Performing politics: Foucault, Habermas, and postmodern participation

Polity

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 315-346

  Kulynych, Jessica J ^a  

^a WINTHROP UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 7444236053     PISSN: 00323497     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3235221     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. While the participants in this debate are numerous, a good sample of the various critiques of both Habermas and Foucault can be found in the following collections: David Couzens Hoy, ed., Foucault: A Critical Reader (New York: Blackwell, 1986); Hubert Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); Craig Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992); Michael Kelly, ed., Critique and Power (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994).
2. While the participants in this debate are numerous, a good sample of the various critiques of both Habermas and Foucault can be found in the following collections: David Couzens Hoy, ed., Foucault: A Critical Reader (New York: Blackwell, 1986); Hubert Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); Craig Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992); Michael Kelly, ed., Critique and Power (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994).
3. While the participants in this debate are numerous, a good sample of the various critiques of both Habermas and Foucault can be found in the following collections: David Couzens Hoy, ed., Foucault: A Critical Reader (New York: Blackwell, 1986); Hubert Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); Craig Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992); Michael Kelly, ed., Critique and Power (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994).
4. While the participants in this debate are numerous, a good sample of the various critiques of both Habermas and Foucault can be found in the following collections: David Couzens Hoy, ed., Foucault: A Critical Reader (New York: Blackwell, 1986); Hubert Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); Craig Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992); Michael Kelly, ed., Critique and Power (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994).
5. Michael Kelly also endorses such a strategy in "Foucault, Habermas and the Self-Referentiality of Critique," in Critique and Power, p. 391. While many critics have focused on the distinctions between Habermas and Foucault, there is a growing body of literature acknowledging and extending the parallels between them, and between critical theory and postmodernism. In addition to Kelly's contribution, some important examples include Barry Smart, Foucault, Marxism and Critique (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983); John O'Neil, "The Disciplinary Society: From Weber to Foucault," British Journal of Sociology, 37 (1986): 42-60; Thomas McCarthy, "The Critique of Impure Reason," Political Theory, 18 (August 1990): 437-69; and Nancy Fraser, "False Antitheses," and "Pragmatism, Feminism and the Linguistic Turn," in Feminist Contentions (New York: Routledge, 1995), pp. 59-74.
6. Michael Kelly also endorses such a strategy in "Foucault, Habermas and the Self-Referentiality of Critique," in Critique and Power, p. 391. While many critics have focused on the distinctions between Habermas and Foucault, there is a growing body of literature acknowledging and extending the parallels between them, and between critical theory and postmodernism. In addition to Kelly's contribution, some important examples include Barry Smart, Foucault, Marxism and Critique (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983); John O'Neil, "The Disciplinary Society: From Weber to Foucault," British Journal of Sociology, 37 (1986): 42-60; Thomas McCarthy, "The Critique of Impure Reason," Political Theory, 18 (August 1990): 437-69; and Nancy Fraser, "False Antitheses," and "Pragmatism, Feminism and the Linguistic Turn," in Feminist Contentions (New York: Routledge, 1995), pp. 59-74.
7. Michael Kelly also endorses such a strategy in "Foucault, Habermas and the Self-Referentiality of Critique," in Critique and Power, p. 391. While many critics have focused on the distinctions between Habermas and Foucault, there is a growing body of literature acknowledging and extending the parallels between them, and between critical theory and postmodernism. In addition to Kelly's contribution, some important examples include Barry Smart, Foucault, Marxism and Critique (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983); John O'Neil, "The Disciplinary Society: From Weber to Foucault," British Journal of Sociology, 37 (1986): 42-60; Thomas McCarthy, "The Critique of Impure Reason," Political Theory, 18 (August 1990): 437-69; and Nancy Fraser, "False Antitheses," and "Pragmatism, Feminism and the Linguistic Turn," in Feminist Contentions (New York: Routledge, 1995), pp. 59-74.
8. Michael Kelly also endorses such a strategy in "Foucault, Habermas and the Self-Referentiality of Critique," in Critique and Power, p. 391. While many critics have focused on the distinctions between Habermas and Foucault, there is a growing body of literature acknowledging and extending the parallels between them, and between critical theory and postmodernism. In addition to Kelly's contribution, some important examples include Barry Smart, Foucault, Marxism and Critique (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983); John O'Neil, "The Disciplinary Society: From Weber to Foucault," British Journal of Sociology, 37 (1986): 42-60; Thomas McCarthy, "The Critique of Impure Reason," Political Theory, 18 (August 1990): 437-69; and Nancy Fraser, "False Antitheses," and "Pragmatism, Feminism and the Linguistic Turn," in Feminist Contentions (New York: Routledge, 1995), pp. 59-74.
9. Michael Kelly also endorses such a strategy in "Foucault, Habermas and the Self-Referentiality of Critique," in Critique and Power, p. 391. While many critics have focused on the distinctions between Habermas and Foucault, there is a growing body of literature acknowledging and extending the parallels between them, and between critical theory and postmodernism. In addition to Kelly's contribution, some important examples include Barry Smart, Foucault, Marxism and Critique (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983); John O'Neil, "The Disciplinary Society: From Weber to Foucault," British Journal of Sociology, 37 (1986): 42-60; Thomas McCarthy, "The Critique of Impure Reason," Political Theory, 18 (August 1990): 437-69; and Nancy Fraser, "False Antitheses," and "Pragmatism, Feminism and the Linguistic Turn," in Feminist Contentions (New York: Routledge, 1995), pp. 59-74.
10. For discussion and explanation of these new forms of domination plaguing contemporary societies see Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964); Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment (New York: Continuum, 1990); and Jürgen Habermas, Theory of Communicative Action, vol. I, II (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987); Jürgen Habermas on Society and Politics (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989); and Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989). For additional secondary explications of these phenomena see Thomas McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978); Stephen White, The Recent Work of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Nancy Fraser, Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992); and David Held, Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
11. For discussion and explanation of these new forms of domination plaguing contemporary societies see Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964); Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment (New York: Continuum, 1990); and Jürgen Habermas, Theory of Communicative Action, vol. I, II (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987); Jürgen Habermas on Society and Politics (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989); and Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989). For additional secondary explications of these phenomena see Thomas McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978); Stephen White, The Recent Work of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Nancy Fraser, Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992); and David Held, Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
12. For discussion and explanation of these new forms of domination plaguing contemporary societies see Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964); Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment (New York: Continuum, 1990); and Jürgen Habermas, Theory of Communicative Action, vol. I, II (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987); Jürgen Habermas on Society and Politics (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989); and Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989). For additional secondary explications of these phenomena see Thomas McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978); Stephen White, The Recent Work of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Nancy Fraser, Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992); and David Held, Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
13. For discussion and explanation of these new forms of domination plaguing contemporary societies see Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964); Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment (New York: Continuum, 1990); and Jürgen Habermas, Theory of Communicative Action, vol. I, II (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987); Jürgen Habermas on Society and Politics (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989); and Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989). For additional secondary explications of these phenomena see Thomas McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978); Stephen White, The Recent Work of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Nancy Fraser, Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992); and David Held, Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
14. For discussion and explanation of these new forms of domination plaguing contemporary societies see Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964); Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment (New York: Continuum, 1990); and Jürgen Habermas, Theory of Communicative Action, vol. I, II (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987); Jürgen Habermas on Society and Politics (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989); and Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989). For additional secondary explications of these phenomena see Thomas McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978); Stephen White, The Recent Work of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Nancy Fraser, Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992); and David Held, Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
15. For discussion and explanation of these new forms of domination plaguing contemporary societies see Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964); Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment (New York: Continuum, 1990); and Jürgen Habermas, Theory of Communicative Action, vol. I, II (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987); Jürgen Habermas on Society and Politics (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989); and Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989). For additional secondary explications of these phenomena see Thomas McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978); Stephen White, The Recent Work of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Nancy Fraser, Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992); and David Held, Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
16. For discussion and explanation of these new forms of domination plaguing contemporary societies see Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964); Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment (New York: Continuum, 1990); and Jürgen Habermas, Theory of Communicative Action, vol. I, II (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987); Jürgen Habermas on Society and Politics (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989); and Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989). For additional secondary explications of these phenomena see Thomas McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978); Stephen White, The Recent Work of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Nancy Fraser, Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992); and David Held, Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
17. For discussion and explanation of these new forms of domination plaguing contemporary societies see Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964); Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment (New York: Continuum, 1990); and Jürgen Habermas, Theory of Communicative Action, vol. I, II (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987); Jürgen Habermas on Society and Politics (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989); and Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989). For additional secondary explications of these phenomena see Thomas McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978); Stephen White, The Recent Work of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Nancy Fraser, Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992); and David Held, Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
18. For discussion and explanation of these new forms of domination plaguing contemporary societies see Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964); Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment (New York: Continuum, 1990); and Jürgen Habermas, Theory of Communicative Action, vol. I, II (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987); Jürgen Habermas on Society and Politics (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989); and Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989). For additional secondary explications of these phenomena see Thomas McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978); Stephen White, The Recent Work of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Nancy Fraser, Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992); and David Held, Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
19. McCarthy discusses the role of "civil privatism" in modern state administration in The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas, p. 369.
20. For discussion see Jürgen Habermas, "Technology and Science as Ideology," in Jürgen Habermas on Society and Politics, pp. 237-65.
21. Nancy Fraser discusses this reverse form of colonization in "What's Critical About Critical Theory?" in Unruly Practices, pp. 113-43.
22. Iris Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), p. 41.
23. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference, p. 42.
24. Jana Sawicki, Disciplining Foucault (New York: Routledge, 1991), p. 83.
25. Jürgen Habermas, "Further Reflections on the Public Sphere," in Habermas and the Public Sphere, p. 446.
26. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, trans. William Rehg (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996), p. 307.
27. Habermas, "Further Reflections on the Public Sphere," p. 452.
28. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, p. 359.
29. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, p. 359.
30. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, p. 359.
31. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, p. 361.
32. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, p. 360.
33. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, p. 361.
34. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, p. 361.
35. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, p. 361.
36. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, p. 362.
37. For discussion of these criticisms see Axel Honneth, The Critique of Power, trans. Kenneth Baynes (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991).
38. Linda Zerilli, "Machiavelli's Sisters," Political Theory, 19 (May 1991): 253.
39. Zerilli, "Machiavelli's Sisters," p. 254.
40. Carole Pateman engages in an extended discussion of the development of consent in The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988).
41. Seyla Benhabib, "Toward a Deliberative Model of Democratic Legitimacy," in Democracy and Difference, ed. Benhabib (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 81.
42. Benhabib, "Models of Public Space," in Situating the Self (New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 113.
43. Benhabib, "Models of Public Space," p. 113.
44. Iris Young makes this argument quite skillfully in "Communication and the Other: Beyond Deliberative Democracy," in Democracy and Difference, pp. 120-35.
45. Nancy Fraser, "Pragmatism, Feminism and the Linguistic Turn," in Feminist Contentions, p. 161.
46. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, p. 365.
47. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, pp. 420-22.
48. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, p. 425.
49. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, p. 425.
50. Joan Scott, "Deconstructing Equality-Versus-Difference: or, The Uses of Poststructuralist Theory for Feminism," in Theorizing Feminisms, ed. Anne Herrmann and Abigail Stewart (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994), p. 366.
51. Scott, "Deconstructing," p. 366.
52. Scott, "Deconstructing," p. 366.
53. Scott, "Deconstructing," p. 364.
54. Fraser, "Pragmatism, Feminism, and the Linguistic Turn," p. 161.
55. Scott, "Deconstructing," p. 367.
56. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, p. 425-26.
57. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, p. 359.
58. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, p. 361.
59. Foucault, "Powers and Strategies," in Power/Knowledge, ed. Colin Gordon (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980), p. 142.
60. Sawicki, Disciplining Foucault, p. 82.
61. Foucault, "Two Lectures," Power/Knowledge, p. 82. For an excellent discussion of the varieties of resistance Foucault describes and the historical changes in his concept of resistance see Brent Pickett, "Foucault and the Politics of Resistance," Polity, 28 (1996): 445-66.
62. Foucault, "Two Lectures," Power/Knowledge, p. 82. For an excellent discussion of the varieties of resistance Foucault describes and the historical changes in his concept of resistance see Brent Pickett, "Foucault and the Politics of Resistance," Polity, 28 (1996): 445-66.
63. Thomas McCarthy, "The Critique of Impure Reason," Political Theory, 18 (August 1990): 449.
64. McCarthy, "The Critique of Impure Reason," p. 449.
65. McCarthy, "The Critique of Impure Reason," p. 449.
66. Fraser, "Foucault on Modern Power," Unruly Practices, p. 29.
67. Bonnie Honig, "Toward an Agonistic Feminism: Hannah Arendt and the Politics of Identity," in Feminists Theorize the Political, ed. Judith Butler and Joan Scott (New York: Routledge, 1992), pp. 215-35; and "Declarations of Independence, Arendt and Derrida on the Problem of Founding a Republic," in Rhetorical Republic, ed. Frederick Dolan and Thomas Dunn (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), pp. 201-25.
68. Bonnie Honig, "Toward an Agonistic Feminism: Hannah Arendt and the Politics of Identity," in Feminists Theorize the Political, ed. Judith Butler and Joan Scott (New York: Routledge, 1992), pp. 215-35; and "Declarations of Independence, Arendt and Derrida on the Problem of Founding a Republic," in Rhetorical Republic, ed. Frederick Dolan and Thomas Dunn (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), pp. 201-25.
69. J. L. Austin, How To Do Things With Words (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962).
70. Honig, "Toward an Agonistic Feminism," p. 217.
71. Honig, "Toward an Agonistic Feminism," p. 216.
72. Honig, "Declarations of Independence," p. 212.
73. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble (New York: Routledge, 1990), p. 136.
74. Judith Butler, Bodies That Matter (New York: Routledge, 1993).
75. Todd May makes a similar argument about the end of a politics of representation in his discussion of anarchist direct action. See The Political Philosophy of Poststructuralist Anarchism (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994), p. 83.
76. Butler, Bodies That Matter, p. 222.
77. Butler, Bodies That Matter, p. 221.
78. McCarthy, "The Critique of Impure Reason," p. 449.
79. Michel Foucault in "The Ethic of Care for the Self as a Practice of Freedom: An Interview with Michel Foucault," in The Final Foucault, ed. James Bernauer and David Rasmussen (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988), p. 11.
80. Even more sympathetic critics such as Todd May and Richard Bernstein who challenge the normative criticisms of Foucault, agree that Foucault still does not tell us what to resist. See May, The Political Philosophy of Poststructuralist Anarchism, and Bernstein, "Critique as Philosophical Ethos," in Critique and Power, ed. Michael Kelly, pp. 211-41.
81. Even more sympathetic critics such as Todd May and Richard Bernstein who challenge the normative criticisms of Foucault, agree that Foucault still does not tell us what to resist. See May, The Political Philosophy of Poststructuralist Anarchism, and Bernstein, "Critique as Philosophical Ethos," in Critique and Power, ed. Michael Kelly, pp. 211-41.
82. William Chaloupka, "Suppose Kuwait's Main Product was Broccoli," in Dolan and Dunn, Rhetorical Republic, p. 147.
83. Chaloupka, "Suppose," p. 147.
84. Chaloupka, "Suppose," p. 147.
85. Michel Foucault, Michel Foucault: Politics, Philosophy and Culture - Interviews and Other Writings 1977-1984, ed. Lawrence D. Kritzman, trans. Alan Sheridan et al. (New York: Routledge, 1988), p. 154; emphasis added.
86. Chaloupka, "Suppose," p. 157.
87. Fraser, "Pragmatism, Feminism and the Linguistic Turn," p. 163.
88. Dana Villa, "Postmodernism and the Public Sphere," in Rhetorical Republic, p. 242.
89. Bonnie Honig, "Toward an Agonistic Feminism," p. 224-25.
90. Foucault, "Truth and Power," in Power/Knowledge, p. 122.
91. John Gaventa, Power and Powerlessness (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1980), p. 205.
92. Gaventa, Power and Powerlessness, pp. 256-57.
93. For varying discussions over such inclusions in empirical literature, see Lester Milbrath, Political Participation (New York: University Press of America, 1977); Sidney Verba, Norman Nie, and Jae-on Kim, Participation and Political Equality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978); Samuel Huntington and Joan Nelson, No Easy Choice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976); Steven Rosenstone and John Mark Hansen, Mobilization, Participation and Democracy in America (New York: Macmillian, 1993); Samuel Barnes and Max Kasse, Political Action (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1979); and Mitchell Seligson and John Booth, Political Participation in Latin America (New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1978).
94. For varying discussions over such inclusions in empirical literature, see Lester Milbrath, Political Participation (New York: University Press of America, 1977); Sidney Verba, Norman Nie, and Jae-on Kim, Participation and Political Equality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978); Samuel Huntington and Joan Nelson, No Easy Choice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976); Steven Rosenstone and John Mark Hansen, Mobilization, Participation and Democracy in America (New York: Macmillian, 1993); Samuel Barnes and Max Kasse, Political Action (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1979); and Mitchell Seligson and John Booth, Political Participation in Latin America (New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1978).
95. For varying discussions over such inclusions in empirical literature, see Lester Milbrath, Political Participation (New York: University Press of America, 1977); Sidney Verba, Norman Nie, and Jae-on Kim, Participation and Political Equality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978); Samuel Huntington and Joan Nelson, No Easy Choice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976); Steven Rosenstone and John Mark Hansen, Mobilization, Participation and Democracy in America (New York: Macmillian, 1993); Samuel Barnes and Max Kasse, Political Action (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1979); and Mitchell Seligson and John Booth, Political Participation in Latin America (New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1978).
96. For varying discussions over such inclusions in empirical literature, see Lester Milbrath, Political Participation (New York: University Press of America, 1977); Sidney Verba, Norman Nie, and Jae-on Kim, Participation and Political Equality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978); Samuel Huntington and Joan Nelson, No Easy Choice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976); Steven Rosenstone and John Mark Hansen, Mobilization, Participation and Democracy in America (New York: Macmillian, 1993); Samuel Barnes and Max Kasse, Political Action (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1979); and Mitchell Seligson and John Booth, Political Participation in Latin America (New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1978).
97. For varying discussions over such inclusions in empirical literature, see Lester Milbrath, Political Participation (New York: University Press of America, 1977); Sidney Verba, Norman Nie, and Jae-on Kim, Participation and Political Equality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978); Samuel Huntington and Joan Nelson, No Easy Choice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976); Steven Rosenstone and John Mark Hansen, Mobilization, Participation and Democracy in America (New York: Macmillian, 1993); Samuel Barnes and Max Kasse, Political Action (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1979); and Mitchell Seligson and John Booth, Political Participation in Latin America (New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1978).
98. For varying discussions over such inclusions in empirical literature, see Lester Milbrath, Political Participation (New York: University Press of America, 1977); Sidney Verba, Norman Nie, and Jae-on Kim, Participation and Political Equality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978); Samuel Huntington and Joan Nelson, No Easy Choice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976); Steven Rosenstone and John Mark Hansen, Mobilization, Participation and Democracy in America (New York: Macmillian, 1993); Samuel Barnes and Max Kasse, Political Action (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1979); and Mitchell Seligson and John Booth, Political Participation in Latin America (New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1978).
99. Honig, "Toward an Agonistic Feminism," p. 225.
100. Bonnie Thorton Dill, "Making Your Job Good Yourself," in Women and the Politics of Empowerment, ed. Sandra Morgan and Anne Bookman (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988), pp. 33-52.
101. Jonathon Kozol, Amazing Grace (New York: Crown Publishers, 1995), p. 73.
102. Canna Perelli, "Putting Conservatism to Good Use: Women and Unorthodox Politics in Uruguay, From Breakdown to Transition," in The Women's Movement in Latin America, ed. Jane Jaquette (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991), pp. 104-05.
103. Perelli, "Putting Conservatism to Good Use," p. 109.
104. An example of one such advocate is Jeffrey Hahn, Soviet Grassroots (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988).
105. Fraser, "Struggle Over Needs: Outline of a Socialist-Feminist Critical Theory of Late Capitalist Political Culture," in Unruly Practices, p. 180.
106. Fraser, "Struggle Over Needs," p. 179.
107. Fraser, "Struggle Over Needs," p. 180.
108. See Iris Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference, and Lani Guinier, The Tyranny of the Majority (New York: The Free Press, 1994).
109. See Iris Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference, and Lani Guinier, The Tyranny of the Majority (New York: The Free Press, 1994).
110. Carol Hager, Technological Democracy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995).
111. Carol Hager, "Citizen Movements and Technological Policy Making in Germany," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 528 (July 1993): 55.