Etiological classification of depression based on the enzymes of tryptophan metabolism

BMC Psychiatry

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Fukuda, Katsuhiko ^a  

^a Soka Clinic of Psychosomatic Medicine   (Japan)

Author keywords

Cybernetics; Depression; Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase; Kynurenine; Kynurenine 3 monooxygenase; Serotonin; Tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase; Tryptophan hydroxylase

Indexed keywords

TRYPTOPHAN HYDROXYLASE; TRYPTOPHAN HYDROXYLASE 1; TRYPTOPHAN HYDROXYLASE 2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; 3-HYDROXYKYNURENINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; INDOLEAMINE 2,3 DIOXYGENASE; KYNURENINE; SEROTONIN; TRYPTOPHAN;

ARTICLE; COMORBIDITY; CYBERNETICS; DEPRESSION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; ENDOGENOUS DEPRESSION; EXOGENOUS DEPRESSION; HUMAN; MAJOR DEPRESSION; METABOLIC INHIBITION; REACTIVE DEPRESSION; SECONDARY DEPRESSION; TRYPTOPHAN METABOLISM; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; BRAIN; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS SYSTEM; MENTAL STRESS; METABOLISM; PSYCHOLOGY; SUICIDE;

ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; BRAIN; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; INDOLEAMINE-PYRROLE 2,3,-DIOXYGENASE; KYNURENINE; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; SEROTONIN; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; SUICIDE; TRYPTOPHAN; TRYPTOPHAN HYDROXYLASE;

EID: 84924152867     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1471244X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-014-0372-y     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Copeland JR: Reactive and endogenous depressive illness and five-year outcome. J Affect Disord 1984, 6:153-162.
2. Hardy P, Gorwood P: Impact of life events in the course of depression. Encéphale 1993, 19:481-489.
3. Maletic V, Robinson M, Oakes T, Iyengar S, Ball SG, Russell J: Neurobiology of depression: an integrated view of key findings. Int J Clin Pract 2007, 61:2030-2040.
4. Mueller TI, Leon AC, Keller MB, Solomon DA, Endicott J, Coryell W, Warshaw M, Maser JD: Recurrence after recovery from major depressive disorder during 15years of observational follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 1999, 156:1000-1006.
5. Solomon DA, Keller MB, Leon AC, Mueller TI, Lavori PW, Shea MT, Coryell W, Warshaw M, Turvey C, Maser JD, Endicott J: Multiple recurrences of major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2000, 157:229-233.
6. Post RM: Conditioning and sensitisation in the longitudinal course of affective illness. Br J Psychiatry 1986, 149:191-201.
7. Kendler KS: Stressful life events and previous episodes in the etiology of major depression in women: an evaluation of the "kindling" hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry 2000, 157:1243-1251.
8. Monroe SM: Life stress, the "kindling" hypothesis, and the recurrence of depression: considerations from a life stress perspective. Psychol Rev 2005, 112:417-445.
9. Kendler KS: Genetic risk, number of previous depressive episodes, and stressful life events in predicting the onset of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:582-586.
10. Videbech P: Hippocampal volume and depression: a meta-analysis of MRI studies. Am J Psychiatry 2004, 161:1957-1966.
11. Manji HK, Quiroz JA, Sporn J, Payne JL, Denicoff K, N Gray A, Zarate CA Jr, Charney DS: Enhancing neuronal plasticity and cellular resilience to develop novel, improved therapeutics for difficult-to-treat depression. Biol Psychiatry 2003, 53:707-742.
12. de Kloet ER: Therapy insight: is there an imbalanced response of mineralcorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in depression. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007, 3:168-179.
13. Nestler EJ, Barrot M, DiLeone RJ, Eisch AJ, Gold SJ, Monteggia LM: Neurobiology of depression. Neuron 2002, 34:13-25.
14. Raison CL: When not enough is too much: the role of insufficient glucocorticoid signaling in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:1554-1565.
15. Raison CL: Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression. Trends Immunol 2006, 27:24-31.
16. Weisler-Frank J: Immune-to-brain communication dynamically modulates pain: physiological and pathological consequences. Brain Behav Immun 2005, 19:104-111.
17. Duman RS: A neurotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2006, 59:1116-1127.
18. Copolov DL, Rubin RT, Mander AJ, Sashidharan SP, Whitehouse AM, Blackburn IM, Freeman CP, Blackwood DH: DSM-III melancholia: do the criteria accurately and reliably distinguish endogenous pattern depression? J Affect Disord 1986, 10:191-202.
19. Wakefield JC: The DSM-5 debate over the bereavement exclusion: psychiatric diagnosis and the future of empirically supported treatment. Clin Psychol Rev 2013, 33:825-845.
20. Krasnov VN: Problems of current diagnosis of depression. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2012, 112:3-10.
21. Parker G: Beyond major depression. Psychol Med 2005, 35:467-474.
22. Fountoulakis KN, Iacovides A, Nimatoudis I, Kaprinis G, Ierodiakonou C: Comparison of the diagnosis of melancholic and atypical features according to DSM-IV and somatic syndrome according to ICD-10 in patients suffering from major depression. Eur Psychiatry 1999, 14:426-433.
23. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Stewart JW, Warden D, Niederehe G, Thase ME, Lavori PW, Lebowitz BD, McGrath PJ, Rosenbaum JF, Sackeim HA, Kupfer DJ, Luther J, Fava M: Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STARD report. Am J Psychiatry 2006, 163:1905-1917.
24. Murrough JW, Iosifescu DV, Chang LC, Al Jurdi RK, Green CE, Perez AM, Iqbal S, Pillemer S, Foulkes A, Shah A, Charney DS, Mathew SJ: Antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in treatment-resistant major depression: a two-site randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2013, 170:1134-1142.
25. Papp M, Moryl E: Antidepressant activity of non-competitive and competitive NMDA receptor antagonists in a chronic mild stress model of depression. Eur J Pharmacol 1994, 263:1-7.
26. Li N, Liu RJ, Dwyer JM, Banasr M, Lee B, Son H, Li XY, Aghajanian G, Duman RS: Glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists rapidly reverse behavioral and synaptic deficits caused by chronic stress exposure. Biol Psychiatry 2011, 69:754-761.
27. Vásquez CE, Riener R, Reynolds E, Britton GB: NMDA receptor dysregulation in chronic state: a possible mechanism underlying depression with BDNF downregulation. Neurochem Int 2014, 14:00211-00213.
28. Deltheil T, Guiard BP, Cerdan J, David DJ, Tanaka KF, Repérant C, Guilloux JP, Coudoré F, Hen R, Gardier AM: Behavioral and serotonergic consequences of decreasing or increasing hippocampus brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein levels in mice. Neuropharmacology 2008, 6:1006-1014.
29. Melancon MO, Lorrain D, Dionne IJ: Exercise increases tryptophan availability to the brain in older men age 57-70 years. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012, 44:881-887.
30. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Moore KA, Craighead WE, Herman S, Khatri P, Waugh R, Napolitano MA, Forman LM, Appelbaum M, Doraiswamy PM, Krishnan KR: Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression. Arch Intern Med 1999, 159:2349-2356.
31. Craft L, Landers D: The effect of exercise on clinical depression and depression resulting from medical illness. A meta-analysis. J Sport Exerc Psychol 1998, 20:339-357.
32. Otto MW, Church TS, Craft LL, Greer TL, Smits JA, Trivedi MH: Exercise for mood and anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 2007, 68:669-676.
33. Dunn AL, Trivedi MH, Kampert JB, Clark CG, Chambliss HO: Exercise treatment for depression: efficacy and dose response. Am J Prev Med 2005, 28:1-8.
34. Meyer T, Brinck U: Differential distribution of serotonin and tryptophan hydroxylase in the human gastrointestinal tract. Digestion 1999, 60:63-68.
35. Nakamura K, Sato T, Ohashi A, Tsurui H, Hasegawa H: Role of a serotonin precursor in development of gut microvilli. Am J Pathol 2008, 172:333-344.
36. Fukuda K: 5-HTP hypothesis of schizophrenia. Med Hypotheses 2013, 82:20-23.
37. Grasberger H, Chang L, Shih W, Presson AP, Sayuk GS, Newberry RD, Karagiannides I, Pothoulakis C, Mayer E, Merchant JL: Identification of a functional TPH1 polymorphism associated with irritable bowel syndrome bowel habit subtypes. Am J Gastroenterol 2013, 108:1766-1774.
38. Arias B, Fabbri C, Gressier F, Serretti A, Mitjans M, Gastó C, Catalán R, De Ronchi D, Fañanás L: TPH1, MAOA, serotonin receptor 2A and 2C genes in citalopram response: possible effect in melancholic and psychotic depression. Neuropsychobiology 2013, 67:41-47.
39. Koh KB, Kim CH, Choi EH, Lee YJ, Seo WY: Effect of tryptophan hydroxylase gene polymorphism on aggression in major depressive disorder and undifferentiated somatoform disorder. J Clin Psychiatr 2012, 73:e574-e579.
40. Chen D, Liu F, Yang C, Liang X, Shang Q, He W, Wang Z: Association between the TPH1 A218C polymorphism and risk of mood disorders and alcohol dependence: evidence from the current studies. J Affect Disord 2012, 138:27-33.
41. Viikki M, Kampman O, Illi A, Setälä-Soikkeli E, Anttila S, Huuhka M, Nuolivirta T, Poutanen O, Mononen N, Lehtimäki T, Leinonen E: TPH1 218A/C polymorphism is associated with major depressive disorder and its treatment response. Neurosci Lett 2010, 468:80-84.
42. Andre K, Kampman O, Vikki M, Ili A, Setälä-Soikkeli E, Poutanen O, Mononen N, Leinonen E, Lehtimäki T: TPH1 A218C polymorphism and temperament in major depression. BMC Psychiatry 2013, 13:118.
43. Shaw K, Turner J, Del Mar C: Tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002, 1:CD003198.
44. Vanderpump MP, Tunbridge WM, French JM, Appleton D, Bates D, Clark F, Grimley Evans J, Hasan DM, Rodgers H, Tunbridge F, Yong ET: The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995, 43:55-68.
45. Bach-Mizrachi H, Underwood MD, Tin A, Ellis SP, Mann JJ, Arango V: Elevated expression of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 mRNA at the neuronal level in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of depressed suicides. Mol Psychiatry 2008, 13:507-513.
46. Krishnadas R, Cavanagh J: Depression: an inflammatory illness? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012, 83:495-502.
47. Rubin RT: Adrenal cortical activity changes in manic-depressive illness. Influence on intermediary metabolism of tryptophan. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1967, 17:671-679.
48. Oxenkrug GF: Tryptophan kynurenine metabolism as a common mediator of genetic and environmental impacts in major depressive disorder: the serotonin hypothesis revisited 40 years later. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 2010, 47:56-63.
49. Myint AM: Kynurenines: from the perspective of major psychiatric disorders. FEBS J 2012, 279:1375-1385.
50. Heyes MP, Saito K, Major EO, Milstien S, Markey SP, Vickers JH: A mechanism of quinolinic acid formation by brain in inflammatory neurological disease. Attenuation of synthesis from L-tryptophan by 6-chlorotryptophan and 4-chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilate. Brain 1993, 116:1425-1450.
51. Mellor AL, Munn DH: Tryptophan catabolism and T-cell tolerance: immunosuppression by starvation? Immunol Today 1993, 20:469-473.
52. Moffett JR, Blinder KL, Venkateshan CN, Namboodiri MA: Differential effects of kynurenine and tryptophan treatment on quinolinate immunoreactivity in rat lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. Cell Tissue Res 1998, 293:525-534.
53. Moffett JR, Namboodiri MA: Tryptophan and the immune response. Immunol Cell Biol 2003, 81:247-265.
54. Grant RS, Naif H, Espinosa M, Kapoor V: IDO induction in IFN-gamma activated astroglia: a role in improving cell viability during oxidative stress. Redox Rep 2000, 5:101-104.
55. Grant RS, Kapoor V: Murine glial cells regenerate NAD, after peroxide-induced depletion, using either nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, or quinolinic acid as substrates. J Neurochem 1998, 70:1759-1763.
56. Heyes MP, Achim CL, Wiley CA, Major EO, Saito K, Markey SP: Human microglia convert l-tryptophan into the neurotoxin quinolinic acid. Biochem J 1996, 320:595-597.
57. Miller CL, Llenos IC, Dulay JR, Barillo MM, Yolken RH, Weis S: Expression of the kynurenine pathway enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase is increased in the frontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis 2004, 15:618-629.
58. Guillemin GJ, Smythe G, Takikawa O, Brew BJ: Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and production of quinolinic acid by human microglia, astrocytes, and neurons. Glia 2005, 49:15-23.
59. Guillemin GJ, Kerr SJ, Smythe GA, Smith DG, Kapoor V, Armati PJ, Croitoru J, Brew BJ: Kynurenine pathway metabolism in human astrocytes: a paradox for neuronal protection. J Neurochem 2001, 78:842-853.
60. Guillemin GJ, Smith DG, Kerr SJ, Smythe GA, Kapoor V, Armati PJ, Brew BJ: Characterisation of kynurenine pathway metabolism in human astrocytes and implications in neuropathogenesis. Redox Rep 2000, 5:108-111.
61. Steiner J, Walter M, Gos T, Guillemin GJ, Bernstein HG, Sarnyai Z, Mawrin C, Brisch R, Bielau H, zu Meyer Schwabedissen L, Bogerts B, Myint AM: Severe depression is associated with increased microglial quinolinic acid in subregions of the anterior cingulate gyrus: evidence for an immune-modulated glutamatergic neurotransmission? J Neuroinflammation 2011, 8:94.
62. Appel E, Kolman O, Kazimirsky G, Blumberg PM, Brodie C: Regulation of GDNF expression in cultured astrocytes by inflammatory stimuli. NeuroReport 1997, 8:3309-3312.
63. Tsiouris JA: Metabolic depression in hibernation and major depression: an explanatory theory and an animal model of depression. Med Hypotheses 2005, 65:829-840.
64. Kraepelin E: Manic-Depressive Insanity and Paranoia. RN Robertson (Trans). Edinburgh, U K: E & S Livingstone 1921:136.
65. Wiener N: Cybernetics, or Communication and Control in the Animal and the Machine. Cambridge: MIT Press; 1948.
66. Gross BA, Mindea SA, Pick AJ, Chandler JP, Batjer HH: Medical management of Cushing disease. Neurosurg Focus 2007, 23:E10.