Recent advances in carbon supported metal nanoparticles preparation for oxygen reduction reaction in low temperature fuel cells

Catalysts

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 310-348

  Holade, Yaovi ^a   Sahin, Nihat Ege ^a   Servat, Karine ^a   Napporn, Teko W ^a   Kokoh, Kouakou B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE POITIERS   (France)

Author keywords

Electrocatalysts; Fuel cell; Nanoparticles preparation; Oxygen reduction reaction; Palladium; Platinum; Water in oil microemulsion

Indexed keywords

EID: 84924294236     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20734344     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/catal5010310     Document Type: Review

References (178)

1. Marković, N.M.; Ross, P.N. Jr. Surface science studies of model fuel cell electrocatalysts. Surf. Sci. Rep. 2002, 45, 117–229.
2. Wieckowski, A.; Savinova, E.R.; Vayenas, C.G. Catalysis and Electrocatalysis at Nanoparticle Surfaces; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 2003; p. 970.
3. Stamenkovic, V.R.; Mun, B.S.; Arenz, M.; Mayrhofer, K.J.J.; Lucas, C.A.; Wang, G.; Ross, P.N.; Markovic, N.M. Trends in electrocatalysis on extended and nanoscale Pt-bimetallic alloy surfaces. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 241–247.
4. Markovic, N.M.; Gasteiger, H.A.; Ross, P.N. Oxygen Reduction on Platinum Low-Index Single-Crystal Surfaces in Sulfuric Acid Solution: Rotating Ring-Pt(hkl) Disk Studies. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 3411–3415.
5. Nesselberger, M.; Ashton, S.; Meier, J.C.; Katsounaros, I.; Mayrhofer, K.J.J.; Arenz, M. The Particle Size Effect on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Pt Catalysts: Influence of Electrolyte and Relation to Single Crystal Models. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 17428–17433.
6. Shao, M.; Peles, A.; Shoemaker, K. Electrocatalysis on Platinum Nanoparticles: Particle Size Effect on Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 3714–3719.
7. Anastasopoulos, A.; Davies, J.C.; Hannah, L.; Hayden, B.E.; Lee, C.E.; Milhano, C.; Mormiche, C.; Offin, L. The Particle Size Dependence of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction for Carbon-Supported Platinum and Palladium. ChemSusChem 2013, 6, 1973–1982.
8. Hernandez-Fernandez, P.; Masini, F.; McCarthy, D.N.; Strebel, C.E.; Friebel, D.; Deiana, D.; Malacrida, P.; Nierhoff, A.; Bodin, A.; Wise, A.M. et al. Mass-selected nanoparticles of PtxY as model catalysts for oxygen electroreduction. Nat. Chem. 2014, 6, 732–738.
9. Debe, M.K. Electrocatalyst approaches and challenges for automotive fuel cells. Nature 2012, 486, 43–51.
10. Cui, C.; Gan, L.; Li, H.-H.; Yu, S.-H.; Heggen, M.; Strasser, P. Octahedral PtNi Nanoparticle Catalysts: Exceptional Oxygen Reduction Activity by Tuning the Alloy Particle Surface Composition. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 5885–5889.
11. Chen, C.; Kang, Y.; Huo, Z.; Zhu, Z.; Huang, W.; Xin, H.L.; Snyder, J.D.; Li, D.; Herron, J.A.; Mavrikakis, M. et al. Highly Crystalline Multimetallic Nanoframes with Three-Dimensional Electrocatalytic Surfaces. Science 2014, 343, 1339–1343.
12. Corti, H.; Gonzalez, E.R. Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells: Materials, Performance, Durability and Applications; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2014; p. 370.
13. Huang, X.; Zhao, Z.; Chen, Y.; Zhu, E.; Li, M.; Duan, X.; Huang, Y. A Rational Design of Carbon-Supported Dispersive Pt-Based Octahedra as Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 2957–2962.
14. Wang, D.; Xin, H.L.; Hovden, R.; Wang, H.; Yu, Y.; Muller, D.A.; DiSalvo, F.J.; Abruña, H.D. Structurally ordered intermetallic platinum–cobalt core–shell nanoparticles with enhanced activity and stability as oxygen reduction electrocatalysts. Nat. Mater. 2013, 12, 81–87.
15. Ross, P.N.; Radmilovic, V.; Markovic, N.M. Physical and Electrochemical Characterization of Bimetallic Nanoparticle Electrocatalysts. In Catalysis and Electrocatalysis at Nanoparticle Surfaces; Wieckowski, A., Savinova, E.R., Vayenas, C.G., Eds.; CRC Press: New York, NY, USA, 2003; pp. 311–342.
16. Geim, A.K.; Novoselov, K.S. The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 183–191.
17. De Volder, M.F. L.; Tawfick, S.H.; Baughman, R.H.; Hart, A.J. Carbon Nanotubes: Present and Future Commercial Applications. Science 2013, 339, 535–539.
18. Andrews, R.; Jacques, D.; Qian, D.; Rantell, T. Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis and Application. Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 1008–1017.
19. Karousis, N.; Tagmatarchis, N.; Tasis, D. Current Progress on the Chemical Modification of Carbon Nanotubes. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 5366–5397.
20. Che, A.-F.; Germain, V.; Cretin, M.; Cornu, D.; Innocent, C.; Tingry, S. Fabrication of free-standing electrospun carbon nanofibers as efficient electrode materials for bioelectrocatalysis. New J. Chem. 2011, 35, 2848–2853.
21. Andersen, S.M.; Borghei, M.; Lund, P.; Elina, Y.-R.; Pasanen, A.; Kauppinen, E.; Ruiz, V.; Kauranen, P.; Skou, E.M. Durability of carbon nanofiber (CNF) & carbon nanotube (CNT) as catalyst support for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Solid State Ionics 2013, 231, 94–101.
22. Shulaker, M.M.; Hills, G.; Patil, N.; Wei, H.; Chen, H.-Y.; Wong, H.S.P.; Mitra, S. Carbon nanotube computer. Nature 2013, 501, 526–530.
23. Gao, F.; Viry, L.; Maugey, M.; Poulin, P.; Mano, N. Engineering hybrid nanotube wires for high-power biofuel cells. Nat. Commun. 2010, 1, 3.
24. Zebda, A.; Gondran, C.; le Goff, A.; Holzinger, M.; Cinquin, P.; Cosnier, S. Mediatorless high-power glucose biofuel cells based on compressed carbon nanotube-enzyme electrodes. Nat. Commun. 2011, 2, 370.
25. Sinfelt, J.H.; Lam, Y.L.; Cusumano, J.A.; Barnett, A.E. Nature of ruthenium-copper catalysts. J. Catal. 1976, 42, 227–237.
26. Ferrando, R.; Jellinek, J.; Johnston, R.L. Nanoalloys: From Theory to Applications of Alloy Clusters and Nanoparticles. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 845–910.
27. Raimondi, F.; Scherer, G.G.; Kötz, R.; Wokaun, A. Nanoparticles in Energy Technology: Examples from Electrochemistry and Catalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 2190–2209.
28. Katsounaros, I.; Cherevko, S.; Zeradjanin, A.R.; Mayrhofer, K.J.J. Oxygen Electrochemistry as a Cornerstone for Sustainable Energy Conversion. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 102–121.
29. Hoar, T.; Schulman, J. Transparent water-in-oil dispersions: the oleopathic hydro-micelle. Nature 1943, 152, 102–103.
30. Boutonnet, M.; Kizling, J.; Stenius, P.; Maire, G. The preparation of monodisperse colloidal metal particles from microemulsions. Colloids Surf. 1982, 5, 209–225.
31. Schwuger, M.-J.; Stickdorn, K.; Schomaecker, R. Microemulsions in Technical Processes. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 849–864.
32. Bock, C.; Halvorsen, H.; MacDougall, B. Catalyst Synthesis Techniques. In PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers; Zhang, J., Ed.; Springer-Verlag: London, UK, 2008; pp. 447–485.
33. Demarconnay, L.; Coutanceau, C.; Léger, J.M. Study of the oxygen electroreduction at nanostructured PtBi catalysts in alkaline medium. Electrochim. Acta 2008, 53, 3232–3241.
34. Simões, M.; Baranton, S.; Coutanceau, C. Electrooxidation of Sodium Borohydride at Pd, Au, and PdxAu1-x Carbon-Supported Nanocatalysts. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 13369–13376.
35. Roychowdhury, C.; Matsumoto, F.; Mutolo, P.F.; Abruña, H.D.; DiSalvo, F.J. Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrocatalytic Activity of PtBi Nanoparticles Prepared by the Polyol Process. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 5871–5876.
36. Holade, Y.; Morais, C.; Arrii-Clacens, S.; Servat, K.; Napporn, T.W.; Kokoh, K.B. New Preparation of PdNi/C and PdAg/C Nanocatalysts for Glycerol Electrooxidation in Alkaline Medium. Electrocatalysis 2013, 4, 167–178.
37. Holade, Y.; Morais, C.; Napporn, T.W.; Servat, K.; Kokoh, K.B. Electrochemical Behavior of Organics Oxidation on Palladium-Based Nanocatalysts Synthesized from Bromide Anion Exchange. ECS Trans. 2014, 58, 25–35.
38. Tonda-Mikiela, P.; Napporn, T.W.; Morais, C.; Servat, K.; Chen, A.; Kokoh, K.B. Synthesis of Gold-Platinum Nanomaterials Using Bromide Anion Exchange-Synergistic Electroactivity toward CO and Glucose Oxidation. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2012, 159, H828–H833.
39. Lahmani, M.; Bréchignac, C.; Houdy, P. Les Nanosciences: 2. Nanomatériaux et Nanochimie; 2nd ed.; Belin: Paris, France, 2012, p. 732 (In French).
40. Schulman, J.H.; Stoeckenius, W.; Prince, L.M. Mechanism of Formation and Structure of Micro Emulsions by Electron Microscopy. J. Phys. Chem. 1959, 63, 1677–1680.
41. Schulman, J.H.; Friend, J.A. Light scattering investigation of the structure of transparent oil-water disperse systems. II. J. Colloid Sci. 1949, 4, 497–509.
42. Clausse, M.; Peyrelasse, J.; Heil, J.; Boned, C.; Lagourette, B. Bicontinuous structure zones in microemulsions. Nature 1981, 293, 636–638.
43. Danielsson, I.; Lindman, B. The definition of microemulsion. Colloids Surf. 1981, 3, 391–392.
44. Eriksson, S.; Nylén, U.; Rojas, S.; Boutonnet, M. Preparation of catalysts from microemulsions and their applications in heterogeneous catalysis. Appl. Catal. A 2004, 265, 207–219.
45. Capek, I. Preparation of metal nanoparticles in water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions. Adv. Colloid Int. Sci. 2004, 110, 49–74.
46. Ingelsten, H.H.; Bagwe, R.; Palmqvist, A.; Skoglundh, M.; Svanberg, C.; Holmberg, K.; Shah, D.O. Kinetics of the Formation of Nano-Sized Platinum Particles in Water-in-Oil Microemulsions. J. Colloid Int. Sci. 2001, 241, 104–111.
47. Solla-Gullón, J.; Rodes, A.; Montiel, V.; Aldaz, A.; Clavilier, J. Electrochemical characterisation of platinum–palladium nanoparticles prepared in a water-in-oil microemulsion. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2003, 554–555, 273–284.
48. Solla-Gullón, J.; Vidal-Iglesias, F.J.; Montiel, V.; Aldaz, A. Electrochemical characterization of platinum–ruthenium nanoparticles prepared by water-in-oil microemulsion. Electrochim. Acta 2004, 49, 5079–5088.
49. Habrioux, A. Préparation et caractérisation de nanoparticules à base d’or et de platine pour l’anode d’une biopile glucose/dioxygène. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Poitiers, France, October 2009.
50. Simões, M. Développement d’électrocatalyseurs anodiques plurimétalliques nanostructurés pour une application en pile à combustible à membrane alcaline solide (SAMFC). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Poitiers, France, March 2011.
51. Liu, H.; Song, C.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, J.; Wang, H.; Wilkinson, D.P. A review of anode catalysis in the direct methanol fuel cell. J. Power Sources 2006, 155, 95–110.
52. Habrioux, A.; Diabaté, D.; Rousseau, J.; Napporn, T.; Servat, K.; Guétaz, L.; Trokourey, A.; Kokoh, K.B. Electrocatalytic Activity of Supported Au–Pt Nanoparticles for CO Oxidation and O2 Reduction in Alkaline Medium. Electrocatalysis 2010, 1, 51–59.
53. Habrioux, A.; Sibert, E.; Servat, K.; Vogel, W.; Kokoh, K.B.; Alonso-Vante, N. Activity of Platinum-Gold Alloys for Glucose Electrooxidation in Biofuel Cells. J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 10329–10333.
54. Habrioux, A.; Vogel, W.; Guinel, M.; Guetaz, L.; Servat, K.; Kokoh, B.; Alonso-Vante, N. Structural and electrochemical studies of Au-Pt nanoalloys. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2009, 11, 3573–3579.
55. Wu, M.-L.; Chen, D.-H.; Huang, T.-C. Preparation of Au/Pt Bimetallic Nanoparticles in Water-in-Oil Microemulsions. Chem. Mater. 2001, 13, 599–606.
56. Diabaté, D.; Napporn, T.W.; Servat, K.; Habrioux, A.; Arrii-Clacens, S.; Trokourey, A.; Kokoh, K.B. Kinetic Study of Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Carbon Supported Pd-Based Nanomaterials in Alkaline Medium. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2013, 160, H302–H308.
57. Holade, Y.; Morais, C.; Servat, K.; Napporn, T.W.; Kokoh, K.B. Enhancing the available specific surface area of carbon supports to boost the electroactivity of nanostructured Pt catalysts. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 25609–25620.
58. Grolleau, C.; Coutanceau, C.; Pierre, F.; Léger, J.M. Effect of potential cycling on structure and activity of Pt nanoparticles dispersed on different carbon supports. Electrochim. Acta 2008, 53, 7157–7165.
59. Solla-Gullón, J.; Montiel, V.; Aldaz, A.; Clavilier, J. Electrochemical characterisation of platinum nanoparticles prepared by microemulsion: How to clean them without loss of crystalline surface structure. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2000, 491, 69–77.
60. Napporn, T.; Habrioux, A.; Rousseau, J.; Servat, K.; Léger, J.-M.; Kokoh, B. Effect of the Cleaning Step on the Morphology of Gold Nanoparticles. Electrocatalysis 2011, 2, 24–27.
61. Fievet, F.; Lagier, J.P.; Blin, B.; Beaudoin, B.; Figlarz, M. Homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleations in the polyol process for the preparation of micron and submicron size metal particles. Solid State Ionics 1989, 32–33 (Part 1), 198–205.
62. Bonet, F.; Guéry, C.; Guyomard, D.; Herrera Urbina, R.; Tekaia-Elhsissen, K.; Tarascon, J.M. Electrochemical reduction of noble metal compounds in ethylene glycol. Int. J. Inorg. Mater. 1999, 1, 47–51.
63. Bock, C.; Paquet, C.; Couillard, M.; Botton, G.A.; MacDougall, B.R. Size-Selected Synthesis of PtRu Nano-Catalysts: Reaction and Size Control Mechanism. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 8028–8037.
64. Skrabalak, S.E.; Wiley, B.J.; Kim, M.; Formo, E.V.; Xia, Y. On the Polyol Synthesis of Silver Nanostructures: Glycolaldehyde as a Reducing Agent. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 2077–2081.
65. Chen, J.; Lim, B.; Lee, E.P.; Xia, Y. Shape-controlled synthesis of platinum nanocrystals for catalytic and electrocatalytic applications. Nano Today 2009, 4, 81–95.
66. Xiong, Y.; Xia, Y. Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanostructures: The Case of Palladium. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 3385–3391.
67. Grzelczak, M.; Perez-Juste, J.; Mulvaney, P.; Liz-Marzan, L.M. Shape control in gold nanoparticle synthesis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008, 37, 1783–1791.
68. Wang, C.; Daimon, H.; Onodera, T.; Koda, T.; Sun, S. A General Approach to the Size- and Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic Reduction of Oxygen. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 3588–3591.
69. Alia, S.M.; Zhang, G.; Kisailus, D.; Li, D.; Gu, S.; Jensen, K.; Yan, Y. Porous Platinum Nanotubes for Oxygen Reduction and Methanol Oxidation Reactions. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 3742–3746.
70. Lee, I.; Delbecq, F.; Morales, R.; Albiter, M.A.; Zaera, F. Tuning selectivity in catalysis by controlling particle shape. Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 132–138.
71. Kyriakou, G.; Beaumont, S.K.; Humphrey, S.M.; Antonetti, C.; Lambert, R.M. Sonogashira Coupling Catalyzed by Gold Nanoparticles: Does Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Catalysis Dominate? ChemCatChem 2010, 2, 1444–1449.
72. Campbell, C.T.; Parker, S.C.; Starr, D.E. The Effect of Size-Dependent Nanoparticle Energetics on Catalyst Sintering. Science 2002, 298, 811–814.
73. Biacchi, A.J.; Schaak, R.E. The Solvent Matters: Kinetic versus Thermodynamic Shape Control in the Polyol Synthesis of Rhodium Nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 8089–8099.
74. Song, H.; Kim, F.; Connor, S.; Somorjai, G.A.; Yang, P. Pt Nanocrystals: Shape Control and Langmuir-Blodgett Monolayer Formation. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 109, 188–193.
75. Susut, C.; Nguyen, T.D.; Chapman, G.B.; Tong, Y. Particle Size Limit for Concomitant Tuning of Size and Shape of Platinum Nanoparticles. J. Cluster Sci. 2007, 18, 773–780.
76. Lee, E.; Murthy, A.; Manthiram, A. Comparison of the stabilities and activities of Pt–Ru/C and Pt3–Sn/C electrocatalysts synthesized by the polyol method for methanol electro-oxidation reaction. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2011, 659, 168–175.
77. Kim, H.J.; Choi, S.M.; Green, S.; Tompsett, G.A.; Lee, S.H.; Huber, G.W.; Kim, W.B. Highly active and stable PtRuSn/C catalyst for electrooxidations of ethylene glycol and glycerol. Appl. Catal. B: Env. 2011, 101, 366–375.
78. Wang, L.; Zhai, J.-J.; Jiang, K.; Wang, J.-Q.; Cai, W.-B. Pd–Cu/C electrocatalysts synthesized by one-pot polyol reduction toward formic acid oxidation: Structural characterization and electrocatalytic performance. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 2015, 40, 1726–1734.
79. Wang, G.; Takeguchi, T.; Muhamad, E.N.; Yamanaka, T.; Sadakane, M.; Ueda, W. Preparation of Well-Alloyed PtRu/C Catalyst by Sequential Mixing of the Precursors in a Polyol Method. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2009, 156, B1348.
80. Joseyphus, R.J.; Matsumoto, T.; Takahashi, H.; Kodama, D.; Tohji, K.; Jeyadevan, B. Designed synthesis of cobalt and its alloys by polyol process. J. Solid State Chem. 2007, 180, 3008–3018.
81. Susut, C.; Tong, Y.J. Size-Dependent Methanol Electro-oxidation Activity of Pt Nanoparticles with Different Shapes. Electrocatalysis 2011, 2, 75–81.
82. González-Quijano, D.; Pech-Rodríguez, W.J.; Escalante-García, J.I.; Vargas-Gutiérrez, G.; Rodríguez-Varela, F.J. Electrocatalysts for ethanol and ethylene glycol oxidation reactions. Part I: Effects of the polyol synthesis conditions on the characteristics and catalytic activity of Pt–Sn/C anodes. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 2014, 39, 16676–16685.
83. Jiang, L.; Hsu, A.; Chu, D.; Chen, R. Ethanol electro-oxidation on Pt/C and PtSn/C catalysts in alkaline and acid solutions. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35, 365–372.
84. Lee, S.; Kim, H.J.; Choi, S.M.; Seo, M.H.; Kim, W.B. The promotional effect of Ni on bimetallic PtNi/C catalysts for glycerol electrooxidation. Appl. Catal. A 2012, 429–430, 39–47.
85. Nghia, N.V.; Truong, N.N.K.; Thong, N.M.; Hung, N.P. Synthesis of Nanowire-Shaped Silver by Polyol Process of Sodium Chloride. Int. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 2, 75–78.
86. Chee, S.-S.; Lee, J.-H. Synthesis of tin nanoparticles through modified polyol process and effects of centrifuging and drying on nanoparticles. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 2012, 22, s707–s711.
87. Salgado, J.R.C.; Antolini, E.; Gonzalez, E.R. Structure and Activity of Carbon-Supported Pt-Co Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 17767–17774.
88. Alvarez, G.F.; Mamlouk, M.; Senthil Kumar, S.M.; Scott, K. Preparation and characterisation of carbon-supported palladium nanoparticles for oxygen reduction in low temperature PEM fuel cells. J. Appl. Electrochem. 2011, 41, 925–937.
89. Pradeep, T. Anshup. Noble metal nanoparticles for water purification: A critical review. Thin Solid Films 2009, 517, 6441–6478.
90. Nashner, M.S.; Frenkel, A.I.; Somerville, D.; Hills, C.W.; Shapley, J.R.; Nuzzo, R.G. Core Shell Inversion during Nucleation and Growth of Bimetallic Pt/Ru Nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8093–8101.
91. Takasu, Y.; Fujiwara, T.; Murakami, Y.; Sasaki, K.; Oguri, M.; Asaki, T.; Sugimoto, W. Effect of Structure of Carbon‐Supported PtRu Electrocatalysts on the Electrochemical Oxidation of Methanol. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2000, 147, 4421–4427.
92. Rahsepar, M.; Pakshir, M.; Piao, Y.; Kim, H. Preparation of Highly Active 40 wt.% Pt on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube by Improved Impregnation Method for Fuel Cell Applications. Fuel Cells 2012, 12, 827–834.
93. Knani, S.; Chirchi, L.; Baranton, S.; Napporn, T.W.; Léger, J.-M.; Ghorbel, A. A methanol–Tolerant carbon supported Pt–Sn cathode catalysts. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2014, 39, 9070–9079.
94. Coutanceau, C.; Brimaud, S.; Lamy, C.; Léger, J.M.; Dubau, L.; Rousseau, S.; Vigier, F. Review of different methods for developing nanoelectrocatalysts for the oxidation of organic compounds. Electrochim. Acta 2008, 53, 6865–6880.
95. Knani, S.; Chirchi, L.; Napporn, W.T.; Baranton, S.; Léger, J.M.; Ghorbel, A. Promising ternary Pt–Co–Sn catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2015, 738, 145–153.
96. Miller, H.A.; Bevilacqua, M.; Filippi, J.; Lavacchi, A.; Marchionni, A.; Marelli, M.; Moneti, S.; Oberhauser, W.; Vesselli, E.; Innocenti, M. et al. Nanostructured Fe-Ag electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 13337–13347.
97. Choi, S.M.; Yoon, J.S.; Kim, H.J.; Nam, S.H.; Seo, M.H.; Kim, W.B. Electrochemical benzene hydrogenation using PtRhM/C (M = W, Pd, or Mo) electrocatalysts over a polymer electrolyte fuel cell system. Appl. Catal. A 2009, 359, 136–143.
98. Kim, H.J.; Choi, S.M.; Nam, S.H.; Seo, M.H.; Kim, W.B. Effect of Rh content on carbon-supported PtRh catalysts for dehydrogenative electrooxidation of cyclohexane to benzene over polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. Appl. Catal. A 2009, 352, 145–151.
99. Kim, H.J.; Choi, S.M.; Nam, S.H.; Seo, M.H.; Kim, W.B. Carbon-supported PtNi catalysts for electrooxidation of cyclohexane to benzene over polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Catal. Today 2009, 146, 9–14.
100. Longoni, G.; Chini, P. Synthesis and chemical characterization of platinum carbonyl dianions [Pt3(CO)6]n2- (n = apprx.10, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1). A new series of inorganic oligomers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 7225–7231.
101. Holade, Y.; Morais, C.; Servat, K.; Napporn, T.W.; Kokoh, K.B. Toward the Electrochemical Valorization of Glycerol: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic and Chromatographic Studies. ACS Catal. 2013, 3, 2403–2411.
102. Holade, Y.; MacVittie, K.; Conlon, T.; Guz, N.; Servat, K.; Napporn, T.W.; Kokoh, K.B.; Katz, E. Pacemaker Activated by an Abiotic Biofuel Cell Operated in Human Serum Solution. Electroanalysis 2014, 26, 2445–2457.
103. Holade, Y.; Engel, A.B.; Tingry, S.; Servat, K.; Napporn, T.W.; Kokoh, K.B. Insights on Hybrid Glucose Biofuel Cell Based on Bilirubin Oxidase Cathode and Gold-Based Nanomaterials Anode. ChemElectroChem 2014, 1, 1976–1987.
104. Lim, B.; Kobayashi, H.; Camargo, P.C.; Allard, L.; Liu, J.; Xia, Y. New insights into the growth mechanism and surface structure of palladium nanocrystals. Nano Res. 2010, 3, 180–188.
105. Zhang, H.; Jin, M.; Xiong, Y.; Lim, B.; Xia, Y. Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Pd Nanocrystals and Their Catalytic Applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, 46, 1783–1794.
106. Langille, M.R.; Personick, M.L.; Zhang, J.; Mirkin, C.A. Defining Rules for the Shape Evolution of Gold Nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 14542–14554.
107. Huang, X.; Li, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhou, H.; Duan, X.; Huang, Y. Synthesis of PtPd Bimetal Nanocrystals with Controllable Shape, Composition, and Their Tunable Catalytic Properties. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 4265–4270.
108. Holade, Y.; Servat, K.; Napporn, T.W.; Kokoh, K.B. Electrocatalytic properties of nanomaterials synthesized from “Bromide Anion Exchange” method—Investigations of glucose and glycerol oxidation. Electrochim. Acta 2015, doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.11.072.
109. Habrioux, A.; Servat, K.; Tingry, S.; Kokoh, K.B. Enhancement of the performances of a single concentric glucose/O2 biofuel cell by combination of bilirubin oxidase/Nafion cathode and Au–Pt anode. Electrochem. Commun. 2009, 11, 111–113.
110. Lee, W.-D.; Lim, D.-H.; Chun, H.-J.; Lee, H.-I. Preparation of Pt nanoparticles on carbon support using modified polyol reduction for low-temperature fuel cells. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2012, 37, 12629–12638.
111. Sakai, G.; Arai, T.; Matsumoto, T.; Ogawa, T.; Yamada, M.; Sekizawa, K.; Taniguchi, T. Electrochemical and ESR Study on Pt-TiOx/C Electrocatalysts with Enhanced Activity for ORR. ChemElectroChem 2014, 1, 366–370.
112. Teranishi, T.; Kurita, R.; Miyake, M. Shape Control of Pt Nanoparticles. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. 2000, 10, 145–156.
113. Mirdamadi-Esfahani, M.; Mostafavi, M.; Keita, B.; Nadjo, L.; Kooyman, P.; Remita, H. Bimetallic Au-Pt nanoparticles synthesized by radiolysis: Application in electro-catalysis. Gold Bull. 2010, 43, 49–56.
114. Rivadulla, J.F.; Vergara, M.C.; Blanco, M.C.; López-Quintela, M.A.; Rivas, J. Optical Properties of Platinum Particles Synthesized in Microemulsions. J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 8997–9004.
115. Lim, B.; Jiang, M.; Tao, J.; Camargo, P.H.C.; Zhu, Y.; Xia, Y. Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Pd Nanocrystals in Aqueous Solutions. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 189–200.
116. Wang, Z.-L.; Yan, J.-M.; Wang, H.-L.; Ping, Y.; Jiang, Q. Pd/C Synthesized with Citric Acid: An Efficient Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation from Formic Acid/Sodium Formate. Sci. Rep. 2012, 2, 598.
117. Klotz, P.; Feldberg, S.; Newman, L. Mixed-ligand complexes of palladium(II) with bromide and chloride in acetonitrile. Inorg. Chem. 1973, 12, 164–168.
118. Ksar, F.; Ramos, L.; Keita, B.; Nadjo, L.; Beaunier, P.; Remita, H. Bimetallic Palladium-Gold Nanostructures: Application in Ethanol Oxidation. Chem. Mater. 2009, 21, 3677–3683.
119. Imbeault, R.; Reyter, D.; Garbarino, S.; Roué, L.; Guay, D. Metastable AuxRh100–x Thin Films Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition for the Electrooxidation of Methanol. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 5262–5269.
120. Bonneman, H.; Brijoux, W.; Brinkmann, R.; Fretzen, R.; Joussen, T.; Koppler, R.; Korall, B.; Neiteler, P.; Richter, J. Preparation, characterization, and application of fine metal particles and metal colloids using hydrotriorganoborates. J. Mol. Catal. 1994, 86, 129–177.
121. Bönnemann, H.; Braun, G.A. Enantioselective Hydrogenations on Platinum Colloids. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 1992–1995.
122. Choudhury, N.A.; Raman, R.K.; Sampath, S.; Shukla, A.K. An alkaline direct borohydride fuel cell with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. J. Power Sources 2005, 143, 1–8.
123. Ma, J.; Choudhury, N.A.; Sahai, Y. A comprehensive review of direct borohydride fuel cells. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2010, 14, 183–199.
124. Wroblowa, H.S.; Yen Chi, P.; Razumney, G. Electroreduction of oxygen: A new mechanistic criterion. J. Electroanal. Chem. Interf. Electrochem. 1976, 69, 195–201.
125. Acres, G.J.K.; Frost, J.C.; Hards, G.A.; Potter, R.J.; Ralph, T.R.; Thompsett, D.; Burstein, G.T.; Hutchings, G.J. Electrocatalysts for fuel cells. Catal. Today 1997, 38, 393–400.
126. Xing, W.; Yin, G.; Zhang, J. Rotating Electrode Methods and Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts, 1st ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2014; p. 322.
127. Srinivasan, S.; Ticianelli, E.A.; Derouin, C.R.; Redondo, A. Advances in solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell technology with low platinum loading electrodes. J. Power Sources 1988, 22, 359–375.
128. Wilson, M.S.; Valerio, J.A.; Gottesfeld, S. Low platinum loading electrodes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells fabricated using thermoplastic ionomers. Electrochim. Acta 1995, 40, 355–363.
129. Gloaguen, F.; Andolfatto, F.; Durand, R.; Ozil, P. Kinetic study of electrochemical reactions at catalyst-recast ionomer interfaces from thin active layer modelling. J. Appl. Electrochem. 1994, 24, 863–869.
130. Coutanceau, C.; Croissant, M.J.; Napporn, T.; Lamy, C. Electrocatalytic reduction of dioxygen at platinum particles dispersed in a polyaniline film. Electrochim. Acta 2000, 46, 579–588.
131. Li, B.; Amiruddin, S.; Prakash, J. A Kinetic Study of Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Palladium-Nickel Alloy Surfaces. ECS Trans. 2008, 6, 139–144.
132. Oh, H.-S.; Oh, J.-G.; Kim, H. Modification of polyol process for synthesis of highly platinum loaded platinum–carbon catalysts for fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2008, 183, 600–603.
133. Lebègue, E.; Baranton, S.; Coutanceau, C. Polyol synthesis of nanosized Pt/C electrocatalysts assisted by pulse microwave activation. J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 920–927.
134. Brunel, L.; Denele, J.; Servat, K.; Kokoh, K.B.; Jolivalt, C.; Innocent, C.; Cretin, M.; Rolland, M.; Tingry, S. Oxygen transport through laccase biocathodes for a membrane-less glucose/O2 biofuel cell. Electrochem. Commun. 2007, 9, 331–336.
135. Silvert, P.Y.; Tekaia-Elhsissen, K. Synthesis of monodisperse submicronic gold particles by the polyol process. Solid State Ionics 1995, 82, 53–60.
136. Joseyphus, R.J.; Kodama, D.; Matsumoto, T.; Sato, Y.; Jeyadevan, B.; Tohji, K. Role of polyol in the synthesis of Fe particles. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2007, 310, 2393–2395.
137. Couto, G.G.; Klein, J.J.; Schreiner, W.H.; Mosca, D.H.; de Oliveira, A.J. A.; Zarbin, A.J.G. Nickel nanoparticles obtained by a modified polyol process: Synthesis, characterization, and magnetic properties. J. Colloid Int. Sci. 2007, 311, 461–468.
138. Tzitzios, V.; Basina, G.; Gjoka, M.; Alexandrakis, V.; Georgakilas, V.; Niarchos, D.; Boukos, N.; Petridis, D. Chemical synthesis and characterization of hcp Ni nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 3750–3755.
139. Kalyan Kamal, S.S.; Sahoo, P.K.; Premkumar, M.; Rama Rao, N.V.; Jagadeesh Kumar, T.; Sreedhar, B.; Singh, A.K.; Ram, S.; Chandra Sekhar, K. Synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles by a modified polyol process using cobalt hydrazine complex. J. Alloys Compd. 2009, 474, 214–218.
140. Ducamp-Sanguesa, C.; Herrera-Urbina, R.; Figlarz, M. Synthesis and characterization of fine and monodisperse silver particles of uniform shape. J. Solid State Chem. 1992, 100, 272–280.
141. Donati, I.; Travan, A.; Pelillo, C.; Scarpa, T.; Coslovi, A.; Bonifacio, A.; Sergo, V.; Paoletti, S. Polyol Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Mechanism of Reduction by Alditol Bearing Polysaccharides. Biomacromolecules 2009, 10, 210–213.
142. Blosi, M.; Albonetti, S.; Dondi, M.; Martelli, C.; Baldi, G. Microwave-assisted polyol synthesis of Cu nanoparticles. J. Nanopart. Res. 2011, 13, 127–138.
143. Cuya Huaman, J.L.; Sato, K.; Kurita, S.; Matsumoto, T.; Jeyadevan, B. Copper nanoparticles synthesized by hydroxyl ion assisted alcohol reduction for conducting ink. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 7062–7069.
144. Jo, Y.H.; Jung, I.; Choi, C.S.; Kim, I.; Lee, H.M. Synthesis and characterization of low temperature Sn nanoparticles for the fabrication of highly conductive ink. Nanotechnology 2011, 22, 225701.
145. Nørskov, J.K.; Rossmeisl, J.; Logadottir, A.; Lindqvist, L.; Kitchin, J.R.; Bligaard, T.; Jónsson, H. Origin of the Overpotential for Oxygen Reduction at a Fuel-Cell Cathode. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 17886–17892.
146. Toda, T.; Igarashi, H.; Uchida, H.; Watanabe, M. Enhancement of the Electroreduction of Oxygen on Pt Alloys with Fe, Ni, and Co. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1999, 146, 3750–3756.
147. Xiong, L.; Manthiram, A. Effect of Atomic Ordering on the Catalytic Activity of Carbon Supported PtM (M = Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) Alloys for Oxygen Reduction in PEMFCs. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005, 152, A697–A703.
148. Yang, H.; Vogel, W.; Lamy, C.; Alonso-Vante, N. Structure and Electrocatalytic Activity of Carbon-Supported Pt-Ni Alloy Nanoparticles Toward the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 11024–11034.
149. Santiago, E.I.; Varanda, L.C.; Villullas, H.M. Carbon-Supported Pt-Co Catalysts Prepared by a Modified Polyol Process as Cathodes for PEM Fuel Cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 3146–3151.
150. Rao, C.V.; Reddy, A.L.M.; Ishikawa, Y.; Ajayan, P.M. Synthesis and electrocatalytic oxygen reduction activity of graphene-supported Pt3Co and Pt3Cr alloy nanoparticles. Carbon 2011, 49, 931–936.
151. Liu, C.; Wu, X.; Klemmer, T.; Shukla, N.; Yang, X.; Weller, D.; Roy, A.G.; Tanase, M.; Laughlin, D. Polyol Process Synthesis of Monodispersed FePt Nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 6121–6123.
152. Venkateswara Rao, C.; Viswanathan, B. ORR Activity and Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell Performance of Carbon-Supported Pt-M (M = Fe, Co, and Cr) Alloys Prepared by Polyol Reduction Method. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 18907–18913.
153. Min, M.-k.; Cho, J.; Cho, K.; Kim, H. Particle size and alloying effects of Pt-based alloy catalysts for fuel cell applications. Electrochim. Acta 2000, 45, 4211–4217.
154. Léger, J.M. Preparation and activity of mono- or bi-metallic nanoparticles for electrocatalytic reactions. Electrochim. Acta 2005, 50, 3123–3129.
155. Tseng, C.-J.; Lo, S.-T.; Lo, S.-C.; Chu, P.P. Characterization of Pt-Cu binary catalysts for oxygen reduction for fuel cell applications. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2006, 100, 385–390.
156. Xiong, L.; Kannan, A.M.; Manthiram, A. Pt–M (M = Fe, Co, Ni and Cu) electrocatalysts synthesized by an aqueous route for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Electrochem. Commun. 2002, 4, 898–903.
157. Cambanis, G.; Chadwick, D. Platinum-vanadium carbon supported catalysts for fuel cell applications. Appl. Catal. 1986, 25, 191–198.
158. Antolini, E.; Passos, R.R.; Ticianelli, E.A. Electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on a carbon supported platinum–vanadium alloy in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Electrochim. Acta 2002, 48, 263–270.
159. Mukerjee, S.; Srinivasan, S.; Soriaga, M.P.; McBreen, J. Effect of Preparation Conditions of Pt Alloys on Their Electronic, Structural, and Electrocatalytic Activities for Oxygen Reduction—XRD, XAS, and Electrochemical Studies. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 4577–4589.
160. Huang, M.; Li, L.; Guo, Y. Microwave heated polyol synthesis of Pt3Te/C catalysts. Electrochim. Acta 2009, 54, 3303–3308.
161. Chen, C.; Kang, Y.; Huo, Z.; Zhu, Z.; Huang, W.; Xin, H.L.; Snyder, J.D.; Li, D.; Herron, J.A.; Mavrikakis, M. et al. Highly crystalline multimetallic nanoframes with three-dimensional electrocatalytic surfaces. Science 2014, 343, 1339–1343.
162. Senthil Kumar, S.M.; Soler Herrero, J.; Irusta, S.; Scott, K. The effect of pretreatment of Vulcan XC-72R carbon on morphology and electrochemical oxygen reduction kinetics of supported Pd nano-particle in acidic electrolyte. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2010, 647, 211–221.
163. Murthi, V.S.; Urian, R.C.; Mukerjee, S. Oxygen Reduction Kinetics in Low and Medium Temperature Acid Environment: Correlation of Water Activation and Surface Properties in Supported Pt and Pt Alloy Electrocatalysts. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 11011–11023.
164. Jiang, L.; Hsu, A.; Chu, D.; Chen, R. Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Carbon Supported Pt and Pd in Alkaline Solutions. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2009, 156, B370–B376.
165. Gasteiger, H.A.; Kocha, S.S.; Sompalli, B.; Wagner, F.T. Activity benchmarks and requirements for Pt, Pt-alloy, and non-Pt oxygen reduction catalysts for PEMFCs. Appl. Catal. B 2005, 56, 9–35.
166. Yam, V.W.W. Behind platinum’s sparkle. Nat. Chem. 2010, 2, 790.
167. Borup, R.; Meyers, J.; Pivovar, B.; Kim, Y.S.; Mukundan, R.; Garland, N.; Myers, D.; Wilson, M.; Garzon, F.; Wood, D. et al. Scientific Aspects of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability and Degradation. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 3904–3951.
168. Martins, C.; Fernández, P.; Troiani, H.; Martins, M.; Arenillas, A.; Camara, G. Agglomeration and Cleaning of Carbon Supported Palladium Nanoparticles in Electrochemical Environment. Electrocatalysis 2014, 5, 204–212.
169. Hiraoka, F.; Matsuzawa, K.; Mitsushima, S. Degradation of Pt/C Under Various Potential Cycling Patterns. Electrocatalysis 2013, 4, 10–16.
170. Cui, C.-H.; Yu, S.-H. Engineering Interface and Surface of Noble Metal Nanoparticle Nanotubes toward Enhanced Catalytic Activity for Fuel Cell Applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, 46, 1427–1437.
171. Ma, J.; Habrioux, A.; Alonso-Vante, N. The Effect of Substrates at Cathodes in Low-temperature Fuel Cells. ChemElectroChem 2014, 1, 37–46.
172. Jiang, Z.-Z.; Wang, Z.-B.; Chu, Y.-Y.; Gu, D.-M.; Yin, G.-P. Ultrahigh stable carbon riveted Pt/TiO2-C catalyst prepared by in situ carbonized glucose for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 728–735.
173. Strmcnik, D.; Kodama, K.; van der Vliet, D.; Greeley, J.; Stamenkovic, V.R.; Marković, N.M. The role of non-covalent interactions in electrocatalytic fuel-cell reactions on platinum. Nat. Chem. 2009, 1, 466–472.
174. Strmcnik, D.; Escudero-Escribano, M.; Kodama, K.; Stamenkovic, V.R.; Cuesta, A.; Marković, N.M. Enhanced electrocatalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction based on patterning of platinum surfaces with cyanide. Nat. Chem. 2010, 2, 880–885.
175. Zhang, J.; Sasaki, K.; Sutter, E.; Adzic, R.R. Stabilization of Platinum Oxygen-Reduction Electrocatalysts Using Gold Clusters. Science 2007, 315, 220–222.
176. Sepa, D.B.; Vojnovic, M.V.; Vracar, L.M.; Damjanovic, A. Apparent enthalpies of activation of electrodic oxygen reduction at platinum in different current density regions—I. Acid solution. Electrochim. Acta 1986, 31, 91–96.
177. Damjanovic, A. Electron transfer through thin anodic films in oxygen evolution at Pt electrodes in alkaline solutions. Electrochim. Acta 1992, 37, 2533–2539.
178. Demarconnay, L.; Coutanceau, C.; Léger, J.M. Electroreduction of dioxygen (ORR) in alkaline medium on Ag/C and Pt/C nanostructured catalysts—effect of the presence of methanol. Electrochim. Acta 2004, 49, 4513–4521.