Computerised therapies for anxiety and depression in children and young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Volumn 67, Issue , 2015, Pages 1-18

  Pennant, Mary E ^a   Loucas, Christina E ^a   Whittington, Craig ^a,b   Creswell, Cathy ^c   Fonagy, Peter ^b   Fuggle, Peter ^d   Kelvin, Raphael ^e,f,g   Naqvi, Sabrina ^a   Stockton, Sarah ^a   Kendall, Tim ^a   Bevington, Dickon ^f   Fairburn, Christopher ^f   Keen, Daphne ^f   Lamb, Stephanie ^f   Larsson, Linnea ^f   Murphy, Margaret ^f   Pilling, Steve ^f   Pugh, Kathryn ^f   Ringwood, Susan ^f   Sealey, Christine ^f   Williams, Philippa ^f   more..

^a ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

^d ANNA FREUD CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^e ROYAL COLLEGE OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH   (United Kingdom)

^f CAMBRIDGESHIRE AND PETERBOROUGH NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Adolescent psychology; Anxiety; Child psychology; Depression; Internet delivered cognitive behaviour therapy; Meta analysis

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; ATTENTIONAL BIAS; CHILD; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COGNITIVE BIAS; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMPUTER ASSISTED THERAPY; DEPRESSION; HUMAN; INTERNET; META ANALYSIS; MOBILE APPLICATION; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PHOBIA; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SOCIAL PHOBIA; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TELETHERAPY; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; COMPUTER; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; MALE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PROCEDURES; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMPUTERS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERNET; MALE; MOBILE APPLICATIONS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84923655259     PISSN: 00057967     EISSN: 1873622X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.01.009     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Andersson G., Cuijpers P. Internet-based and other computerized psychological treatments for adult depression: a meta-analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2009, 38(4):196-205.
2. Andrews G., Cuijpers P., Craske M.G., McEvoy P., Titov N. Computer therapy for the anxiety and depressive disorders is effective, acceptable and practical health care: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 2010, 5(10):e13196.
3. Balshem H., Helfand M., Schunemann H.J., Oxman A.D., Kunz R., Brozek J., et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011, 64(4):401-406.
4. Bar-Haim Y., Morag I., Glickman S. Training anxious children to disengage attention from threat: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 2011, 52(8):861-869.
5. Beard C., Sawyer A.T., Hofmann S.G. Efficacy of attention bias modification using threat and appetitive stimuli: a meta-analytic review. Behavior Therapy 2012, 43(4):724-740.
6. Calear A.L., Christensen H. Review of internet-based prevention and treatment programs for anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Medical Journal of Australia 2010, 192(11):S12-S14.
7. Calear A.L., Christensen H., Mackinnon A., Griffiths K.M., O'Kearney R. The YouthMood project: a cluster randomized controlled trial of an online cognitive behavioral program with adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2009, 77(6):1021-1032.
8. Clarke G., Kelleher C., Hornbrook M., Debar L., Dickerson J., Gullion C. Randomized effectiveness trial of an internet, pure self-help, cognitive behavioral intervention for depressive symptoms in young adults. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2009, 38:222-234.
9. Clerkin E.M., Teachman B.A. Training interpretation biases among individuals with symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2011, 42(3):337-343.
10. Cobham V.E. Do anxiety-disordered children need to come into the clinic for efficacious treatment?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2012, 80(3):465-476.
11. Connolly S.D., Bernstein G.A. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2007, 46(2):267-283.
12. Copeland W., Shanahan L., Costello E.J., Angold A. Cumulative prevalence of psychiatric disorders by young adulthood: a prospective cohort analysis from the Great Smoky Mountains Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2011, 50(3):252-261.
13. Costello E.J., Mustillo S., Erkanli A., Keeler G., Angold A. Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003, 60(8):837-844.
14. Cox C.M., Kenardy J.A., Hendrikz J.K. Arandomized controlled trial of a web-based early intervention for children and their parents following unintentional injury. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2010, 35(6):581-592.
15. Ellis L.A., Campbell A.J., Sethi S., O'Dea B.M. Comparative randomized trial of an online cognitive-behavioral therapy program and an online support group for depression and anxiety. Journal of CyberTherapy and Rehabilitation 2011, 4(4):461-467.
16. Fleming T., Dixon R., Frampton C., Merry S. Apragmatic randomized controlled trial of computerized CBT (SPARX) for symptoms of depression among adolescents excluded from mainstream education. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 2012, 40(5):529-541.
17. Ford T., Goodman R., Meltzer H. The British child and adolescent mental health survey 1999: the prevalence of DSM-IV disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2003, 42(10):1203-1211.
18. Fu X., Du Y., Au S., Lau J.Y. Reducing negative interpretations in adolescents with anxiety disorders: a preliminary study investigating the effects of a single session of cognitive bias modification training. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 2013, 4:29-37.
19. Griffiths K.M., Farrer L., Christensen H. The efficacy of internet interventions for depression and anxiety disorders: a review of randomised controlled trials. Medical Journal of Australia 2010, 192(11):S4-S11.
20. Gunter R.W., Whittal M.L. Dissemination of cognitive-behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders: overcoming barriers and improving patient access. Clinical Psychology Review 2010, 30(2):194-202.
21. Guyatt G.H., Oxman A.D., Schunemann H.J., Tugwell P., Knottnerus A. GRADE guidelines: a new series of articles in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011, 64(4):380-382.
22. Higgins J., Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0 2011, [updated March 2011], The Cochrane Collaboration.
23. Higgins J., Thompson S. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine 2002, 21(11):1539-1558.
24. Hoek W., Schuurmans J., Koot H.M., Cuijpers P. Effects of internet-based guided self-help problem-solving therapy for adolescents with depression and anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE 2012, 7(8):e43485.
25. James A.C., James G., Cowdrey F.A., Soler A., Choke A. Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, 6:CD004690.
26. Jorm A.F., Griffiths K.M. Population promotion of informal self-help strategies for early intervention against depression and anxiety. Psychological Medicine 2006, 36(1):3-6.
27. Kataoka S.H., Zhang L., Wells K.B. Unmet need for mental health care among U.S. children: variation by ethnicity and insurance status. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002, 159(9):1548-1555.
28. Kauer S.D., Reid S.C., Crooke A.H., Khor A., Hearps S.J., Jorm A.F., et al. Self-monitoring using mobile phones in the early stages of adolescent depression: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2012, 14(3):e67.
29. Kessler R.C., Avenevoli S., Ries Merikangas K. Mood disorders in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective. Biological Psychiatry 2001, 49(12):1002-1014.
30. Khanna M.S., Kendall P.C. Computer-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for child anxiety: results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2010, 78(5):737-745.
31. Kim-Cohen J., Caspi A., Moffitt T.E., Harrington H., Milne B.J., Poulton R. Prior juvenile diagnoses in adults with mental disorder: developmental follow-back of a prospective-longitudinal cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003, 60(7):709-717.
32. Knowles S.E., Toms G., Sanders C., Bee P., Lovell K., Rennick-Egglestone S., et al. Qualitative meta-synthesis of user experience of computerised therapy for depression and anxiety. PLoS ONE 2014, 9(1):e84323.
33. Lau J.Y. Cognitive bias modification of interpretations: a viable treatment for child and adolescent anxiety?. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2013, 51(10):614-622.
34. Lewinsohn P.M., Hops H., Roberts R.E., Seeley J.R., Andrews J.A. Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1993, 102(1):133-144.
35. Li S., Tan J., Qian M., Liu X. Continual training of attentional bias in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2008, 46(8):905-912.
36. Lyneham H.J., Rapee R.M. Evaluation of therapist-supported parent-implemented CBT for anxiety disorders in rural children. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2006, 44(9):1287-1300.
37. March S., Spence S.H., Donovan C.L. The efficacy of an internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention for child anxiety disorders. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2009, 34(5):474-487.
38. Merikangas K.R., He J.P., Brody D., Fisher P.W., Bourdon K., Koretz D.S. Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders among US children in the 2001-2004 NHANES. Pediatrics 2010, 125(1):75-81.
39. Merikangas K.R., He J.P., Burstein M., Swanson S.A., Avenevoli S., Cui L., et al. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results from the national comorbidity survey replication-adolescent supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2010, 49(10):980-989.
40. Merry S.N., Hetrick S.E., Cox G.R., Brudevold-Iversen T., Bir J.J., McDowell H. Psychological and educational interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, 12:CD003380.
41. Merry S.N., Stasiak K., Shepherd M., Frampton C., Fleming T., Lucassen M.F. The effectiveness of SPARX, a computerised self help intervention for adolescents seeking help for depression: randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. BMJ 2012, 344:e2598.
42. Micco J.A., Henin A., Hirshfeld-Becker D.R. Efficacy of interpretation bias modification in depressed adolescents and young adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2013, 38(2):89-102.
43. Muris P., Merckelbach H., Holdrinet I., Sijsenaar M. Treating phobic children: effects of EMDR versus exposure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1998, 66(1):193-198.
44. NCCMH Systematic review of e-therapies for children and young people with mental health problems 2014, From. https://www.minded.org.uk/course/view.php?id=122.
45. NICE Depression in children and young people: Identification and management in primary, community and secondary care 2005, Clinical guideline 28. From, [NICE guideline]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg28.
46. NICE Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Core interventions in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder 2005, Clinical guideline 31. From, [NICE guideline]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg31.
47. NICE Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care 2005, Clinical guideline 26. From, [NICE guideline]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg26.
48. Pine D.S., Cohen P., Gurley D., Brook J., Ma Y. The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 1998, 55(1):56-64.
49. Reger M.A., Gahm G.A. Ameta-analysis of the effects of internet- and computer-based cognitive-behavioral treatments for anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2009, 65(1):53-75.
50. Richardson T., Stallard P., Velleman S. Computerised cognitive behavioural therapy for the prevention and treatment of depression and anxiety in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 2010, 13(3):275-290.
51. Richards D., Richardson T. Computer-based psychological treatments for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review 2012, 32(4):329-342.
52. Salemink E., Wiers R.W. Modifying threat-related interpretive bias in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2011, 39(7):967-976.
53. Sethi S. Treating youth depression and anxiety: a randomised controlled trial examining the efficacy of computerised versus face-to-face cognitive behaviour therapy. Australian Psychologist 2013, 48:249-257.
54. Sethi S., Campbell A.J., Ellis L.A. The use of computerized self-help packages to treat adolescent depression and anxiety. Journal of Technology in Human Services 2010, 28(3):144-160.
55. Spence S.H., Donovan C.L., March S., Gamble A., Anderson R.E., Prosser S., et al. Arandomized controlled trial of online versus clinic-based CBT for adolescent anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2011, 79(5):629-642.
56. Sportel B.E., de Hullu E., de Jong P.J., Nauta M.H. Cognitive bias modification versus CBT in reducing adolescent social anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE 2013, 8(5).
57. Stallard P., Richardson T., Velleman S., Attwood M. Computerized CBT (think, feel, do) for depression and anxiety in children and adolescents: outcomes and feedback from a pilot randomized controlled trial. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 2011, 39(3):273-284.
58. Stallard P., Udwin O., Goddard M., Hibbert S. The availability of cognitive behaviour therapy within specialist child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS): a national survey. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 2007, 35(4):501-505.
59. Stallard P., Velleman S., Richardson T. Computer use and attitudes towards computerised therapy amongst young people and parents attending child and adolescent mental health services. Child and Adolescent Mental Health 2010, 15(2):80-84.
60. Stasiak K., Hatcher S., Frampton C., Merry S.N. Apilot double blind randomized placebo controlled trial of a prototype computer-based cognitive behavioural therapy program for adolescents with symptoms of depression. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 2014, 42(4):385-401.
61. Teachman B.A., Addison L.M. Training non-threatening interpretations in spider fear. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2008, 32(3):448-459.
62. Review manager (RevMan) version 5.2 2012, The Cochrane Collaboration.
63. Thirlwall K., Cooper P.J., Karalus J., Voysey M., Willetts L., Creswell C. Treatment of child anxiety disorders via guided parent-delivered cognitive-behavioural therapy: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2013, 203(6):436-444.
64. Tillfors M., Andersson G., Ekselius L., Furmark T., Lewenhaupt S., Karlsson A., et al. Arandomized trial of internet-delivered treatment for social anxiety disorder in high school students. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2011, 40(2):147-157.
65. Wang P.S., Aguilar-Gaxiola S., Alonso J., Angermeyer M.C., Borges G., Bromet E.J., et al. Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, and substance disorders in 17 countries in the WHO world mental health surveys. Lancet 2007, 370(9590):841-850.
66. Waters A.M., Pittaway M., Mogg K., Bradley B.P., Pine D.S. Attention training towards positive stimuli in clinically anxious children. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 2013, 4:77-84.
67. Weisz J.R., Chorpita B.F., Palinkas L.A., Schoenwald S.K., Miranda J., Bearman S.K., et al. Testing standard and modular designs for psychotherapy treating depression, anxiety, and conduct problems in youth: a randomized effectiveness trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 2012, 69(3):274-282.
68. Weisz J.R., Kuppens S., Eckshtain D., Ugueto A.M., Hawley K.M., Jensen-Doss A. Performance of evidence-based youth psychotherapies compared with usual clinical care: a multilevel meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2013, 70(7):750-761.
69. Woodward L.J., Fergusson D.M. Life course outcomes of young people with anxiety disorders in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2001, 40(9):1086-1093.
70. Wuthrich V.M., Rapee R.M., Cunningham M.J., Lyneham H.J., Hudson J.L., Schniering C.A. Arandomized controlled trial of the Cool Teens CD-ROM computerized program for adolescent anxiety. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2012, 51(3):261-270.