-
1
-
-
70450251450
-
Recent developments in Pacific tuna fisheries: the Palau Arrangement and the vessel day scheme
-
Aqorau T. Recent developments in Pacific tuna fisheries: the Palau Arrangement and the vessel day scheme. Int. J. Mar. Coast. Law 2009, 24:557-581.
-
(2009)
Int. J. Mar. Coast. Law
, vol.24
, pp. 557-581
-
-
Aqorau, T.1
-
2
-
-
0020896787
-
Biological consequences of El Niño
-
Barber R.T., Chavez F.P. Biological consequences of El Niño. Science 1983, 222:1203-1210.
-
(1983)
Science
, vol.222
, pp. 1203-1210
-
-
Barber, R.T.1
Chavez, F.P.2
-
3
-
-
0022835466
-
Ocean variability in relation to living resources during the 1982-1983 El Niño
-
Barber R.T., Chavez F.P. Ocean variability in relation to living resources during the 1982-1983 El Niño. Nature 1986, 319:279-285.
-
(1986)
Nature
, vol.319
, pp. 279-285
-
-
Barber, R.T.1
Chavez, F.P.2
-
4
-
-
84879130014
-
Effects of climate change on oceanic fisheries in the tropical Pacific: implications for economic development and food security
-
Bell J.D., Reid C., Batty M.J., Lehodey P., Rodwell L., Hobday A.J., Johnson J.E., Demmke A. Effects of climate change on oceanic fisheries in the tropical Pacific: implications for economic development and food security. Clim. Change 2012, 119:199-212. 10.1007/s10584-012-0606-2.
-
(2012)
Clim. Change
, vol.119
, pp. 199-212
-
-
Bell, J.D.1
Reid, C.2
Batty, M.J.3
Lehodey, P.4
Rodwell, L.5
Hobday, A.J.6
Johnson, J.E.7
Demmke, A.8
-
5
-
-
84878524465
-
Mixed responses of tropical Pacific fisheries and aquaculture to climate change
-
Bell J.D., Ganachaud A., Gehrke P.C., Griffiths S.P., Hobday A.J., Hoegh-Guldberg O., Johnson J.E., LeBorgne R., Lehodey P., Lough J.M., Matear R.J., Pickering T.D., Pratchett M.S., Sen Gupta A., Senina I., Waycott M. Mixed responses of tropical Pacific fisheries and aquaculture to climate change. Nat. Clim. Change 2013, 3:519-599. 〈http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1838〉.
-
(2013)
Nat. Clim. Change
, vol.3
, pp. 519-599
-
-
Bell, J.D.1
Ganachaud, A.2
Gehrke, P.C.3
Griffiths, S.P.4
Hobday, A.J.5
Hoegh-Guldberg, O.6
Johnson, J.E.7
LeBorgne, R.8
Lehodey, P.9
Lough, J.M.10
Matear, R.J.11
Pickering, T.D.12
Pratchett, M.S.13
Sen Gupta, A.14
Senina, I.15
Waycott, M.16
-
7
-
-
11144246716
-
From small-scale habitat loopholes to decadal cycles: a habitat-based hypothesis explaining fluctuation in pelagic fish populations of Peru
-
Bertrand A., Segura M., Gutierrez M., Vasquez L. From small-scale habitat loopholes to decadal cycles: a habitat-based hypothesis explaining fluctuation in pelagic fish populations of Peru. Fish Fish. 2004, 5:296-316.
-
(2004)
Fish Fish.
, vol.5
, pp. 296-316
-
-
Bertrand, A.1
Segura, M.2
Gutierrez, M.3
Vasquez, L.4
-
9
-
-
77953727784
-
Characterizing warm-ENSO variability in the equatorial Pacific: an OLR perspective
-
Chiodi A.M., Harrison D.E. Characterizing warm-ENSO variability in the equatorial Pacific: an OLR perspective. J. Clim. 2010, 23:2428-2439.
-
(2010)
J. Clim.
, vol.23
, pp. 2428-2439
-
-
Chiodi, A.M.1
Harrison, D.E.2
-
10
-
-
84874793161
-
El Niño impacts on seasonal U.S. atmospheric circulation, temperature and precipitation anomalies: the OLR-event perspective
-
Chiodi A.M., Harrison D.E. El Niño impacts on seasonal U.S. atmospheric circulation, temperature and precipitation anomalies: the OLR-event perspective. J. Clim. 2013, 26:822-837.
-
(2013)
J. Clim.
, vol.26
, pp. 822-837
-
-
Chiodi, A.M.1
Harrison, D.E.2
-
11
-
-
0022164062
-
Modeling and forecasting the Southern Oscillation: a time-domain approach
-
Chu P.-S., Katz R.W. Modeling and forecasting the Southern Oscillation: a time-domain approach. J. Clim. 1985, 113:1876-1888.
-
(1985)
J. Clim.
, vol.113
, pp. 1876-1888
-
-
Chu, P.-S.1
Katz, R.W.2
-
12
-
-
0009819566
-
Spectral estimation from time series models with relevance to the Southern Oscillation
-
Chu P.-S., Katz R.W. Spectral estimation from time series models with relevance to the Southern Oscillation. J. Clim. 1989, 2:86-90.
-
(1989)
J. Clim.
, vol.2
, pp. 86-90
-
-
Chu, P.-S.1
Katz, R.W.2
-
13
-
-
77954851195
-
The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific and El Niño
-
Collins M., An S.-I., Cai W., Ganachaud A., Guilyardi E., Jin F.-F., Jochum M., Lengaigne M., Power S., Timmermann A., Vecchi G., Wittenberg A. The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific and El Niño. Nat. Geosci. 2010, 3:391-397. 10.1038/ngeo868.
-
(2010)
Nat. Geosci.
, vol.3
, pp. 391-397
-
-
Collins, M.1
An, S.-I.2
Cai, W.3
Ganachaud, A.4
Guilyardi, E.5
Jin, F.-F.6
Jochum, M.7
Lengaigne, M.8
Power, S.9
Timmermann, A.10
Vecchi, G.11
Wittenberg, A.12
-
14
-
-
0035710253
-
ENSO variability, teleconnections and climate change
-
Diaz H.F., Hoerling M.P., Eischeid J.K. ENSO variability, teleconnections and climate change. Int. J. Climatol. 2001, 21:1845-1862. 10.1002/joc.631.
-
(2001)
Int. J. Climatol.
, vol.21
, pp. 1845-1862
-
-
Diaz, H.F.1
Hoerling, M.P.2
Eischeid, J.K.3
-
15
-
-
83655192970
-
Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems
-
Doney S.C., Ruckelshaus M., Duffy J.E., Barry J.P., Chan F., English C.A., Galindo H.M., Grebmeier J.M., Hollowed A.B., Knowlton N., Polovina J., Rabalais N.N., Sydeman W.J., Talley L.D. Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2012, 4:11-37. 10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611.
-
(2012)
Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci.
, vol.4
, pp. 11-37
-
-
Doney, S.C.1
Ruckelshaus, M.2
Duffy, J.E.3
Barry, J.P.4
Chan, F.5
English, C.A.6
Galindo, H.M.7
Grebmeier, J.M.8
Hollowed, A.B.9
Knowlton, N.10
Polovina, J.11
Rabalais, N.N.12
Sydeman, W.J.13
Talley, L.D.14
-
16
-
-
70349448179
-
Contributions of long-term research and time-series observations to marine ecology and biogeochemistry
-
Ducklow H.W., Doney S.C., Steinberg D.K. Contributions of long-term research and time-series observations to marine ecology and biogeochemistry. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2009, 1:279-302.
-
(2009)
Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci.
, vol.1
, pp. 279-302
-
-
Ducklow, H.W.1
Doney, S.C.2
Steinberg, D.K.3
-
17
-
-
0026311694
-
Statistical data analysis in the computer age
-
Ephron B., Tibshirani R. Statistical data analysis in the computer age. Science 1991, 253:390-395.
-
(1991)
Science
, vol.253
, pp. 390-395
-
-
Ephron, B.1
Tibshirani, R.2
-
18
-
-
0037196046
-
Environmental change in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean: review of ENSO and decadal variability
-
Fiedler P.C. Environmental change in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean: review of ENSO and decadal variability. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2002, 244:265-283.
-
(2002)
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.
, vol.244
, pp. 265-283
-
-
Fiedler, P.C.1
-
19
-
-
84877633602
-
Projected changes in the tropical Pacific Ocean of importance to tuna fisheries
-
Ganachaud A., Sen Gupta A., Brown J.N., Evans K., Maes C., Muir L.C., Graham F.S. Projected changes in the tropical Pacific Ocean of importance to tuna fisheries. Clim. Change 2012, 119:163-179. 10.1007/s10584-012-0631-1.
-
(2012)
Clim. Change
, vol.119
, pp. 163-179
-
-
Ganachaud, A.1
Sen Gupta, A.2
Brown, J.N.3
Evans, K.4
Maes, C.5
Muir, L.C.6
Graham, F.S.7
-
20
-
-
79951926963
-
El Niño variability in simple ocean data assimilation (SODA), 1871-2008
-
Giese B.S., Ray S. El Niño variability in simple ocean data assimilation (SODA), 1871-2008. J. Geophys. Res. 2011, 116:C02024. 10.1029/2010/JC006695.
-
(2011)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.116
, pp. C02024
-
-
Giese, B.S.1
Ray, S.2
-
21
-
-
0001351087
-
Surface temperature patterns associated with the Southern Oscillation
-
Halpert M.S., Ropelewski C.F. Surface temperature patterns associated with the Southern Oscillation. J. Clim. 1992, 5:577-593.
-
(1992)
J. Clim.
, vol.5
, pp. 577-593
-
-
Halpert, M.S.1
Ropelewski, C.F.2
-
22
-
-
64049112472
-
Pre- and post-1997/98 Westerly Wind Events and equatorial Pacific cold tongue warming
-
Harrison D.E., Chiodi A.M. Pre- and post-1997/98 Westerly Wind Events and equatorial Pacific cold tongue warming. J. Clim. 2009, 22:568-581.
-
(2009)
J. Clim.
, vol.22
, pp. 568-581
-
-
Harrison, D.E.1
Chiodi, A.M.2
-
23
-
-
0031194152
-
The Darwin sea level pressure record, 1876-1996: evidence for climate change?
-
Harrison D.E., Larkin N.K. The Darwin sea level pressure record, 1876-1996: evidence for climate change?. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1997, 24(14):1779-1782.
-
(1997)
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, vol.24
, Issue.14
, pp. 1779-1782
-
-
Harrison, D.E.1
Larkin, N.K.2
-
24
-
-
78049510648
-
The color of sea level: importance of spatial variations in spectral shape for assessing the significance of trends
-
Hughes C.W., Williams S.D.P. The color of sea level: importance of spatial variations in spectral shape for assessing the significance of trends. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:C10048. 10.1029/2010JC006102.
-
(2010)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.115
, pp. C10048
-
-
Hughes, C.W.1
Williams, S.D.P.2
-
25
-
-
0030786418
-
Migration of albacore, Thunus alalunga, in the North Pacific Ocean in relation to large oceanic phenomena
-
Kimura S., Nakai M., Sugimoto T. Migration of albacore, Thunus alalunga, in the North Pacific Ocean in relation to large oceanic phenomena. Fish. Oceanogr. 1997, 6(2):51-57.
-
(1997)
Fish. Oceanogr.
, vol.6
, Issue.2
, pp. 51-57
-
-
Kimura, S.1
Nakai, M.2
Sugimoto, T.3
-
26
-
-
0037092723
-
ENSO warm (El Niño) and cold (La Niña) event life cycles: ocean surface anomaly patterns, their symmetries, asymmetries, and implications
-
Larkin N.K., Harrison D.E. ENSO warm (El Niño) and cold (La Niña) event life cycles: ocean surface anomaly patterns, their symmetries, asymmetries, and implications. J. Clim. 2002, 15:1118-1140.
-
(2002)
J. Clim.
, vol.15
, pp. 1118-1140
-
-
Larkin, N.K.1
Harrison, D.E.2
-
27
-
-
0030693375
-
El Niño Southern Oscillation and tuna in the western Pacific
-
Lehodey P., Bertignac M., Hampton J., Lewis A., Picaut J. El Niño Southern Oscillation and tuna in the western Pacific. Nature 1997, 389:715-718.
-
(1997)
Nature
, vol.389
, pp. 715-718
-
-
Lehodey, P.1
Bertignac, M.2
Hampton, J.3
Lewis, A.4
Picaut, J.5
-
28
-
-
0034814579
-
The pelagic ecosystem of the tropical Pacific Ocean: dynamic spatial modelling and biological consequences of ENSO
-
Lehodey P. The pelagic ecosystem of the tropical Pacific Ocean: dynamic spatial modelling and biological consequences of ENSO. Prog. Oceanogr. 2001, 49:439-468.
-
(2001)
Prog. Oceanogr.
, vol.49
, pp. 439-468
-
-
Lehodey, P.1
-
29
-
-
0142020883
-
Modelling climate-related variability of tuna populations from a coupled ocean biogeochemical-populations dynamics model
-
Lehodey P., Chai F., Hampton J. Modelling climate-related variability of tuna populations from a coupled ocean biogeochemical-populations dynamics model. Fish. Oceanogr. 2003, 12:483-494.
-
(2003)
Fish. Oceanogr.
, vol.12
, pp. 483-494
-
-
Lehodey, P.1
Chai, F.2
Hampton, J.3
-
30
-
-
33750803762
-
Climate variability, fish, and fisheries
-
Lehodey P., Alheit J., Barange M., Baumgartner T., Beaugrand G., Drinkwater K., Fromentin J.-M., Hare S.R., Ottersen G., Perry R.I., Roy C., van der Lingen C.D., Werner F. Climate variability, fish, and fisheries. J. Clim. 2006, 19:5009-5030.
-
(2006)
J. Clim.
, vol.19
, pp. 5009-5030
-
-
Lehodey, P.1
Alheit, J.2
Barange, M.3
Baumgartner, T.4
Beaugrand, G.5
Drinkwater, K.6
Fromentin, J.-M.7
Hare, S.R.8
Ottersen, G.9
Perry, R.I.10
Roy, C.11
van der Lingen, C.D.12
Werner, F.13
-
31
-
-
84879151224
-
Modelling the impact of climate change on Pacific skipjack tuna population fisheries
-
Lehodey P., Senina I., Calmettes B., Hampton J., Nicol S. Modelling the impact of climate change on Pacific skipjack tuna population fisheries. Clim. Change 2012, 119:95-109. 10.1007/s10584-012-0595-1.
-
(2012)
Clim. Change
, vol.119
, pp. 95-109
-
-
Lehodey, P.1
Senina, I.2
Calmettes, B.3
Hampton, J.4
Nicol, S.5
-
32
-
-
0001138910
-
The standard error of time-average estimates of climatic means
-
Leith C.E. The standard error of time-average estimates of climatic means. J. Appl. Meteorol. 1973, 12:1066-1069.
-
(1973)
J. Appl. Meteorol.
, vol.12
, pp. 1066-1069
-
-
Leith, C.E.1
-
33
-
-
0035674636
-
Spatio-temporal distribution of yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacores and bigeye tuna Thunna obesus in the tropical Pacific Ocean in relation to large-scale temperature fluctuation during ENSO episodes
-
Lu H.-J., Lee K.-T., Lin H.-L., Liao C.-H. Spatio-temporal distribution of yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacores and bigeye tuna Thunna obesus in the tropical Pacific Ocean in relation to large-scale temperature fluctuation during ENSO episodes. Fish. Sci. 2001, 67:1046-1052.
-
(2001)
Fish. Sci.
, vol.67
, pp. 1046-1052
-
-
Lu, H.-J.1
Lee, K.-T.2
Lin, H.-L.3
Liao, C.-H.4
-
34
-
-
0032504005
-
Climate-ocean variability and ecosystem response in the northeast Pacific
-
McGowan J.A., Cayan D.R., Dorman L.M. Climate-ocean variability and ecosystem response in the northeast Pacific. Science 1998, 281:210-217. 10.1126/science.281.5374.210.
-
(1998)
Science
, vol.281
, pp. 210-217
-
-
McGowan, J.A.1
Cayan, D.R.2
Dorman, L.M.3
-
35
-
-
33748802040
-
Climate variability and tropical tuna: management challenges for highly migratory fish stocks
-
Miller K.A. Climate variability and tropical tuna: management challenges for highly migratory fish stocks. Mar. Policy 2007, 31:56-70.
-
(2007)
Mar. Policy
, vol.31
, pp. 56-70
-
-
Miller, K.A.1
-
36
-
-
0033380710
-
Ocean color variability of the tropical Indo-Pacific basin observed by SeaWiFS during 1997-1998
-
Murtugudde R.G., Signorini S.R., Christian J.R., Busalacchi A.J., McClain C.R., Picaut J. Ocean color variability of the tropical Indo-Pacific basin observed by SeaWiFS during 1997-1998. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:18351-18366. 10.1029/1999JC900135.
-
(1999)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.104
, pp. 18351-18366
-
-
Murtugudde, R.G.1
Signorini, S.R.2
Christian, J.R.3
Busalacchi, A.J.4
McClain, C.R.5
Picaut, J.6
-
37
-
-
57749200121
-
Recent trends in the seasonal and temporal behavior of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation
-
Nicholls N. Recent trends in the seasonal and temporal behavior of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35:L19703. 10.1029/2008GL034499.
-
(2008)
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, vol.35
, pp. L19703
-
-
Nicholls, N.1
-
38
-
-
17444453925
-
Ocean color chlorophyll algorithms for SeaWiFS
-
O'Reilly J.E., Maritorena S., Mitchell B.G., Siegel D.A., Carder K.L., Garver S.A., Kahru M., McClain C. Ocean color chlorophyll algorithms for SeaWiFS. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103(C11):24937-24953.
-
(1998)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.103
, Issue.C11
, pp. 24937-24953
-
-
O'Reilly, J.E.1
Maritorena, S.2
Mitchell, B.G.3
Siegel, D.A.4
Carder, K.L.5
Garver, S.A.6
Kahru, M.7
McClain, C.8
-
39
-
-
80053587781
-
Variability of chlorophyll associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation and its possible biological feedback in the equatorial Pacific
-
Park J.-Y., Kug J.-S., Park J., Yeh S.-W., Jang C.J. Variability of chlorophyll associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation and its possible biological feedback in the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res. 2011, 116:C10001. 10.1029/2011JC007056.
-
(2011)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.116
, pp. C10001
-
-
Park, J.-Y.1
Kug, J.-S.2
Park, J.3
Yeh, S.-W.4
Jang, C.J.5
-
41
-
-
80355144963
-
The impact of global warming on the Southern Oscillation Index
-
Power S.B., Kociuba G. The impact of global warming on the Southern Oscillation Index. Clim. Dyn. 2011, 37:1745-1754.
-
(2011)
Clim. Dyn.
, vol.37
, pp. 1745-1754
-
-
Power, S.B.1
Kociuba, G.2
-
42
-
-
36549045108
-
Weakening of the Walker Circulation and apparent dominance of El Niño both reach record levels, but has ENSO really changed?
-
Power S.B., Smith I.N. Weakening of the Walker Circulation and apparent dominance of El Niño both reach record levels, but has ENSO really changed?. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L18702. 10.1029/2007GL030854.
-
(2007)
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, vol.34
, pp. L18702
-
-
Power, S.B.1
Smith, I.N.2
-
43
-
-
0031418526
-
Anomalous ENSO occurrences: an alternate view
-
Rajagopalan B., Lall U., Cane M.A. Anomalous ENSO occurrences: an alternate view. J. Clim. 1997, 10:2351-2357.
-
(1997)
J. Clim.
, vol.10
, pp. 2351-2357
-
-
Rajagopalan, B.1
Lall, U.2
Cane, M.A.3
-
44
-
-
0020391175
-
Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño
-
Rasmusson E.M., Carpenter T.H. Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño. Mon. Weather Rev. 1982, 110:354-384.
-
(1982)
Mon. Weather Rev.
, vol.110
, pp. 354-384
-
-
Rasmusson, E.M.1
Carpenter, T.H.2
-
45
-
-
84869441362
-
Historical changes in El Niño and La Niña characteristics in an ocean reanalysis
-
Ray S., Giese B.S. Historical changes in El Niño and La Niña characteristics in an ocean reanalysis. J. Geophys. Res. 2012, 117:C11007. 10.1029/2012JC008031.
-
(2012)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.117
, pp. C11007
-
-
Ray, S.1
Giese, B.S.2
-
46
-
-
0036648346
-
An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate
-
Reynolds R.W., Rayner N.A., Smith T.M., Stokes D.C., Wang W. An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate. J. Clim. 2002, 15:1609-1625.
-
(2002)
J. Clim.
, vol.15
, pp. 1609-1625
-
-
Reynolds, R.W.1
Rayner, N.A.2
Smith, T.M.3
Stokes, D.C.4
Wang, W.5
-
47
-
-
0000335197
-
Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation
-
Ropelewski C.F., Halpert M.S. Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Mon. Weather Rev. 1987, 115:1606-1626.
-
(1987)
Mon. Weather Rev.
, vol.115
, pp. 1606-1626
-
-
Ropelewski, C.F.1
Halpert, M.S.2
-
48
-
-
0000082536
-
Precipitation patterns associated with the high index phase of the Southern Oscillation
-
Ropelewski C.F., Halpert M.S. Precipitation patterns associated with the high index phase of the Southern Oscillation. J. Clim. 1989, 2:268-284.
-
(1989)
J. Clim.
, vol.2
, pp. 268-284
-
-
Ropelewski, C.F.1
Halpert, M.S.2
-
49
-
-
17444363018
-
Effects of global climate change on marine and estuarine fishes and fisheries
-
Rossig J.M., Woodley C.M., Cech J.J., Hansen L.J. Effects of global climate change on marine and estuarine fishes and fisheries. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish 2004, 14:251-257.
-
(2004)
Rev. Fish Biol. Fish
, vol.14
, pp. 251-257
-
-
Rossig, J.M.1
Woodley, C.M.2
Cech, J.J.3
Hansen, L.J.4
-
50
-
-
0029752972
-
The 1990-1995 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event: longest on record
-
Trenberth K.E., Hoar T.J. The 1990-1995 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event: longest on record. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1996, 23:57-60.
-
(1996)
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, vol.23
, pp. 57-60
-
-
Trenberth, K.E.1
Hoar, T.J.2
-
54
-
-
68749100686
-
Are historical records sufficient to constrain ENSO simulations?
-
Wittenberg A.T. Are historical records sufficient to constrain ENSO simulations?. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2009, 36:L12702. 10.1029/2009GL038710.
-
(2009)
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, vol.36
, pp. L12702
-
-
Wittenberg, A.T.1
-
55
-
-
0000475959
-
The interpretation of short climate records, with comments on the North Atlantic and Southern Oscillations
-
Wunsch C. The interpretation of short climate records, with comments on the North Atlantic and Southern Oscillations. Bull. Am. Meterol. Soc. 1999, 80:245-255.
-
(1999)
Bull. Am. Meterol. Soc.
, vol.80
, pp. 245-255
-
-
Wunsch, C.1
|