Are older workers past their sell-by-date? A view from UK age discrimination law

Modern Law Review

Volumn 78, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 189-215

  Dewhurst, Elaine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84923848377     PISSN: 00267961     EISSN: 14682230     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-2230.12113     Document Type: Article

References (163)

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47. W. De Lange and G. Evers, n above.
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49. Yoeman, n above 10.
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52. Silverstein, n above
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55. A. Kelly, 'Extending the Default Retirement Age: An Assessment of Older Workers' Health and Safety Needs' (2013) Health and Safety Review 25-25
56. The concept of work ability has been discussed in excellent detail by Illmarinen in many of his studies including
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59. J. Ilmarinen and K. Tuomi, 'Past, present and future of work ability' in J. Ilmarinen and S. Lehtinen (eds), Past, present and future of work ability People and Work, Research Reports no 65 (Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 2004
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61. G. McEvoy and W. Cascio, 'Cumulative Evidence of the relationship between employee age and job performance (1989) 74 Journal of Applied Psychology 11
62. P. Aubert and B. Crépon, 'Are older workers less productive? Firm-level evidence on age-productivity and age wage profiles' (2007) mimeo, French version published in (2003) 368 Economie et Statistique 95, cited in van Dalen, Henkens and Schippers, n above 309-310.
63. Börsch-Supan and Weiss, n above 2-3.
64. K. Benjamin and S. Wilson, 'Facts and Misconceptions About Age, Health Status and Employability' Report No HSL/2005/20, iv-v.
65. M. Strate and R. Di Pietro, 'Management Perceptions of Older Employees in America's Restaurant Industry' in Rocca and Thijssen, n above, 135.
66. Benjamin and Wilson, n above, vi.
67. Yoeman, 11-12
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70. R. N. Taylor, 'Age and experience as determinants of managerial information processing and decision making' (1975) 18 Academy of Management Journal 74
71. Feinsod and Davenport, n above
72. M. C. Sturman, 'Searching for the inverted U-shaped relationship between time and performance: meta-analyses of the experience/performance, tenure/performance and age/performance relationships' (2003) 29 Journal of Management 609
73. K. Kowalski-Trakofler, L. Steiner, D. Schwerha, 'Safety considerations for the aging workforce' (2005) 43 Safety Science 779
74. Ng and Feldman, n above
75. M. Peeters, and H. Emmerik, 'An introduction to the work and well-being of older workers' (2008) 23 Journal of Managerial Psychology 353
76. National Seniors Australia Productive Ageing Centre, Experience Works: The Mature Ageing Employment Challenge (Australia: National Seniors Productive Ageing Centre, 2009) 14
77. J. Illmarinen, Towards a Longer Worklife! Ageing and the Quality of Worklife in the European Union (Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 2005) 408
78. WarrenShepell Research Group, 'The Aging Workforce: An EAP's Perspective' Series 32004
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80. Mayhew and Rijkers, n above, 7.
81. K. Barnett, J. Spoehr and E. Parnis, Experience Works: The Mature Age Employment Challenge (Adelaide: The Australian Institute for Social Research, 2009
82. J. Maertens, S. Putter, P. Chen, M. Diehl and Y. Huang, 'Physical Capabilities and Occupational Health of Older Workers' (2012) Oxford Handbook of Work and Ageing abstract
83. R. P. Hagen, 'Older Workers: How to Utilize this Valuable Resource' (1983) 28 Supervisory Management
84. James, Swanberg and McKechnie, n above, 7 who express agreement with this assessment.
85. Illmarinen, n above, 95.
86. Equality Act ,s 13. 2010
87. Equality Act s 19. 2010
88. Prior to the Equality Act 2010, discrimination based on age was prohibited under the Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006
89. Equality Act 2010, s 13(2).
90. Equality Act 2010
91. This was discussed expressly in Petersen [2010] ECR I-00047 and C-160/10, Fuchs and Köhler [2011] ECR I-000 (judgment of the Court 21 July 2011
92. See Wolf v Stadt Frankfurt am Main [2010] ECR I-1 and Case C-447/09Prigge and Others [2011]ECRI-0000.
93. Petersen n above at [23].
94. Fuchs and Köhler n above at [24].
95. [2012] UKSC 16.
96. L. Vickers and S. Manfredi, 'Age Equality and Retirement: Squaring the Circle' (2013) 42 Industrial Law Journal 61
97. M. Sargeant, 'Justifying Age Discrimination' (2013) 33 Business Law Review 204
98. E. Dewhurst, 'An Evaluation of the Principles Governing the Prohibition on Direct Age Discrimination in the United Kingdom' (2013) 4 Queen Mary Law Journal 11
99. A. Blackham, 'Unfinished Business in Compulsory Retirement Ages' (2012) 71 Cambridge Law Journal 495
100. Seldon v Clarkson, Wright and Jakes ET No1100275/07. 2007
101. Seldon n above at [54].
102. Seldon v Clarkson, Wright and Jakes [2008] UKEAT 0063-08-1912.
103. Seldon v Clarkson, Wright and Jakes [2010] EWCA Civ 899 at [38] per Sir Mark Waller.
104. Seldon n above at [12].
105. Kerr n above at [106]
106. Engel v Transport and Environment Committee of London Councils (2012) ET No 2200472/2012 at [69].
107. Equality Act 2010, s 124.
108. rd ed, 2012) 247
109. Equality Act 2010, s 119(2)
110. Equality Act 2010, s 119(4)
111. [1997] ICR 275, 283 per Smith J and approved in Vento v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police (2003) EWCA Civ 1871.
112. Livingstone v Rawyards Coal Co (1880) 5 App Cas 25, 39 per Lord Blackburn.
113. Chagger v Abbey National PLC [2010] ICR 397
114. Named after the case in which this principle was established, Polkey v A E Dayton Service Ltd [1988] 344
115. Chagger n above at [25] per Lord Justice Elias.
116. (2012) UKEAT 0590/12/BA.
117. A similar decision can be seen in Rowstock Ltd v Jessemey [2013] ICR 807.
118. James n above.
119. Shiret n above.
120. Jessemey n above.
121. Compass Group v Ayodele [2010] UKEAT/0484/10/SM.
122. Dixon n above.
123. In James the worker was a shoe salesman; in Shiret the worker was a research analyst; in Jessemey the worker was a car body repairer; and in Dixon the worker was a gamekeeper. The only exception is the case of in Ayodele n above where the worker was a kitchen porter.
124. James n above
125. Shiret n above
126. Dixon n above
127. Jessemey n above
128. Ayodele n above.
129. In James the worker was 58; in Shiret the worker was 54; in Dixon the worker was 58; in Jessemey above the worker was 66; and in Ayodele the worker was 65.
130. Ayodele n above at [18].
131. James n above at [3].
132. Shiret n above at [164].
133. Shiret n above at [165].
134. Dixon n above.
135. Dixon n above at [9.6].
136. Dixon n above at [9.9].
137. Dixon n above at [9.10].
138. Dixon n above at [9.19].
139. Dixon n above at [9.22].
140. Dixon n above at [24].
141. Chagger n above at [26] per Lord Justice Elias.
142. As determined in the case of Essa v Laing Ltd [2004] ICR 746
143. This was the argument of the claimant in the EAT in Chagger n above at [87] per Lord Justice Underhill.
144. Equality Act 2010, s 119
145. [62] per Lord Justice Clarke.
146. Chagger n above at [91] per Lord Justice Underhill.
147. Essa n above at [97] per Rix LJ.
148. Alexander v Home Office [1988] ICR 685.
149. Alexander n above, 692-693
150. Rookes v Barnard [1964] AC 1129
151. Broome v Cassell & Co Ltd [1972] AC 1027.
152. Chagger n above, UKEAT decision at [91].
153. Essa n above at [98] per Rix LJ.
154. Chagger n above at [91].
155. Marshall II v South Hampshire and South West Hampshire Area Health Authority [1986] ECR 723
156. The author would like to clarify that Marshall (No 2) was not an age discrimination case but a case focussed on sex discrimination, although the principles relating to compensation are similar and transferable.
157. Draehmpaehl v Urania Immobilienservice o.h.G. [1998] ICR 164. This case was also a case relating to equal treatment between men and women.
158. Council Directive 76/207/EEC of 9 February 1976 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions Official Journal L 039, 14/02/1976 P. 0040 - 0042.
159. Draehmpaehl n above at [34].
160. Chagger n above at [60] per Lord Justice Elias.
161. Lyons v DWP JobCentre Plus (2012) UKEAT 0348/12/JOJ at [38].
162. S. Malone, 'Ruminations on Cause-in-Fact' (1956) 9 Stanford Law Review 60-67
163. Chagger n above at [57] per Lord Justice Elias.