).
118. Andrejevic, Mark (2004). Reality TV: The Work of Being Watched(Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield).
119. Andrejevic, Mark (2006). Reality TV is undemocratic. Flow, http://flowtv.org/?p=11 (accessed October 1, 2006).
120. Anta Wal Hadath and the Ramadan drama crisis (September 20, 2007). Al-Riyadh[Arabic].
121. Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press).
122. Arab “Big Brother” seen as American plot: Reality-TV opponents say U.S. seeking takeover by infiltrating minds (May 6, 2004). WorldNetDaily.com
123. Arab idol a battle of nations (August 13, 2003). Beirut: Associated Press.
124. Arab Media in the Information Age(2006). Abu Dhabi: The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research.
125. Arab network suspends Big Brother show(March 2, 2004). Manama, Bahrain: MSANET and News Agencies.
126. Arab television channels attack Zoghbi poll and consider it manipulated (January 1, 2006). Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
127. Armbrust, Walter, (1996). Mass Culture and Modernism in Egypt(New York: Cambridge University Press).
128. Aslama, Minna and Mervi Pantti, M. (2006). Talking alone: Reality TV, emotions and authenticity, European Journal of Cultural Studies9 (2): 167–84.
129. ‘Atef, Muhammad (January 31, 2007). Saudi singer Wa‘d: I offered a song to Lebanese television so they asked to delete scenes depicting Hassan Nasrallah and I refused! Al-Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
130. ‘Awwad, Mayssa (February 6, 2005). No “reality” outside the academy.
131. Ayish, Muhammad I. (1997). Arab television goes commercial: A case study of the Middle East Broadcasting Center, Gazette: The International Journal for Communication Studies59: 473–94.
132. ‘Ayntrazi, Tariq (December 20, 2005). General Manager, Future TV, personal interview, Dubai, UAE.
133. Ayoub, Sabah (February 7, 2006). When reality turns against the image. Assafir[Arabic].
134. ‘Azour, Salim (December 23, 2006). Transcontinental Saudi influence! Al-Quds al- Arabi [Arabic].
135. Baaklini, Abdo (1978). The Kuwaiti legislature as ombudsman: The legislative committee on petitions and complaints, Legislative Studies Quarterly3 (2): 293–307.
136. Badi, Ibrahim (January 22, 2006). Is it a conspiracy … or reality? Al-Hayat[Arabic].
137. Badi, Ibrahim (February 14, 2006). Where is new television technology taking us? … Viewers are now able to retrieve broadcasts they miss. Al-Hayat[Arabic].
138. Badi, Ibrahim (December 16, 2006). “Gulf Pages” follows “Live with Us” in Beirut … Saudis behind the cameras … anchors or emigrants? Al-Hayat[Arabic].
139. Badr, Anwar (2005). Mehdi Dakhlallah himself was considered to sing beyond the group! Syrian media out of its epoch … and banning publications continues. Al- Quds al-Arabi [Arabic].
140. Bahrain bids farewell to Star Academy 4 (January 21, 2007). Al-Hayat[Arabic].
141. Bahrain Economic Development Board 2008, http://www.bahrainfs.com (accessed April 28, 2008).
142. Bahrain MPs seek to grill minister on reality TV show (February 26, 2004). Gulf News, http://www.gulf-news.com/(accessed March 1, 2004).
143. Bahrain refuses to grant mobile phone jamming licenses to mosques (February 22, 2006). Al-Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
144. Bahry, Louay (May 1997). The opposition in Bahrain: A Bellwether for the Gulf ? Middle East Policy5 (2): 42.
145. Bahry, Louay (2000). The socioeconomic foundations of the Shiite opposition in Bahrain, Mediterranean Quarterly(Summer): 129–43.
146. Baji, Ali (March 8, 2004). 80% of citizens watch Star Academy. Al-Qabas[Arabic].
147. Bakhtin, Mikhail (1981). The Dialogical Imagination: Four Essays, ed. M. Holquist and trans. C. Emerson and M. Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press).
148. Bannout, Hiyam (March 13, 2005). Life at Future TV after al-Hariri “Frame Without Image.” Al-Ra’i al-Aam. [Arabic].
149. Baqer, Muhammad (September 22, 2003). Aisha Al-Rshaid: I say to al-muta’aslemeen: You aptly failed!! … and you are not the National Assembly’s people. Al-Watan[Arabic].
150. Baqer, Ya‘coub Ahmad (April 2, 2004). Star Academy … and the Western invasion. Al- Qabas[Arabic].
151. Barnett, Michael (1998). Dialogues in Arab Politics(New York: Columbia University Press).
152. Bassam, Camillia (June 4, 2005). Reality TV … and realism. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
153. Because of their political activities, Israel considers Nancy and Maria and Haifa to pose a danger. Al-Arabiya.net (September 14, 2005).
154. Belqziz, ‘Abdullah (2007). The Arabs and Modernity: A Study in the Writings of the Modernists(Beirut: Center for Arab Unity Studies [Arabic]).
155. Bennett, W. Lance (2005a). News as reality TV: Election coverage and the democratization of truth, Critical Studies in Media Communication22 (2): 171–7.
156. Bennett, W. Lance (2005b). Beyond pseudoevents: Election news as reality TV, American Behavioral Scientist49 (3): 364–78.
157. Bennett, W. Lance (2008). Changing citizenship in the digital age, in Civic Life Online: Learning How Digital Media Can Engage Youth, ed. L. Bennett (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 1–24.
158. Bennis, Muhammad (2004). Fractured Modernity(Casablanca: Toubqal Press [Arabic]).
159. Big Brother opener sparks controversy (April 2004). Arabian Business59–60: 60.
160. Bilal, Najeh (April 14, 2004). University students: Star Academy is dangerous and silly … But we are fed up on serious and boring political programs. Al-Siyassah[Arabic].
161. Biltereyst, Daniel (2004). Big Brother and its moral guardians: Reappraising the role of intellectuals in the Big Brother panic, in Big Brother International: Formats, Critics and Publics, ed. E. Mathjis and J. Jones (London: Wallflower Press), 9–15.
162. Blanford, Nicholas (2006). Killing Mr. Lebanon: The Assassination of Rafik Hariri and its Impact on the Middle East(London and New York: I.B. Tauris).
163. Blanks, Jonah (2001). Mullahs on the Mainframe(Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
164. Bluetooth in Saudi Arabia prospers in lost time (February 10, 2005). Al-Hayat[Arabic].
165. Bolter, Jay David and Grusin, Richard (1999). Remediation: Understanding New Media(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
166. Boorstin, Daniel (1961). The Image – Or What Happened to the American Dream(London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson).
167. Borgmann, Albert (1999). Holding on to Reality: The Nature of Information at the Turn of the Millennium(Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
168. Bouhaji, Hana’ (February 28, 2004). Islamists demonstrate in Bahrain against al-Ra’is and request its shutdown. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
169. Bou Nassar, Joseph (August 10, 2005). Media Editor, Annahar, personal interview, Beirut.
170. Bourdieu, Pierre (1996). Sur la télévision(Paris: Raisons d’Agir Éditions).
171. Boyd, Douglas A. (1970). Saudi Arabian television, Journal of Broadcasting15 (1): 73–8.
172. Boyd, Douglas A. (1971). Saudi Arabian television, Journal of Broadcasting15 (1): 73–8.
173. Boyd, Douglas A. (1980). Saudi Arabian broadcasting: Radio and television in a wealthy Islamic state, Middle East Review12 (4)/13 (1): 20–7.
174. Boyd, Douglas A. (1991). Lebanese broadcasting: Unofficial electronic media during a prolonged civil war, Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media35 (3): 269–87.
175. Boyd, Douglas A. (1999). Broadcasting in the Arab world: A survey of the electronic media in the Middle East, 2nd ed (Ames: Iowa State University Press).
176. Boyd, Douglas A. (2001) “Saudi Arabia’s international media strategy: Influence through multinational ownership,” in Mass Media, Politics and Society in the Middle East, ed. K. Hafez (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press), 43–60.
177. Boyd, Douglas A. and Najai, A.M. (1984). Adolescent television viewing in Saudi Arabia, Journalism Quarterly61 (2): 295–301, 351.
178. Brand, Laurie A. (1994a). Economics and shifting alliances: Jordan’s relations with Syria and Iraq, 1975–81, International Journal of Middle East Studies26 (3): 393–413.
179. Brand, Laurie A. (1994b). Jordan’s Inter-Arab Relations: The Political Economy of Alliance-Making(New York: Columbia University Press).
180. Braude, Joseph (October 5, 2006). Rock the Casbah, Radar Magazine, http://www.radar online.com/features/2006/10/the_prince_of_pop.php (accessed November 1, 2007).
181. Brooks, Peter (1976). The Melodramatic Imagination: Balzac, Henry James, Melodrama, and the Mode of Excess(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).
182. Brubaker, Rogers (1996). Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
183. Budangji, Fatin (February 15, 2008). Dialogue or no dialogue? That’s the real question. Arab News.
184. Burke, Kenneth (1970). Language as Symbolic Action(Berkeley: University of California Press).
185. Cantellli, Fabrizio and Paye, Olivier (2004). Star Academy: un objet pour la science politique? In Star Academy: Un objet pour les sciences sociales?, ed. Yves Cartuyvels (Bruxelles, Belgique: Publications des Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis), 65–89.
186. Cartuyvels, Yves, ed. (2004). Star Academy: Un objet pour les sciences sociales?(Bruxelles, Belgique: Publications des Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis).
187. Censure: La LBCI en appelle au conseil d’état (March 28, 1997). L’Orient-Le Jour.
188. Charland, Maurice (1987). Constitutive rhetoric: The case of the Peuple Québécois, Quarterly Journal of Speech73 (2): 133–50.
189. Chayban, Badih. (August 25, 2003). LBCI celebrates 18th anniversary with prominent media figures. Daily Star.
190. Choueiri: It’s time to raise ad spending (December 3, 2006). Campaign Middle East.
191. Cochrane, Peter (October 2007). Saudi Arabia’s media influence, Arab Media and Society, http://www.arabmediasociety.com/articles/downloads/20071001153449_AMS3_Paul_Cochrane.pdf (accessed November 1, 2007).
192. Cole, Juan R. I. (1998). Modernity at the Millennium: The Genesis of the Baha’i Faith in the Nineteenth-Century Middle East(New York: Columbia University Press).
193. Coleman, Stephen (2006). How the other half votes: Big Brother viewers and the 2005 British General Election Campaign, International Journal of Cultural Studies9 (4): 457–79.
194. Coleman, Stephen (2007a). From big brother to Big Brother: Two faces of interactive engagement, in Young Citizens and New Media: Learning for Democratic Participation, ed. Peter Dahlgren (New York: Routledge), 21–39.
195. Coleman, Stephen (2007b). How democracies have disengaged from young people, in Young Citizens in the Digital Age: Political Engagement, Young People and New Media, ed. Brian Loader (London: Routledge), 166–85.
196. Communiqué by the Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation (March 24, 1994). The Beirut Review7: 167.
197. Corner, John (2002). Performing the real: Documentary diversions, Television and New Media3 (3): 255–69.
198. Couldry, Nick (2002). Playing for celebrity: Big Brother as a ritual event, Television and New Media3 (3): 283–93.
199. Couldry, Nick (2003). Media Rituals: A Critical Approach(London: Routledge).
200. Couldry, Nick (2004). Liveness, “reality,” and the mediated habitus from television to the mobile phone, The Communication Review7: 353–61.
201. Couldry, Nick and Tim Markham (2007). Celebrity culture and public connection: Bridge or chasm? International Journal of Cultural Studies10 (4): 403–21.
202. Country profile: Saudi Arabia (July 28, 2006), http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/791936.stm (accessed December 30, 2006), London: British Broadcasting Corporation.
203. Crystal, Jill and Abdallah al-Shayeji (1998). The Pro-democratic agenda in Kuwait: Structure and context, in Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World, vol. 2, ed. Bahjat Korany, Rex Brynen, and Paul Noble (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner), 101–26.
204. Dabbous-Sensenig, Dima (2006). To veil or not to veil: Gender and religion on Al-Jazeera’s Islamic Law and Life, Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture3 (2): 60–85.
205. Dahlgren, Peter (1995) Television and the Public Sphere(London: Sage).
206. Dahlgren, Peter (2006). Doing citizenship: The cultural origins of civic agency in the public sphere, European Journal of Cultural Studies9 (3): 267–86.
207. Dahlgren, Peter (2009). Media and Political Engagement: Citizens, Communication and Democracy(New York: Cambridge University Press).
208. Dakhlallah: Syria has a promising future and its media in transition from dirigiste to purposeful (November 16, 2004). Al-Hayat[Arabic].
209. Dalla, Fadia (March 10, 2005). Reality TV … an Eastern execution with a Western ethos. Al-Bayan[Arabic].
210. Darrous, Sabine (1998). Franjieh orders big shake-up of LBCI politics. New, non-Christian staff may be added to station’s news team. Daily Star.
211. Darrous, Sabine (October 2, 2000). Storm swirls around LBCI as Franjieh turns screws to bring station to heel. Daily Star.
212. Davies, Fiona (2004). Al-Rais has fallen silent (Geneva: European Broadcasting Union).
213. Dayan, Daniel and Elihu Katz (1992). Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
214. Deeb, Lara. (2006). An Enchanted Modern(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
215. Deibert, Ronald J. (1997). Parchment, Printing, and Hypermedia: Communication in World Order Transformation(New York: Columbia University Press).
216. Dekmejian, Richard (2003). The liberal impulse in Saudi Arabia, The Middle East Journal57 (3): 381–99.
217. Delli Carpini, Michael and Bruce Williams (2001). Let us infotain you, in Mediated Politics, ed. L. Bennett and R. Entman (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press), 160–81.
218. Dick, Marlin (November 28, 1998). LBCI says it will haul public into revolutionary age of digital TV. Daily Star.
219. Diab, Wafa’i (January 2, 2004). The year of infiraj, realism and disasters. Asharq al-Awsat.
220. Doumato, Eleanor A. (1992). Gender, monarchy and national identity in Saudi Arabia, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies19 (1): 31–47.
221. Eddy, William (1963). King Ibn Sa’ud: Our faith and your iron, Middle East Journal17 (3): 257–63.
222. Edelman, Murray (1995). From Art to Politics: How Artistic Creations Shape Political Conceptions(Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
223. Eickelman, Dale F. (1998). Inside the Islamic reformation, Wilson Quarterly22 (1): 80–9.
224. Eickelman, Dale F. (2000). Islam and the language of modernity, Daedelus129 (1): 119–35.
225. Eisenstadt, S. N. (2000). Multiple modernities, Daedelus129 (1): 6.
226. Elias, Hanna Elias (1993). La presse arabe(Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose).
227. El-Nawawy Mohammed and Adel Iskandar (2002). Al-Jazeera: How the Free Arab News Network Scooped the World and Changed the Middle East(Boulder, CO: Westview).
228. El-Oifi, Mohamed (December 2006). Voyage au coeur des quotidiens panarabes, Le Monde Diplomatique.
229. Elster, Jon, ed. (1998). Deliberative Democracy(New York: Cambridge University Press).
230. Erlanger, Steven (August 22, 2004). Palestinian carries a tune and the hope of his people. The New York Times, 10.
231. Et maintenant … la censure préventive (March 29, 1997). L’Orient-Le Jour.
232. Fakher, Muhammad (April 20, 2004). University students: Bashar is a national symbol and his victory is a triumph for Kuwait. Al-Qabas[Arabic].
233. Family Battle! (March 6, 2004). Al-Qabas[Arabic].
234. Fandy, Mamoun (1999). Saudi Arabia and the Politics of Dissent(New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
235. Fattah, Hassan (March 8, 2005). Pro-Syria party in Beirut holds a huge protest. The New York Times, A1.
236. Fatwa on Star Academy(2004). Standing Committee for Scientific Research and the Issuing of Fatwas. Medina: Saudi Arabia.
237. Fatwas did not affect the popularity of Star Academy(April 5, 2004). Al-Qabas[Arabic].
238. Fawwaz, ‘Ali (August 25, 2008). Saudi cinema gambles on the future. Al-Akhbar[Arabic].
239. Felski, Rita (1995). The Gender of Modernity(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
240. First young woman to win the title … Shadha Hassoun Triumphs for Iraq in Star Academy 4 (April 2, 2007). Al-Hayat[Arabic].
241. Fiske, John (1996). Media Matters(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press).
242. Fordham, Alice (August 15, 2008). Bombs and Botox in Beirut. Times Online, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guests_contrib (accessed August 15, 2008).
243. Francis, Tony (July 18, 2007). Media … in Arabic. Al-Hayat[Arabic].
244. Frierson, Elizabeth B. (2004). Gender, consumption and patriotism: The emergence of an Ottoman public sphere, in Public Islam and the Common Good, ed. A. Salvatore and D. F. Eickelman (Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill), 99–125.
245. Future TV showed them and they went to Al-Manar to clarify: Two youth confirm they are Lebanese (March 12, 2005). Assafir[Arabic].
246. Gabler, Neil (1998). Life the Movie: How Entertainment Conquered Reality(New York: Knopf).
247. Gambill, Gary C. and Ziad K. Abdelnour (2002). Prince Al-Walid bin Talal, Saudi Billionaire, Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, 4 (9), http: www.meib.org/articles/0209_med1.htm (accessed November 1, 2007).
248. Gaonkar, Dilip P. (1999). On alternative modernities, Public Culture11 (1): 1–18.
249. García-Canclini, Nestor (1994). Hybrid Cultures: Strategies for Entering and Leaving Modernity(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press).
250. García-Canclini, Nestor (1998). Consumers and Citizens: Multicultural Conflicts in Globalization(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press).
251. Gelvin, James (1999). Modernity and its discontents: On the durability of nationalism in the Arab Middle East, Nations and Nationalisms5 (1): 71–89.
252. Ghabra, Shafeeq (1997). Kuwait and the dynamics of socio-economic change, Middle East Journal51 (3): 358–72.
253. Ghosn, Zaynab (March 18, 2005). Free-to-air channels pull the rug from under encrypted channels. Assafir[Arabic].
254. Giddens, Anthony (1990). The Consequences of Modernity(Palo Alto: Stanford University Press).
255. Gillespie, Michael A. (2008). The Theological Origins of Modernity(Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
256. Girard, Laurence (November 6, 2001). MBC, la pionnière des chaînes arabes, quitte Londres, Le Monde.
257. Göle, Nilüfer. (2000). Snapshots of Islamic modernities, Daedelus129 (1): 91–117.
258. Green Light: A reality show of another kind (June 1, 2005). Al-Riyadh[Arabic].
259. Gruzinski, Serge (1999). La Pensée Métisse(Paris: Fayard).
260. Guaybess, Tourya (2003). De L’État Émetteur a L’Émetteur État dans le Champ. Télévisuel Égyptien, in Mondialisation et nouveaux médias dans l’espace arabe, ed. F. Mermier (Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose), 103–23.
261. Habeas, Abed (August 23, 2004). Palestinian singing finalist tunes into nationalism. Boston Globe.
262. Habermas, Jürgen (1998). Between Facts and Norms(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
263. Habib, Osama (December 3, 2003). Alwaleed buys large stake in LBC SAT. Daily Star.
264. Habib, Vicky (November 19, 2004). Dreams TV after the reality TV storm abates … what if television can fulfill your wishes? Al-Hayat[Arabic].
265. Habib, Vicky (January 7, 2005). Politics and the misery of reality are television’s two stars. Al-Hayat[Arabic].
266. Habib, Vicky (July 19, 2005). Media Reporter and Critic, Al-Hayat, personal interview, Beirut, Lebanon.
267. Habib, Vicky (August 6, 2007). From “closer to reality” to “so that you know more”… Al-Arabiya changes its motto while insisting that its professional essence does not change. Al-Hayat[Arabic].
268. Haddad, Viviane (March 8, 2005). French language colors conversations and songs in Star Academy. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
269. Habib, Vicky (April 23, 2005). A new wave of Arab reality TV shows poised to be launched. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
270. Habib, Vicky (September 17, 2006). Lebanese satellite channels compete for Saudi media personalities. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
271. Hafez, Kai, ed. (2008). Introduction to Arab Media: Power and Weakness(New York: Continuum), 1–16.
272. Hajj-‘Abdi, Ibrahim (April 28, 2005). Diana Jabbour: Why don’t we turn the screen into a bridge between citizens and the state? Al-Hayat[Arabic].
273. Hammond, Andrew (August 9, 2007). Saudi media empire tries to counter opposition. Riyadh: Reuters.
274. Hammond, Andrew (October 2007). Saudi Arabia’s media empire: Keeping the masses at home, Arab Media and Society, http://www.arabmediasociety.com/articles/downloads/20071001152622_AMS3_Andrew_Hammond.pdf.
275. Hammoud, ‘Abdulhalim (2008). Reality TV: Humans in the Cage of the Image(Beirut: Dar al-Hadi [Arabic]).
276. Hamzawy, Amr (2006). The Saudi labyrinth: Evaluating the current political opening. Carnegie Papers on Democracy and Rule of Law, 68(Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace).
277. Hartley, John (2007). “Reality” and the Plebiscite, in Politicotainment: Television’s Take on the Real, ed. K. Riegert (New York: Peter Lang), 21–58.
278. Haugbolle, Sune (2006). Spatial transformations in the Lebanese “Independence Intifada,” Arab Studies QuarterlyXIV (2): 60–77.
279. Haydar, Diya’ (February 28, 2005). A “painful event” produces “patriotic night.” Assafir[Arabic].
280. Haydar, Diya’ (March 9, 2005). Al-Manar is mother of the bride and Future TV last well wisher. Assafir[Arabic].
281. Hayek, Georges (February 25, 2005). Televisual division! Annahar[Arabic].
282. Hazin, Ghassan (April 19, 2005). When reality and reality TV collide. Al-Hayat[Arabic].
283. Hermes, Joke (2005). Re-reading Popular Culture(Oxford: Blackwell).
284. Hermes, Joke and Dahlgren, Peter (2006). Cultural studies and citizenship, European Journal of Cultural Studies9 (3): 259–65.
285. Hervieu-Léger, D. (2003). Pour une sociologie des “modernités religieuses multiples”: une autre approche de la “religion invisible” des sociétés européennes, Social Compass50 (3): 287–95.
286. Hicks, Neil and al-Najjar, Ghanim (1995). The utility of tradition: Civil society in Kuwait, in Civil Society in the Middle East, vol. 1, ed. A. R. Norton (Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill), 186–213.
287. Higgins, Andrew (May 11, 2005). Royal flush: After high hopes, democracy project in Bahrain falters; Gulf kingdom reverses course as calls for change swell; lessons for the Middle East; a web site rallies opposition. Wall Street Journal, A1.
288. Hill, Annette (2002). Big Brother: The real audience, Television and New Media3 (3): 323–40.
289. Hill, Annette (2005). Reality TV: Audiences and Popular Factual Television(London: Routledge).
290. Hill, Annette and Palmer, G. (2002). Editorial: Big Brother, Television and New Media3 (3): 251–4.
291. Hisham is arrested in Riyadh (April 22, 2005). Assafir[Arabic].
292. Holmes, Su (2004). “But this time you choose!” Approaching the “interactive” audience in reality TV, International Journal of Cultural Studies7 (2): 213–31.
293. Hourani, Albert (1983). Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age: 1789–1939(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
294. How to spend it. (April 24, 2008). The Economist.
295. Huwayli, ‘Ali (January 12, 2006). Lebanon’s uniqueness in the Arab media system. Al- Hayat[Arabic].
296. Ibrahim, Youssef M. (June 29, 1992). Saudis pursue media acquisitions, gaining influence in the Arab world. New York Times, D8.
297. Ida’at: Dr. Aliya Sh’ayb (October 20, 2004). Turki Al-Dakhil, host. Dubai: Al-Arabiya [Arabic].
298. In spite of fatwas prohibiting it Arab youth are saying: Yes to Star Academy (April 4, 2004). Al-Siyassah[Arabic].
299. Issa, Hanadi (July 19, 2005). Laha Magazine, personal interview, Beirut, Lebanon.
300. ‘Itani, Samir (March 18, 2005). “War of slogans” hotter than demonstrations. Al-Bayan [Arabic].
301. Jaber, Hala (August 17, 2003). Army called out as pop idol starts battle in Beirut. Sunday Times, 25.
302. Jackson, John Jr. (2008) Racial Paranoia: The Unintended Consequences of Political Correctness(New York: Basic Books).
303. Jacobs, Sue (2007). Big Brother, Africa is watching, Media, Culture and Society29 (6): 851–68.
304. Jamal, Amani and Mark Tessler (2008). Attitudes in the Arab World, Journal of Democracy19 (1), http://www.arabbarometer.org/reports/democbarometers.pdf (accessed December 1, 2008).
305. James, Laura (2006). Whose voice? Nasser, the Arabs and “Sawt al-Arab” radio, Transnational Broadcasting Journal, 16, http://www.tbsjournal.comh/James.html (accessed November 1, 2008)
306. Jaza’iri, Muhammad (April 9, 2005). Al-Manama: Capital of youth contradictions. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
307. Jost, François (2007a). L’empire du Loft(Paris: La Dispute).
308. Jost, François (2007b). Le culte du banal. De Duchamp à la télé-réalité(Paris: CNRS).
309. Jost, François, and Muzet, Denis (2008). Le Téléprésident: Essai sur un pouvoir médiatique(Paris: L’Aube).
310. Judge hears arguments in LBCI case (February 27, 2001). Daily Star.
311. Kandiyoti, Deniz (1994). Identity and its discontents: Women and the nation, in Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader, ed. P. Williams and L. Christman (New York: Columbia University Press).
312. Katzman, Kenneth (March 14, 2005). Bahrain: Key issues for U.S. policy(Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service).
313. Kassir, Samir (2004). Considerations sur le Malheur arabe(Paris: Actes Sud).
314. Kawakibi, Salam (1977). Le Rôle de la télévision dans la relecture de l’histoire, Monde arabe Maghreb Mashrek(158): 47–55.
315. Kaya, Ibrahim (2004). Modernity, openness, interpretation: A perspective on multiple modernities, Social Science Information43 (1): 35–47.
316. Khairy, Amina (April 13, 2005). Zizi exited … and mobile phone companies won. Al- Hayat [Arabic].
317. Khairy, Amina (May 23, 2006). “Reality” in official eyes. Al-Hayat[Arabic].
318. Khaled, Nour (August 14, 2007). Allo Tash ma tash: Saudi drama soon on mobile phones. Al-Akhbar[Arabic].
319. Khalidiyyah, Juhayna (December 11, 2006). “Reality TV” triumphs in open air studios? Assafir[Arabic].
320. Khalil, Joe F. (2004). Blending in: Arab television and the search for programming ideas. Transnational broadcasting Journal13, http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall04/khalil.html (accessed February 15, 2006).
321. Khalil, Joe F. (2005). Inside Arab reality television: Development, definitions and demystification, Transnational broadcasting Journal15, http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall05/khalil.html (accessed February 15, 2006).
322. Khan, Riz (2005). Alwaleed: Businessman, Billionaire, Prince(London: William Morrow).
323. Khatib, Lina (2006). Filming the Modern Middle East: Politics in the Cinemas of Hollywood and the Arab World(London: I. B. Tauris).
324. Khatib, Lina (2007). Television and public action in the Beirut spring, in Arab Media and Political Renewal: Community, Legitimacy and Public Life, ed. N. Sakr (London: I. B. Tauris), 28–43.
325. Khiabany, Gholam (2007). Iranian media: The paradox of modernity, Social Semiotics17 (4): 479–501.
326. Khoury, Rosy (March 12, 2005). Television photographers … first witnesses to the event. Al-Hayat[Arabic].
327. Kohn, Margaret (2000). Language, power and persuasion: Toward a critique of deliberative democracy, Constellations7 (3): 408–29.
328. Kolakowski, Leszek (1990). Modernity on Endless Trial, trans. Stefan Czerniawski, Wolfgang Freis, and Agnieszka Kolakowska (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
329. Kraidy, Marwan M. (1998a). Broadcasting regulation and civil society in postwar Lebanon, Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media42 (3): 387–400.
330. Kraidy, Marwan M. (1998b). Satellite broadcasting from Lebanon: Prospects and perils, Transnational Broadcasting Studies1, http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall00/Kraidy2.htm (accessed June 15, 1999).
331. Kraidy, M. M. (1999a). The global, the local, and the hybrid: A native ethnography of glocalization, Critical Studies in Mass Communication16 (4): 458–78.
332. Kraidy, M. M. (1999b). State control of television news in 1990s Lebanon, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly76 (3): 485–98.
333. Kraidy, M. M. (2000a).Transnational satellite television and asymmetrical interdependence in the Arab world: A research note, Transnational Broadcasting Studies, 5, http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall00/Kraidy.htm (accessed November 1, 2007).
334. Kraidy, M. M. (2000b). Television talk and civic discourse in postwar Lebanon, in Civic Discourses in the Middle East and Digital Age Communications, ed. L. Gher and H. Amin (Norwood, NJ: Ablex), 1–17.
335. Kraidy, M. M. (2002). Arab satellite television between regionalization and globalization, Global Media Journal1 (1), http://lass.calumet.purdue/edu/cca/gmj/new_page_1.htm (accessed January 15, 2003).
336. Kraidy, M. M. (2005) Hybridity, or the Cultural Logic of Globalization(Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press).
337. Kraidy, M. M. (2006a). Governance and hypermedia in Saudi Arabia, First Monday11 (9), http://firstmonday.org/issues/special11_9/kraidy/index.html (accessed December 30, 2006).
338. Kraidy, M. M. (2006b). Popular culture as a political barometer: Lebanese-Syrian relations on Superstar, Transnational Broadcasting Studies, June, http://www.tbsjournal.com (accessed November 1, 2007).
339. Kraidy, M. M. (2006c). Reality television and politics in the Arab world (preliminary observations), Transnational Broadcasting Studies[peer-reviewed paper edition] 2 (1): 7–28, http://www.tbsjournal.com/Kraidy.html (accessed November 1, 2007).
340. Kraidy, M. M. (2007a). Idioms of contention: Star Academy in Lebanon and Kuwait, in Pan- Arab Media, Democracy, and the Public Sphere, ed. N. Sakr (London: I. B. Tauris), 44–55.
341. Kraidy, M. M. (2007b). Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, and the changing Arab information order, International Journal of Communication1 (1): 139–56, http://ijoc.org/ojs/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18/22 (accessed February 10, 2008).
342. Kraidy, M. M. (2008a). Critical transculturalism and Arab satellite television: Theoretical explorations, in Global Communications: Toward a Transcultural Political Economy, ed. P. Chakravartty and Y. Zhao (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield), 189–200.
343. Kraidy, M. M. (2008b). The Arab audience: From Activity to Interactivity, in Arab Media: Power and Weakness, ed. K. Hafez (New York: Continuum), 77–88.
344. Kraidy, M. M. (2008c). Arab Media and U.S. Policy: A Public Diplomacy Reset, Policy Brief (Muscatine, IA: The Stanley Foundation), http://stanleyfdn.org/publications/pab/PAB08Kraidy.pdf (accessed December 30, 2008).
345. Kraidy, M. M. (2008d). Arab states: Emerging consensus to muzzle media? Arab Reform Bulletin6 (2). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, DC, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=19968&prog=zgp&proj=zdrl, zme-kraidy (accessed June 1, 2008).
346. Kraidy, M. M. (2009). Reality TV, gender and authenticity in Saudi Arabia, Journal of Communication, 59, 345–66.
347. Kraidy, Marwan M. and Khalil, J. (2007). The Middle East: Transnational Arab television, in The Media Globe: Trends in International Mass Media, ed. L. Artz and Y. Kamalipour (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield), 79–98.
348. Kraidy, Marwan M. and Khalil, J. (2008). Youth, media, and culture in the Arab world, in International Handbook of Children, Media and Culture, ed. Sonia Livingstone and Kristin Drotner (London: Sage), 330–44.
349. Kraidy, Marwan M. and Khalil, J. (2009, in press). Arab Television Industries(London: Palgrave Macmillan/British Film Institute).
350. Kulynych, Jessica (1997). Performing politics: Foucault, Habermas and postmodern participation, Polity30 (2): 315–46.
351. Kuwait bans concerts involving women entertainers (May 25, 2004). Arab News.
352. Kuwaiti fatwa prohibits Star Academy concert in Kuwait (May 25, 2004). Al-Bayan[Arabic].
353. Kuwaiti MP demands a ban on Star Academy concert in the country (May 2004).
354. Kuwaiti MPs to question minister over concert (May 9, 2004). Arab News.
355. La Future Television dément les accusations don’t elle fait l’objet (August 13, 2003). L’Orient-Le Jour.
356. Lacroix, Stéphane (Spring 2005). Post-Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia? ISIM Review15: 17.
357. Lacroix, S. (2005). Islamo-liberal politics in Saudi Arabia, in Saudi Arabia in the Balance: Political Economy, Society, Foreign Affairs, ed. P. Aarts and G. Nonneman (New York: New York University Press), 35–56.
358. Lamloum, Olfa (2004). Al-jazira, miroir rebelle et ambigu du monde arabe(Paris: La Découverte).
359. Lang, Gladys Engel, and Lang, Kurt (1984). Politics and Television Reviewed(Beverly Hills, CA: Sage).
360. LBC finally merged with Rotana! (August 9, 2007). Al-Akhbar[Arabic].
361. LBCSAT and Rotana Television channels merge to form media powerhouse (August 9, 2007). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Company Press Release.
362. LBCSAT and Rotana channels merge in one entity (August 9, 2007). Al-Riyadh[Arabic].
363. Le Guay, Damien (2005). L’empire de la télé-réalité: ou comment accroître le “temps de cerveau humain disponible”(Paris: Presses de la Renaissance).
364. Le Pottier, Gaëlle (2003). Le monde de la télévision satellitaire au Moyen-Orient et le rôle des libanais dans son développement, in Mondialisation et nouveaux médias dans l’espace arabe, ed. F. Mermier (Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose), 43–72.
365. Lebanese satellite channel LBC with new and varied programming bouquet (October 23, 2006). Al-Riyadh[Arabic].
366. Lebanon’s youth and reality TV-1 (April 22, 2004). Annahar[Arabic].
367. Lebanon’s youth and reality TV-2 (April 23, 2004). Annahar[Arabic].
368. Lebling, Robert (April 22, 2005). From Beirut to Jeddah: A desk editor reminisces. Arab News.
369. Lerner, Daniel (1964). The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East(New York: Free Press).
370. Les chaînes de télévision libanaises sont-elles allées trop loin? (December 22–8, 1997), Vision25.
371. Letter from the chairman (June 14, 1996), www.lbci.inco.com.lb (accessed July 1, 1996).
372. Leurre et la manière (December 1997). L’Orient-Express, 25, 76.
373. Lewis, Justin (2004). The meaning of real life, in Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture, ed. S. Murray and L. Ouellette (New York: New York University Press), 288–302.
374. Lichtblau, Klaus (1999). Differentiations of modernity, Theory, Culture and Society16 (3): 1–30.
375. Liebes, Tamar and Elihu Katz (2007). “No More Peace!”: How disaster, terror and war have upstaged media events, International Journal of Communication1 (1), http://ijoc.org/ojs/index.php/ijoc/article/view/44/23 (accessed February 10, 2008).
376. Longva, Anh Nga (1993). Kuwait women at a crossroads: Privileged development and the constraints of ethnic stratification, International Journal of Middle East Studies25: 443–56.
377. Loqman, Faruq (1997). Internationalizing the Arab Press: Hisham and Muhammad ‘Ali Hafizh(Jeddah: Saudi Distribution Company [Arabic]).
378. Lynch, Marc (2005). Voices of the New Arab Public: Iraq, Al-Jazeera, and Middle East Politics Today(New York: Columbia University Press).
379. Lynch, M. (2008). Political opportunity structures: Effects of Arab media, in Arab Media: Power and Weakness, ed. K. Hafez (New York: Continuum), 17–32.
380. Maalouf, Lynn (January 14, 2004). Western television craze makes assured debut on region’s networks. Daily Star.
381. MacFarqhar, Neil (March 5, 2004). A kiss is not just a kiss to an angry Arab TV audience. The New York Times.
382. MacFarqhar, Neil (March 13, 2005). Hezbollah leader’s new fray: Lebanese politics. The New York Times.
383. MacKenzie, Tyler (2004). The best hope for democracy in the Arab world: A crooning TV “idol”? Transnational Broadcasting Studies(13), http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall04/mackenzie.html (accessed October 15, 2005).
384. Madkour, Mona (March 14, 2005). Plastic surgery give men handsomeness and youth … the alternative is “kharab byout.” Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
385. Mancini, Paolo and David Swanson (1996). Politics, media, and modern democracy: Introduction, in Politics, Media and Modern Democracy, ed. D. Swanson and P. Mancini (Westport, CT: Praeger), 1–28.
386. Mandel Khan, Gabriele (2001). L’écriture arabe: alphabet, style et calligraphie(Paris: Flammarion).
387. Mandour, Sahar (February 28, 2005). A “Jumblati” moment in “the academy.” Assafir[Arabic].
388. Mansour, Muhammad (December 13, 2007). LBC’s welcome to Saudi productions: Media charlatanism harmful to both sides! Al-Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
389. Mansour, Muhammad (March 7, 2008). Al-Arabiya five years after its launch: A necessity imposed by al-Jazeera and continuity shaped its identity. Al-Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
390. Marghalani, Khalid, Philip Palmgreen, and Douglas A. Boyd (1998). The utilization of direct broadcasting satellite broadcasting (DBS) in Saudi Arabia, Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media42 (3): 297–313.
391. Martín-Barbero, Jesus (1993). From the Media to Mediations: Communication, Culture and Hegemony(London: Sage).
392. Mathjis, Ernest (2002). Big Brother and critical discourse: The reception of Big Brother in Belgium, Television and New Media3 (3): 311–22.
393. Mathjis, Ernest and Janet J. Jones, eds. (2004). Big Brother International: Formats, Critics and Publics(London: Wallflower Press).
394. Mazhloum, Hussain Dib (April 11, 2005). A coup against the resistance with the public of Superstar! Al-Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
395. McAdam, Doug, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles C. Tilly (2001). Dynamics of Contention(Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press).
396. McAlister, Melani (2005). Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the Middle East since 1945(Berkeley: University of California Press).
397. McCarthy, Anna (2007). Reality television: A neoliberal theater of suffering, Social Text25 (4): 17–41.
398. Mcclenahan, William (April 26, 2004). It’s either the Mossad, the CIA, neo-cons, or Osama bin Laden. The Daily Star.
399. Mcleod, Kembrew (1999). Authenticity within hip-hop and other cultures threatened with assimilation, Journal of Communication49 (4): 134–50.
400. McClintock, Anne (1997). No longer in future heaven: Gender, race and nationalism, in Dangerous Liaisons: Gender, Nation and Postcolonial Perspectives, ed. A. McClintock, A. Mufti, and E. Shohat (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), 89–112.
401. Médias-Le différend a la LBC paraît réglé. L’Orient-Le Jour(October 3, 2000).
402. Mellor, Noha (2008). Bedouinisation or liberalisation of culture? The paradox in the Saudi monopoly of the Arab media, in Kingdom without Borders: Saudi Arabia’s Political, Religious and Media Frontiers, ed. M. Al-Rasheed (New York: Columbia University Press), 353–74.
403. Mer‘i, Zahra (March 22, 2005). Shenanigans, zajal and lies: Covering demonstrations the Lebanese way. Al-Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
404. Mer‘i, Zahra (February 4, 2006). Shahd Barmada: I participate in an artistic program unrelated to politics, Al-Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
405. Mernissi, Fatima (1987). Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Modern Muslim Society(Bloomington: Indiana University Press), 353–74.
406. Meyer, Katherine, Helen Rizzo and Youssef Ali (1998). Islam and the extension of citizenship rights to women in Kuwait, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion37 (1): 131–44.
407. Meyer, Thomas (2002). Media Democracy: How the Media Colonize Politics(Cambridge: Polity).
408. Miles, Hugh (2005). Al-Jazeera: How Arab TV News Challenges America(New York: Grove Press).
409. Miller, Toby (1993). The Well-Tempered Self: Citizenship, Culture and the Postmodern Subject(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press).
410. Mimicking Western Programs and Imposing Them on Arabs, Episode 1. (March 3, 2004). Bila Hudud (Ahmad Mansour, Host). Doha, Qatar: al-Jazeera.
411. Mimicking Western Programs and Imposing Them on Arabs, Episode 2. (March 10, 2004). Bila Hudud (Ahmad Mansour, Host). Doha, Qatar: al-Jazeera.
412. Minister of Information calls on journalists to hold on to “freedom of expression” and to relinquish “the vocabulary of confrontation” … Syria towards “controlling” electronic publishing in a new media law (April 15, 2005). Al-Hayat[Arabic].
413. Mishkhas, Abeer (March 9, 2004). Do we give our children what they want? Arab News.
414. Mishkhas, Abeer (January 13, 2005). Tilting at the wrong windmills. Arab News.
415. Mishkhas, Abeer (January 27, 2005). Who’s who out there? Arab News.
416. Mitchell, Timothy (2000). Questions of Modernity(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press).
417. Moaddel, Mansour (2006). The Saudi public speaks: Religion, gender, and politics, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies38: 79–108.
418. Moran, Albert (1998). Copycat Television: Globalization, Program Formats, and Cultural Identity(Luton, U.K.: University of Luton Press).
419. Mouawad, Jad (September 16, 1998). Ad firms cast keen eye on TV ratings. More accurate audience figures sought as $50m revenue carrot is dangled. Daily Star.
420. Moussa, George (February 11, 2004). Superstar 2: Why the insistence on turning the contest into a tribal battle? Al-Hayat[Arabic].
421. Moussa, George (February 27, 2005). “Star Academy” also … takes “a patriotic stand.” Al-Hayat[Arabic].
422. Moussa, George (April 13, 2005). Will Star Academy triumph over reality TV? Al-Hayat [Arabic].
423. Mroue, Bassem (August 18, 2003). Arab world’s version of “American Idol” has nationalistic bent, and vehement fans (Beirut: Associated Press).
424. Mshawrab, Ibrahim. Media and Variety Editor, Al-Bayan, personal interview, Dubai, June 17, 2005.
425. Muhammad, Afra’ (October 31, 2005). The weblog is an oasis of freedom that escapes state censorship … personal diaries to build bridges between young Arabs. Al- Hayat[Arabic].
426. Muhammad al-Saqr on Kuwait’s press, Middle East Report, 180 (Jan.–Feb. 1993): 20.
427. Mufreh, Sa‘diyya (March 6, 2004). Star Academy: A detailed reading on paper of details of life on the air (1): Star Academy fills the Arab world and preoccupies its people between believing, denying, rejecting and agreeing. Al-Qabas[Arabic].
428. Mufreh, Sa‘diyya (March 7, 2004). Star Academy: A detailed reading on paper of details of life on the air (2): The program’s critics are its most avid daily followers, in secret. Al- Qabas[Arabic].
429. Muntasir, Huda (April 3, 2004). Bashar won … and ‘Atiya triumphed. Al-Watan[Arabic].
430. Muqalled, Diana (March 5, 2005). Lebanese developments … confuse the media. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
431. Muqalled, Diana (March 12, 2005). The Zoom war! Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
432. Murdock, Graham (1993). Communications and the constitution of modernity, Media, Culture and Society15: 521–39.
433. Murshid, Safinaz Z. (February 29, 2004). Reality TV – The Real Deal. Arab News.
434. Mustafa, Mustafa (April 18, 2009). “Scientists” also like stardom. Al-Akhbar[Arabic].
435. Naji, ‘Abdulsattar (April 5, 2004). Kuwait gives a hero’s welcome to Star Academy star Al-Shatti. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
436. Nasrallah, Muhammad R. (February 9, 2004). The extremists’ generation … and Star Academy’s generation! Al-Riyadh[Arabic].
437. New Saudi law to jail, lash cellphone porn users (April 16, 2005). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Reuters.
438. Nizhameddin, ‘Arfan (March 6, 2006). Questions and answers on the Arabs’ reality. Al- Hayat[Arabic].
439. On the Screen (July 30, 2008). Al-Akhbar[Arabic].
440. O’Reilly, Marc J. (1999). Oil monarchies without oil: Omani and Bahraini security in a post-oil era, Middle East Policy6: 78–92.
441. ‘Ouayss, Rasha (January 2005). Arab media moguls, Forbes Al-Arabiya1 (8) [Arabic].
442. Ouellette, Laurie and James Hay (2008). Better Living Through Reality TV: Television and Post-Welfare Citizenship(New York: Blackwell).
443. Oussy, Hoshenk (April 9, 2007). The screen and the event … nothing new in mode of treatment. Al-Hayat[Arabic].
444. Palmer, Gareth (2002). Big Brother: An experiment in governance, Television and New Media3 (3): 295–310.
445. Pan Arab song contest fuels passions in Jordan (August 17, 2003), Jordan Times.
446. Parssinen, Catherine (1980). The changing role of women, in King Faisal and the Modernization of Saudi Arabia, ed. W. A. Beling (Boulder, CO: Westview Press), 145–70.
447. Peters, John D. (1999). Speaking Into the Air: A History of the Idea of Communication (University of Chicago Press).
448. Peters, John D. (2001). Witnessing, Media, Culture and Society23 (6): 703–23.
449. Peterson, John E. (2002). Bahrain’s first steps towards reform under Amir Hamad, Asian Affairs33 (2): 216–27.
450. Pettman, Jindy J. (1992). Women, Nationalism and the State: Towards an International Feminist Perspective, Occasional Paper 4 in Gender and Development Studies, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok.
451. Pierre Daher and LBCI shares (September 9, 1998). Daily Star.
452. Pierre El Daher: Man of the year (1996). Arab Ad6 (1).
453. Power, Carla (August 8, 2005). Look who’s talking, Newsweek International, 50–1.
454. Prince Al-Waleed Bin Talal: Man of the year (1999). Arab Ad9 (1): 8–17.
455. Prince Al-Waleed: We will continue our journey in supporting Saudi youth and discovering and nurturing their artistic and athletic talents (April 20, 2005). Al-Riyadh[Arabic].
456. Prince Talal bin ‘Abdulaziz: Politics of exclusion pushes us to found a party to participate in public governance (September 7, 2007). Al-Quds al-Arabi.
457. Protests prompt MBC to suspend “Big Brother” reality TV show (March 2, 2004). Gulf News.
458. Qusti, Raid (April 20, 2007). National Dialogue chief says no boundaries in forums. Arab News.
459. Rabahi, Tawfiq (July 17, 2007). Saudi loyalty and dissent … from abroad, and war of attrition in Qassem and Haddad’s topics. Al-Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
460. Rabi‘a, ‘Ali (November 24, 2006). Bahrain: A model of American-style reform. Al-Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
461. Radi, Lamia (October 26, 2007). Le Liban, Mecque régionale de la chirurgie esthétique. L’Orient-Le Jour(Agence France Press).
462. Raveendran, K. (January 17, 2004). Are the Lebanese taking over Dubai? The Daily Star.
463. “Reality” programs between rejection, acceptance … and embarrassment (February 27, 2004). Al-Anbaa’[Arabic].
464. Reality TV in Kuwaiti Jaridat al-Founoun (Arts Newspaper) (May 19, 2004). Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
465. Renan, Ernest (1996). Qu’est-ce Qu’une une Nation? What Is a Nation?Intro. Charles Taylor, trans. W. R. Taylor (Toronto: Tapir Press).
466. Responding to harsh criticism of his government’s policies: Egypt’s prime minister contributes for the first time to a blog amidst bloggers’ astonishment (August 9, 2008). Alarabiya.net.
467. Restrictions on concerts in Kuwait (May 18, 2004). Al-Bayan[Arabic].
468. Reuters: Saudi Arabia built a media empire to overshadow criticism of its leaders and its policies (August 10, 2007). Al-Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
469. Rheault, Magali (December 21, 2007). Saudi Arabia: Majorities Support Women’s Rights(Washington, DC: Gallup).
470. Rizq, Ghassan (March 1, 2005). When did screens see such a scene? New [Bikr] television coverage for Arab crowds made by youth in downtown Beirut. Assafir[Arabic].
471. Rizq, Ghassan (March 9, 2005). The crowd’s television imagination takes over politics. Assafir[Arabic].
472. Roux Dominique, et Teyssier, Les Enjeux de Télé-réalité. Economica, 2003.
473. Roy, Olivier (2004). Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Umma(New York: Columbia University Press).
474. Roy, Olivier (2008). The Politics of Chaos in the Middle East(New York: Columbia University Press).
475. Rugh, William A. (1980). Saudi mass media and society in the Faisal era. In King Faisal and the Modernization of Saudi Arabia, ed. W. A. Beling (Boulder, CO: Westview Press), 125–44.
476. Rugh, William A. (2004). Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics(Westport, CT and London: Praeger).
477. Russell, James A. (May 15, 2003). Political and economic transition on the Arabian peninsula: Perils and prospects. Gulf Wire Perspectives.
478. Ruwaida ‘Attiya: I cherish singing and do not seek fame or money (May 27, 2004). Al- Bayan[Arabic].
479. Ryan, Curtis R. (2006). The odd couple: Ending the Jordanian-Syrian “cold war,” The Middle East Journal60 (1): 33–56.
480. Sabry, Tarik (2005). The day Moroccans gave up couscous for satellites: Global TV, structures of feeling, and mental emigration, Transnational Broadcasting Studies, 14, http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Spring05/sabry.html (accessed December 30, 2005).
481. Sa’ib, Rania (2003). Manufacturing sensationalism: Reality TV stirs admirers and detractors in the Middle East. Al-Watan[Arabic].
482. Sakr, Naomi (November 2001). Reflections on the Manama Spring: Research questions arising from the promise of political liberalization in Bahrain, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies28 (2): 229–31.
483. Salameh, Ghassan (1980). Political power and the Saudi state, MERIP Reports, no. 91.
484. Saleh, Hussain (February 27, 2005). A deshdasha, a ghutra and a ‘qal and “bakhnaq” in Star Academy’s celebration of Kuwait’s holidays. Al-Rai al-Aam. [Arabic].
485. Salman, Talal (March 8, 2005). A calm discussion of explosive emotions! Assafir[Arabic].
486. Salvatore, Armando and Eickelman, Dale F., eds., Public Islam and the Common Good(Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill).
487. Saudi clerics consider LBC and Rotana to be sin [Razheela] channels (May 11, 2005). Al-Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
488. Saudi fatwa against liberals raises fears of their exposure to attacks (July 9, 2007). Al- Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
489. Saudi Internet Rules (2006), http://www.albab.cohm/media/docs/Saudi.htmmedia/docs/Saudi.htm (accessed December 30, 2006).
490. Saudis become refugees cinematically as they celebrate Kif al-Hal as the first popular release movie (November 12, 2006). Al-Riyadh[Arabic].
491. Scannell, Paddy (2002). Big Brother as a television event, Television and New Media3 (3): 271–82.
492. Schleifer, Abdallah (2002). Super news center setting up in London for al-Hayat and LBC: An interview with Jihad Khazen and Salameh Nematt, Transnational Broadcasting Journal, 9, http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/all02/LBC (accessed September 10, 2005).
493. Schleusener, Luke (February 2007). From Blog to street: The Bahraini public sphere in transition, Arab Media and Society, http://arabmediasociety.sqgd.co.uk/topics/index.php?t_article=45 (accessed March 1, 2007).
494. Schneidermann, Daniel (2004). Le cauchemar médiatique(Paris: Denel/Folio Documents).
495. Scott, Joan W. (1986). Gender: A useful category of historical analysis, American Historical Review91 (5): 1053–75.
496. Shobaili, Ali S. (1971). A historical and analytical study of broadcasting and press in Saudi Arabia. PhD diss., Ohio State University, Columbus.
497. Sengupta, Somini (October 24, 2002). Bahrain’s women take a step toward political power. New York Times, A3.
498. Senoussi, ‘Ayyash (April 14, 2006). Algerian television director to al-Hayat: Star Academy violated the contract and threats are our daily bread. Al-Hayat[Arabic].
499. Shadid, Anthony (May 1, 2006). A newsman breaks the mold in Arab world. New York Times.
500. Shaheen, Bashir (2003). A loser look at Alarabiya’s new identity, Tasmim: The Arab Design and Creativity Magazine[Gitex 2003 issue]: 3–6.
501. Shapiro, Samantha M. (January 2, 2005). The war inside the Arab newsroom. New York Times.
502. Sheikh Saleh Kamel (1998). Featured interview, Transnational Broadcasting Journal, 1 (1) http://www.tbsjournal.com (accessed September 15, 2005).
503. Shobkoshi, Hussain (May 6, 2006). Academy politics. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
504. Siddiqi, Moin A. (June 2001). Bahrain: Financial hub of the Middle East, Middle East313: 37.
505. Snapshots (February 15, 2005). Assafir[Arabic].
506. Snobar, Andrawes (May 2008). Arab Reality TV Shows(Amman, Jordan: Arab Advisors Group).
507. “Star Academy 2” returns after forced interruption … and the public still brings back the stars of the first season (February 25, 2005). Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
508. Star Academy brings “reality TV fever” to LBCI (December 9, 2003). Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
509. Star Academy “weapon of mass destruction” (April 3, 2004). Middle East Online, http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=9498=9498&format.
510. Stars return to politics … a job or a search for the audience? (August 14, 2005). Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
511. Straubhaar, Joseph (2007). World TV: From Global to Local(London: Sage).
512. Street, John (1997). Politics and Popular Culture(Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press).
513. Street, John (2004). Celebrity politicians: Popular culture and political representation, British Journal of Politics and International Relations6 (4): 435–52.
514. Struggle between liberal and religious movements over the media … Turki al-Faisal in Amman to participate in reform conference (April 10, 2007). Al-Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
515. Sulayman, Bandar (February 27, 2005). Joey the Syrian exits the academy … of Lebanon. Al-Rai al-Aam[Arabic].
516. Taha, ‘Ali-Muhammad (April 28, 2004). Al-Qaradawi: Reality TV programs occupy the youth of the umma and is an instrument of cultural invation. Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
517. Taha, Huweida (August 15, 2007). Media raising questions about her regional role: Egypt in the grip of its president. Al-Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
518. Taylor, Charles (1999). Two theories of modernity, Public Culture11 (9): 153–74.
519. Technology “morals” in a Saudi study and a Bahraini law (January 4, 2006). Al-Arabiya. net [Arabic].
520. Television series … on the mobile phone screen (October 25, 2005). Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
521. Tétreault, Mary Ann (1991). Autonomy, necessity, and the small state: Ruling Kuwait in the twentieth century, International Organization45 (4): 565–91.
522. Tétreault, Mary Ann (2000). Gender, citizenship, and state in the Middle East, in Citizenship and the State in the Middle East, ed. N. A. Butenschon, U. Davis, and M. Hassassian (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press), 70–87.
523. Tétreault, Mary Ann (2001). A state of two minds: State cultures, women and politics in Kuwait, International Journal of Middle East Studies33: 203–20.
524. Tétreault, Mary Ann (2003). Advice and dissent in Kuwait, Middle East Report226: 36–9.
525. Tétreault, Mary Ann and Al-Mughni, Haya (1995). Gender, citizenship, and nationalism in Kuwait, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies22 (1/2): 64–80.
526. The programs that made our lives a source of entertainment for others (April 23, 2005). Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
527. The endeavours of Gulf countries to meet WTO requirements (2001), Arab Law Quarterly16 (1): 49–51.
528. The Lebanese artist Melhem Zayn: Beautiful voices are absent from Star Academy (April 23, 2004). Asharq al-Awsat[Arabic].
529. The reality of Reality TV in the Middle East (March 7, 2004), http://www.albawaba.com/news/printArticle.php3?sid=271966&lang=e (accessed April 1, 2004).
530. Thompson, John (1995). The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press).
531. Toumson, Roger (1998). Mythologie du métissage(Paris: Presses Universitaires da France).
532. Traboulsi, Fawwaz (2008). Saudi expansion: The Lebanese connection, 1924–1952, in Kingdom without Borders: Saudi Arabia’s Political, Religious and Media Frontiers, ed. M. Al-Rasheed (New York: Columbia University Press), 65–78.
533. Trofimov, Yaroslav (October 25, 2001). Bahrain’s bold rebuff to its Islamic rebels: Democracy and rights. Wall Street Journal, A1.
534. Trofimov, Yaroslav (2007). The siege of Mecca(New York: Doubleday).
535. Turkish serials pushes Arab drama to break taboos (August 5, 2008). Al-Quds al-Arabi[Arabic].
536. Turkish serials … stole people’s minds (July 7, 2008). Al-Riyadh[Arabic].
537. Turner, Graeme (2006). The mass production of celebrity: “Celetoids,” reality TV and the “demotic turn,” International Journal of Cultural Studies9 (2): 153–65.
538. Understanding Bahrain’s third parliamentary elections (November 2006). Durham, U.K.: Center for Iranian Studies. Unfair practice (September 19, 1993). Daily Star.
539. U.S.-Bahrain accord stirs Persian Gulf trade partners (December 4, 2004). New York Times, W1.
540. Van Zoonen, Liesbet (2004). Imagining the fan democracy, European Journal of Communication19 (1): 39–52.
541. Van Zoonen, Liesbet (2005). Entertaining the Citizen: When Politics and Popular Culture Converge(Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield).
542. Vattimo, Gianni (1992). The Transparent Society(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press).
543. Waisbord, Silvio (2004). McTV: Understanding the global popularity of television formats, Television and New Media5 (4): 359–83.
544. Walid, Tawfiq: Superstar presented distinguished voices and Star Academy did not (April 30, 2004). Al-Bayan[Arabic].
545. Wallin, Michelle (December 24, 2004). U.S.-Bahrain accord stirs Persian Gulf trade partners. New York Times, W1.
546. Watenpaugh, Keith D. (2006). Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
547. Wazin, ‘Abdo (November 30, 2006). The street and the image. Al-Hayat[Arabic].
548. Wedeen, Lisa (1999). Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric and Symbols in Contemporary Syria(Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
549. Wedeen, Lisa (2008). Peripheral Visions: Publics, Power, and Performance in Yemen(Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
550. We must go past TV meters, says OMG boss (September 24, 2006), Campaign Middle East, 6.
551. Wheeler, Deborah L. (2006). The Internet in the Middle East: Global Expectations and Local Imaginations in Kuwait(Albany: State University of New York Press).
552. Wilson, Scott and Williams, Daniel (April 17, 2005). A new power rises across Mideast. Washington Post, A01.
553. Yamani, Mai (2008). Saudi Arabia’s mask, in Kingdom without Borders: Saudi Arabia’s Political, Religious and Media Frontiers, ed. M. Al-Rasheed (New York: Columbia University Press), 323–34.
554. Yassin, Said (September 16, 2005). Fifi Abdo confronts corruption and smuggling of antiquities. Al-Hayat[Arabic].
555. Yazbeck, Samar (January 7, 2005). The televisual image and split (infissam) reality. Al- Hayat[Arabic].
556. Zakaria, Hiba (February 27, 2005). Celebrating the holidays: Star Academy in “Kuwaiti Night.” Al-Watan[Arabic].
557. Zaraqet, ‘Ali (August 10, 2007). Local television wakes up to cinema: Lebanese films on LBC and Saudi films on Future TV. Assafir[Arabic].
558. Zayani, Mohammed and Sofiane Sahraoui (2007). The Culture of Al-Jazeera: Inside an Arab Media Giant(Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company).