Psychological studies ofhigher language processes: Behavioral and empirical approaches

Higher Level Language Processes in the Brain: Inference and Comprehension Processes

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 9-26

  Singer, Murray ^a   Leon, Jose ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84923617853     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203936443     Document Type: Chapter

References (92)

1. Anderson, J. R., & Bower, G. H. (1973). Recognition and retrieval processes in free recall. Psychological Review, 79,97-123.
2. Barsalou, L. W. (1999). Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 220, 577-660.
3. Barton, S. B., & Sanford, A. J. (1993). A case study of anomaly detection: Shallow semantic processing and cohesion establishment. Memory & Cognition, 21,477-487.
4. Black, J. B. (1985). An exposition on understanding expository text. In B. Britton & J. Black (Eds.), Understanding expository text (pp. 249-267). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
5. Black, J. B., & Bern, H. (1981). Causal inference and memory for events in narratives. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20,267-275.
6. Bransford, J. D., Barclay, J. R., & Franks, J. J. (1972). Semantic memory: A constructive versus interpretive approach. Cognitive Psychology, 3,193-209.
7. Clark, H. H. (1969). Linguistic processes in deductive reasoning. Psychological Review, 76,387-404.
8. Corbett, A. T., & Dosher, B. A. (1978). Instrument inferences in sentence encoding. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17,479^192.
9. Fletcher, C. R., & Bloom, C. P. (1988). Causal reasoning in the comprehension of simple narrative texts. Journal of Memory and Language, 27,235-244.
10. Fodor, J. A. (1983). The modularity of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
11. Foltz, P. W. (2003). Quantitative cognitive models of text and discourse processing. In A. C. Graesser, M. A., Gernsbacher, & S. Goldman (Eds.), Handbook of discourse processes (pp. 487-523). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Gernsbacher, M. A. (1990). Language comprehension as structure building. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
12. Glenberg, A. M. (1997). What memory is for. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20,1-55.
13. Glenberg, A. M., & Robertson, D. A. (2000). Symbol grounding: A comparison of highdimensional and embodied theories of meaning. Journal of Memory and Language, 43, 379-401.
14. Gottfried, S. S., & Kyle, W. C. (1992). Textbook use and the biology education desired state. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 29, 35-49.
15. Graesser, A. C, Kassler, M. A., Kreuz, R., & Mclain-Allen, B. (1998). Verification of statements about story worlds that deviate from normal conceptions of time: What is true about Einstein's dreams. Cognitive Psychology, 35, 246-301.
16. Graesser, A. C., & Kreuz, R. J. (1993). A theory of inference generation during text comprehension. Discourse Processes, 16,145-160.
17. Graesser, A. C., Leon, J. A., & Otero, J. C. (2002). Introduction to the psychology of science text comprehension. In J. C. Otero, J. A. Leon, & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), The psychology of science text comprehension (pp. 1-15). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erl-baum Associates.
18. Graesser, A. C., Singer, M., & Trabasso, T. (1994). Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review, 101,371-395.
19. Graesser, A. C., & Zwaan, R. A. (1995). Inference generation and the construction of situation models. In C. Weaver, S. Mannes, & C. R. Fletcher (Eds.), Discourse comprehension: Strategies and processes revisited. Essays in honor of Walter Kintsch (pp. 117-139). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
20. Gueraud, S., I., & Obrien, E. J. (2005). Components of comprehension: A convergence between memory-based processes and explanation-based processes. [Special issue]. Discourse Processes, 39 (2&3).
21. Haber land, K. F., & Graesser, A. C. (1985). Component processes in text comprehension and some of their interactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 114, 357-374.
22. Haviland, S. E., & Clark, H. H. (1974). What&s new? Acquiring new information as a process in comprehension. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 512-521.
23. Johnson, M. K., Bransford, J. D., & Solomon, S. K. (1973). Memory for tacit implications of sentences. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 98,203-205.
24. Johnson-Laird, R. N. (1983). A computational analysis of consciousness. Cognition and Brain Theory, 6,499-508.
25. Keenan, J. M., Baillet, S. D., & Brown, P. (1984). The effects of causal cohesion on comprehension and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 115-126.
26. Kintsch, W. (1972). Notes on structure of semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory. New York: Academic Press.
27. Kintsch, W. (1988). The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construc-tion-integration model. Psychological Review, 95,163-182.
28. Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension. New York: Cambridge University Press.
29. Kintsch, W., & Keenan, J. (1973). Reading rate and retention as a function of the number of propositions in the base structure of sentences. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 257-274.
30. Kintsch, W., Kozminsky, E., Streby, W. J., McKoon, G., & Keenan, J. M. (1975). Comprehension and recall of text as a function of context variable. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14,158-169.
31. Kintsch, W., & van Dijk, T. A. (1978). Toward a model of text comprehension and production. Psychological Review, 85, 363-394.
32. Koriat, A., Goldsmith, M., & Pansky, A. (2000). Toward a psychology of memory accuracy. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 481-537.
33. Lemke, J. L. (1990). Talking science: Language, learning, and values. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
34. Leon, J. A., & Penalba, G. E. (2002). Understanding causality and temporal sequence in scientific discourse. In J. C. Otero, J. A. Leon, & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), The psychology of science text comprehension (pp. 155-178). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
35. Loftus, E. F. (1975). Leading questions and the eyewitness report. Cognitive Psychology, 7,560-572.
36. Long, D. L., Seely, M. R., & Oppy, B. J. (1996). The availability of causal information during reading. Discourse Processes, 22,145-170.
37. Lorch, R. F., & van den Broek, P. (1997). Understanding reading comprehension: Current and future contributions of cognitive science. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 22, 213-246.
38. Lucas, M. M., Tanenhaus, M. K., & Carlson, G. N. (1990). Levels of representation in the interpretation of anaphoric reference and instrument inference. Memory & Cognition, 18, 611-631.
39. Madden, C. J., & Zwaan, R. A. (2003). How does verb aspect constrain event repre-sentations? Memory & Cognition, 31, 663-672.
40. Magliano, J. P., & Graesser, A. C. (1991). A three-pronged method for studying infer-ence generation in literary texts. Poetics, 20,193-232.
41. Magliano, J. R, & Schleich, M. C. (2000). Verb aspect and situation models. Discourse Processes, 29, 83-112.
42. McClelland, J. L. (1991). Can connectionist models discover the structure of natural language? In R. Morelli, D. Anselmi, M. Brown, K. Haberlandt, & D. Lloyd (Eds.), Minds, brains, and computers: Perspectives in cognitive science and artificial intelligence. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
43. McKeown, M. G., Beck, I. L., Sinatra, G. M., & Loxterman, J. A. (1992). The contribution of prior knowledge and coherent text to comprehension. Reading Research Quarterly, 27, 78-93.
44. McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1980). Priming in item recognition: The organization of propositions in memory for text. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 369-386.
45. McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1986). Inferences about predictable events. Journal of Ex-perimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 82-91.
46. McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1988). Contextually relevant aspects of meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, 331-343.
47. McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1992). Inference during reading. Psychological Review, 99, 440-466.
48. McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1998). Memory-based language processing: Psycho-linguistic research in the 1990s. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 25-42.
49. Means, M. L., & Voss, J. (1985). Star Wars: A developmental study of expert-novice knowledge structures. Journal of Memory and Language, 24, 746-757.
50. Miller, J. R. (1985). A knowledge-based model of prose comprehension: Applications to expository texts. In B. K. Britton & J. B. Black (Eds.), Understanding expository text: A theoretical and practical handbook for analyzing explanatory text (pp. 199-226). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
51. Morrow, D. G., Greenspan, S. L., & Bower, G. H. (1987). Accessibility and situation models in narrative comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 2,165-187.
52. Myers, J. L., Shinjo, M., & Duffy, S. A. (1987). Degree of causal relatedness and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 26,453-465.
53. Obrien, E. J., & Albrecht, J. E. (1992). Comprehension strategies in the development of a mental model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 777-784.
54. Obrien, E. J., Shank, D. M., Myers, J. L., & Rayner, K. (1988). Elaborative inferences during reading: Do they occur on-line? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14,410-420.
55. Otero, J. C., Leon, J. A., & Graesser, A. C. (Eds.) (2002). The psychology of science text comprehension. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
56. Potts, G. R. (1972). Information-processing strategies used in the encoding of linear orders. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 727-740.
57. Potts, G. R., Keenan, J. M., & Golding, J. M. (1988). Assessing the occurrence of elaborative inferences: Lexical decision versus naming. Journal of Memory and Language, 27, 399-415.
58. Radvansky, G. A., & Copeland, D. E. (2000). Functionality and spatial relations in memory and language. Memory & Cognition, 28,987-992.
59. Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (1978). Priming in item recognition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17,403-417.
60. Reder, L. M. (1982). Plausibility judgments versus fact retrieval: Alternative strategies for sentence verification. Psychological Review, 89, 250-280.
61. Rinck, M., Hahnel, A., & Becker, G. (2001). Using temporal information to construct, update, and retrieval situation models of narratives. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 67-80.
62. Rinck, M., Hahnel, A., Bower, G. H., & Glowalla, U. (1997). The metrics of spatial situation models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 622-637.
63. Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45,1043-1056.
64. Sachs, J. D. (1967). Recognition memory for syntactic and semantic aspects of con-nected discourse. Perception and Psychophysics, 2,437-442.
65. Sanford, A. J., & Garrod, S. (1998). The role of scenario mapping in text comprehen-sion. Discourse Processes, 26,159-190.
66. Schank, R. C. (1972). Conceptual dependency: A theory of natural language under-standing. Cognitive Psychology, 3,552-631.
67. Schank, R. C. (1999). Dynamic memory revisited. New York: Cambridge University Press.
68. Schmalhofer, F., McDaniel, M. A., & Keefe, D. E. (2002). A unified model for predictive and bridging inferences. Discourse Processes, 33,105-132.
69. Singer, M. (1980). The role of case-filling inferences in the coherence of brief passages. Discourse Processes, 3,185-201.
70. Singer, M., & Ferreira, F. (1983). Inferring consequences in story comprehension. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22,437-448.
71. Singer, M., Graesser, A. C., & Trabasso, T. (1994). Minimal or global inference during reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 33,421-441.
72. Singer, M., & Halldorson, M. (1996). Constructing and validating motive bridging inferences. Cognitive Psychology, 30,1-38.
73. Stanfield, R. A., & Zwaan, R. A. (2001). The effect of implied orientation derived from verbal context on picture recognition. Psychological Science, 12,153-156.
74. Suh, S., & Trabasso, T. (1993). Inferences during reading: Converging evidence from discourse analysis, talk-aloud protocols and recognition priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 32, 279-300.
75. Trabasso, T., & Sperry, L. L. (1985). Causal relatedness and importance of story events. Journal of Memory and Language, 24, 595-611.
76. Trabasso, T., & van den Broek, R (1985). Causal thinking and the representation of narrative events. Journal of Memory and Language, 24, 612-630.
77. Trabasso, T., van den Broek, P., & Suh, S. Y. (1989). Logical necessity and transitivity of causal relations in stories. Discourse Processes, 12,1-25.
78. Van den Broek, P. (1990). Causal inferences and the comprehension of narrative texts. In A. Graesser & G. Bower (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 25, pp. 175-196). New York: Academic Press.
79. Van den Broek, R, & Lorch, Jr., R. F. (1993). Network representations of causal rela-tions in memory for narrative texts: Evidence from primed recognition. Discourse Processes, 16, 75-98.
80. Van Dijk, T. A., & Kintsch, W. (1983). Strategies of discourse comprehension. New York: Academic Press.
81. Weisberg, R. A. (1969). Sentence processing assessed through intrasentence word associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 82,332-338.
82. Wilson, S. G., Rinck, M., McNamara, T. P., Bower, G. H., & Morrow, D. G. (1993). Mental models and narrative comprehension: Some qualifications. Journal of Memory and Language, 32,141-154.
83. Winograd, T. (1972). Understanding natural language. Oxford: Academic Press.
84. Yore, L. D. (1991). Secondary science teacher&s attitudes toward and beliefs about science reading and science textbooks. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 28, 55-72.
85. Zwaan, R. A., Langston, M. C., & Graesser, A. C. (1995). The construction of situation models in narrative comprehension: An event-indexing model. Psychological Science, 6, 292-297.
86. Zwaan, R. A., & Madden, C. J. (2004). Updating situation models. Journal of Experi-mental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30,283-288.
87. Zwaan, R. A., Madden, C. J., & Stanfield, R. A. (2001). Time in narrative comprehension. In D. H. Schram & G. J. Steen (Eds.), Psychology and sociology of literature. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
88. Zwaan, R. A., Magliano, J. P., & Graesser, A. C. (1995) Dimensions of situation-model construction in narrative comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 386-397.
89. Zwaan, R. A., & Radvansky, G. A. (1998). Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin, 123,162-185.
90. Zwaan, R. A., Radvansky, G. A., Hilliard, A. E., & Curiel, J. M. (1998). Constructing multidimensional situation models during reading. Scientific Studies of Reading, 2, 199-220.
91. Zwaan, R. A., Stanfield, R. A., & Yaxley, R. H. (2002). Language comprehenders mentally represent the shapes of objects. Psychological Science, 13,168-171.
92. Zwaan, R. A., & van Oostendorp, H. (1993). Do readers construct spatial representa-tions in naturalistic storycomprehension. Discourse Processes, 16,125-143.