Divergent adaptation to climate variability: A case study of pastoral and agricultural societies in Niger

Global Environmental Change

Volumn 29, Issue , 2014, Pages 371-386

  Snorek, Julie ^a   Renaud, Fabrice G ^a   Kloos, Julia ^a  

^a UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Adaptive capacity; Agro pastoralist; Climate variability; Divergent adaptation; Niger; Pastoralist

Indexed keywords

EID: 84923518476     PISSN: 09593780     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.014     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Adger W.N., Kelly P.M. Social vulnerability to climate change and the architecture of entitlements. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Global Change 1999, 4:253-266.
2. Adger W.N. Scales of governance and environmental justice for adaptation and mitigation of climate change. J. Int. Dev. 2001, 13:921-931. 10.1002/jid.833.
3. Adger W.N. Social capital, collective action, and adaptation to climate change. Econ. Geogr. 2003, 79(4):387-404.
4. Adger W.N., Huq S., Brown K., Conway D., Hulme M. Adapting to climate change: in the developing world. Prog. Dev. Stud. 2003, 3:3:179-195.
5. Adger W.N., Dessai S., Goulden M., Hulme M., Lorenzoni I., Nelson D.R., Naess L.O., Wolf J., Wreford A. Are there social limits to adaptation to climate change?. Clim. Change 2009, 93:335-354. 10.1007/s10584-008-9520-z.
6. Anderson S., Monimart M. Recherche sur les stratégies d'adaptation des groupes pasteurs de la région de Diffa, Niger oriental 2008, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London, (accessed 18.02.13). http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G02725.pdf.
7. Baier S. Economic history and development: drought and the Sahelian economies of Niger. Afr. Econ. Hist. 1976, 1:1-16.
8. Barnett J., Adger W.N. Climate change, human security, and violent conflict. Polit. Geogr. 2007, 26:639-655.
9. Bassett T.M., Turner M.D. Sudden shift or migratory drift? Fulbe herd movements to the Sudano-Guinean region of West Africa. Hum. Ecol. 2007, 35:33-49.
10. Bastin S., Fromageot A. Le maraîchage: révélateur du dynamisme des campagnes sahélo-soudaniennes. Belgeo 2007, 4:415-428.
11. Benjaminsen T.A., Alinon K., Buhaug H., Buseth J.T. Does climate change drive land-use conflicts in the Sahel?. J. Peace Res. 2012, 49:97. 10.1177/022343311427343.
12. Range Ecology at Disequilibrium, New Models of Natural Viability and Pastoral Adaptation in African Savannas 1993, ODI/IIED/Commonwealth Secretariat, London. R.H. Behnke, I. Scoones, C. Kerven (Eds.).
13. Berman R., Quinn C., Paavola J. The role of institutions in the transformation of coping capacity to sustainable adaptive capacity. Environ. Dev. 2012, 2:86-100.
14. Bernus E. Possibilité et limites de la politique d'hydraulique pastorale dans le Sahel Nigérien. OSTROM Ser. Sci. Hum. 1974, 11(2):119-126.
15. Berrang-Ford L., Ford J.D., Paterson J. Are we adapting to climate change?. Global Environ. Change 2011, 21:25-33.
16. Biasutti M., Held I.M., Sobel A.H., Giannini A. SST forcings and Sahel rainfall variability in simulations of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. J. Clim. 2008, 21:3471-3486.
17. Bierschenk T., Olivier de Sardan J.P. ECRIS - rapid collective inquiry for the identification of conflicts and strategic groups. Hum. Organ. 1997, 56:238-244.
18. Brooks N. Drought in the African Sahel: long term perspectives and future prospects. Tyndall Center for Climate Change Research Working Paper, vol. 61 2004.
19. Brooks N., Adger W.N. Assessing and enhancing adaptive capacity. Adaptation Policy Frameworks for Climate Change: Developing Strategies, Policies, and Measures 2004, 167-180. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. B. Lim, E. Spanger-Siegfried (Eds.).
20. Brown O., Crawford A. Climate change and security in Africa: a study for the Nordic-African Foreign Ministers Meeting. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) March 2009 2009.
21. Bruggeman A., Hadjinicolaou P., Lange M. Climate Outlooks for CLICO Case Study Sites 2010, Cyprus Institute, (accessed 08.03.13). http://www.cyi.ac.cy/system/files/Bruggeman_etal_Climate_Outlooks_CLICO_D2_1_Sep2010.pdf.
22. Buhaug H. Climate not to blame for African civil wars. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2010, (accessed 20.06.12). 10.1073/pnas.1005739107.
23. Burke M.B., Miguel E., Satyanath S., Dykema J.A., Lobell D.B. Warming increases the risk of civil war in Africa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2009, 106(49):20670-20674.
24. Cramer C. Does inequality cause conflict?. J. Int. Dev. 2003, 15:397-412.
25. Collier P., Hoeffler A. On economic causes of civil war. Oxf. Econ. Pap. 1998, 50(4):563-573. 10.1093/oep/50.4.563.
26. Dalby S. Security and Environmental Change 2009, Polity Press, Cambridge.
27. Desanker P., Magadza C. Africa. IPCC Working Group II 2001, 489-525. (chapter 10, accessed 12.06.12). http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/pdf/wg2TARchap10.pdf.
28. Dreze J., Sen A. Hunger and Public Action 1989, Clarendon, Oxford.
29. Eisenack K., Stecker R. A framework for analyzing climate change adaptations as actions. Adapt. Strateg. Global Change 2011, 17(3). (accessed 08.03.13). http://www.climate-chameleon.de/htm/documents/AFrameworkforAnalyzingClimateChangeAdaptationsasActions_2011-09-16.pdf.
30. Engle N.L. Adaptive capacity and its assessment. Global Environ. Change 2011, 21:647-656.
31. Esteban J., Ray D. On the salience of ethnic conflict. Am. Econ. Rev. 2008, 98(5):2185-2202.
32. FAO FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2011, http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx. Citation key. FAO, 2011. Datasheets.
33. FEWSNET Niger Food Security Outlook Update. USAID November 2012 2011.
34. Folke C. Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Global Environ. Change 2006, 16:253-267.
35. Fode C.M.S. Durabilité des systèmes pastoraux et dynamique de la strate herbacée des pâturages de la zone Sahélienne du Niger. Presented to the Faculty of Biological Sciences of Université des Sciences et Technologie Hoary Boumediene 2010, (Master's thesis).
36. Gallopin G.C. Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity. Global Environ. Change 2006, 16:293-303.
37. Geesing D., Djibo H. Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles: Niger 2006, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO).
38. Giannini A., Salack S., Loudoun T., Ali A., Gaye A.T., Ndiaye O. A unifying view of climate change in the Sahel linking intra-seasonal, interannual and longer time scales. Environ. Res. Lett. 2013, 8(024010.).
39. Goulden M., Porter K. Updated CLICO Conceptual Framework CLICO Project Deliverable D.1.1 Report 2010, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
40. Government of Niger (GON) Présentation des résultats préliminaires d quatrième (4ieme) recensement général de la population et de l'habitat (RGP/H) 2012 2013, Institute National de la Statistique.
41. Gupta J., Termeer C., Klostermann J., Meijerink S., van den Brink M., Jong P., Nooteboom S., Bergsma E. The adaptive capacity wheel: a method to assess the inherent characteristics of institutions to enable the adaptive capacity of society. Environ. Sci. Policy 2010, (13):459-471.
42. Hammel R. Securing Land for Herders in Niger 2001, International Institute for Environment and Development.
43. Hengsdijk H., van Kuelen H. The effect of temporal variation on inputs and outputs of future-oriented land use systems in West Africa. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2002, 91:245-259.
44. Hoddinott J., Sandström S., Upton J. Impact Evaluation of Cash and Food Transfers in Zinder, Niger: Analytical Report 2013, International Food Policy Research Institute.
45. Homer-Dixon T. Environment, Scarcity, and Violence 1999, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
46. Hsiang S.M., Burke M., Miguel E. Quantifying the influence of climate on human conflict. Science 2013, 341(6151). 10.1126/science.1235367.
47. Hulme M. Climate perspectives in Sahelian desiccation. Global Environ. Change 2001, 11:19-29.
48. IPCC Summary for policymakers. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the 4th Assessment Report of the IPCC 2007, 7-22. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palertikof, P.J. van der Linden, C.E. Hansen (Eds.).
49. IPCC Summary for policymakers. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group to the 5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2013, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom/New York, NY, USA. T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, Plattner G.-K., M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, P.M. Midgley (Eds.).
50. Kates R.W. Cautionary tales: adaptation and the global poor. Clim. Change 2000, 45:5-17.
51. Keohane R. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy 2005, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
52. Kloos J., Gebert N., Rosenfeld T., Renaud F. Climate change, water conflicts, and human security: regional assessment and policy guidelines for the Mediterranean, Middle East, and Sahel. Report No. 10. United Nations University: Institute for Environment and Human Security 2013.
53. Knight J. Institutions and Social Conflict 1998, Cambridge University Press.
54. Lake D., Rothchild D. The origins and management of ethnic conflict. Int. Secur. 1996, 21(2):41-75.
55. Lebel T., Ali A. Recent trends in the Central and Western Sahel rainfall regime (1990-2007). J. Hydrol. 2009, 375:52-64.
56. Miguel E., Satyanath S., Sergenti E. Economic shocks and civil conflict: an instrumental variables approach. J. Polit. Econ. 2004, 112:725-753.
57. Moore K.M. Conflict, Social Capital, and Managing Natural Resources: A West Africa Case Study 2005, CABI Publications, Cambridge, MA.
58. Mortimore M.J., Adams W.M. Farmer adaptation, change, and 'crisis' in the Sahel. Global Environ. Change 2001, 11:49-57.
59. Mortimore M.J., Turner B. Does the Sahelian small holder's management of woodland, farm trees, rangeland support the hypothesis of human-induced desertification?. J. Arid Environ. 2005, 63:567-595.
60. Moser S.C., Ekstrom J.A. A framework to diagnose barriers to climate change adaptation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2010, 107(51):22026-22031.
61. Nicolaisen J. Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg 1963, Nationalmuseets Skrifter, Copenhagen.
62. O'Brien K., Eriksen S., Sygna L., Naess L.O. Questioning complacency: climate change impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation in Norway. Ambio 2006, 35:50-56.
63. O'Brien G., O'Keefe P., Hubert Meena J. Climate adaptation from a poverty perspective. Clim. Policy 2008, 8:194-201.
64. OCHA Apercu humanitaire provisoire sur les inondations (au 17 Septembre 2013). OCHA Snapshot of Floods 2013, (accessed 07.11.13). http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Snapshot_Inondations%2017%2009%202013.pdf.
65. OECD Conflict Over Resources and Terrorism: Two Facets of insecurity 2013, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1878/9789264190283-en.
66. Olsson P., Folke C., Birkes F. Adaptive comanagement for building resilience in social-ecological systems. Environ. Manage. 2004, 34:75-90. 10.1007/s00267-003-0101-7.
67. Osbahr H., Twyman C., Adger W.N., Thomas D.S.G. Evaluating successful livelihood adaptation to climate variability and change in southern Africa. Ecol. Soc. 2010, 15(2):27. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss2/art27/.
68. Ostrom E. Understanding Institutional Diversity 2005, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
69. Ostrom E. A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2007, 104(39):15181-15187. 10.1073/pnas.0702288104.
70. Oxby C. Will the 2010 'Code Pastoral' help herders in central Niger? Land rights and land use strategies in the grasslands of Abalak and Dakoro departments. Nomadic Peoples 2011, 15(2):53-81.
71. Paavola J., Adger W.N. Justice and adaptation to climate change. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research Working Paper, vol. 23 2002.
72. Pahl-Wostl C. A conceptual framework for analyzing adaptive capacity and multi-level learning processes in resource governance regimes. Global Environ. Change 2009, 19:354-365.
73. Pelling M., High C. Understanding adaptation: what can social capital offer assessments of adaptive capacity?. Global Environ. Change 2005, 15(4):308-309.
74. Peluso N.L., Watts M. Violent Environments 2001, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
75. Pelling M., High C. Understanding adaptation: what can social capital offer assessments of adaptive capacity?. Global Environ. Change 2005, 15:308-319.
76. Prediger S., Vollan B., Frölich M. The impact of culture and ecology on cooperation in a common-pool resource experiment. Ecol. Econ. 2011, 70:1599-1608.
77. Pretty J., Ward H. Social capital and the environment. World Dev. 2001, 29:209-227.
78. Rahim N.A., Hailu T., Ouédraogo B., Touré B., Hissène M., Woldegabriel B., Fre Z., Aken N.B., Ba B., Mohammed O., Maïga C.K. Greenwar: Environment and Conflict 1991, The Panos Institute, London.
79. Ratner B.D., Meinez-Dick R., May C., Haglund E. Resource conflict, collective action, and resilience: an analytical framework. Int. J. Commons 2013, (accessed 01.12.13). http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/276.
80. Renaud F.G., Birkmann J., Damm M., GallopÍn G.C. Understanding multiple thresholds of coupled social-ecological systems exposed to natural hazards as external shocks. Nat. Hazards 2010, 55:749-763.
81. Ridder N., Breman H., van Keulen H., Stomph T.J. Revisiting a 'cure against land hunger': soil fertility management and farming systems dynamics in West Africa. Agric. Syst. 2004, 80:109-131.
82. Rossi B. Slavery and migration. Reconfiguring Slavery: West African Trajectories 2009, 182-207. University of Liverpool Press, Liverpool. B. Rossi (Ed.).
83. Sambo B. Mobilité et mutations: cas de la communauté de pasteurs Wodaabe du lignage des Suudu Suka'el de Tanout (Niger Centre-Est) 2011, (unpublished doctoral thesis), Université Abdoul Moumouni, Niamey.
84. Sendzimir J., Reij C.P., Magnuszewski P. Rebuilding resilience in the Sahel: regreening in the Maradi and Zinder regions of Niger. Ecol. Soc. 2011, 16(3):1.
85. Scheffran J., Brzoska M., Kominek J., Link P.M., Schilling J. Climate change and violent conflict. Science 2012, 336:869. 10.1126/Science.1221339.
86. Shanahan T.M. Atlantic forcing of persistent drought in West Africa. Science 2009, 324:377-380.
87. Simon H. A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice, in Models of Man, Social and Rational: Mathematical Essays on Rational Human Behavior in a Social Setting 1957, Wiley, New York.
88. Smit B., Pilifosova O., Burton I., Challenger B., Huq S., Klein R.J.T., Yohe G., Adger N., Downing T., Harvey E., Kane S., Parry M., Skinner M., Smith J., Wandel J. Adaptation to climate change in the context of sustainable development and equity. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2001, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. J.J. McCarthy, O.F. Canziani, N.A. Leary, D.J. Dokken, K.S. White (Eds.).
89. Snorek J., Renaud F.G., Kloos J. Case Study Protocol: Niger Case Study. A Deliverable for the Climate Change, Hydro-conflict, and Human Security (CLICO) Project 2012.
90. Stewart I. Root causes of violent conflict in developing countries. Br. Med. J. 2002, 324(7333):342-345.
91. Terraciano A.M. Contesting land, contesting laws: tenure reform and ethnic conflict in Niger. Columbia Hum. Rights Law Rev. 1998, 29(3):724-764.
92. Thébaud B., Batterbury S. Sahel pastoralists, struggle, conflict and negotiation. a case study from eastern Niger. Global Environ. Change 2001, 11:69-78.
93. Thomas D.S.G., Twyman C. Equity and justice in climate change adaptation amongst natural-resource-dependent societies. Global Environ. Change 2005, 15:115-124.
94. Tol R.S.J., Downing T.E., Kuik O.J., Smith J.B. Distributional aspects of climate change impacts. Global Environ. Change 2004, 14:259-272.
95. Tol R.S.J., Yohe G.W. The weakest link hypothesis for adaptive capacity: an empirical test. Global Environ. Change 2007, 17:218-227.
96. Toulmin C. Herders and Farmers or Farmer-Herders and Herder-Farmers? 1983, Overseas Development Institute, London.
97. Turner M.D. Political ecology and the moral dimensions of "resource conflicts": the case of farmer-herder conflicts in the Sahel. Polit. Geogr. 2004, 23:863-889. 10.1016/j.polgeo.2004.05.009.
98. Turner M.D. Climate change and social resilience: 'Adaptive' conflict in the Sahel. A Paper Prepared for the Berkeley Environmental Politics Workshop, March 12, 2010 2010, (accessed 07.06.12). http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/bwep/colloquium/papers/Turner_ClimateChangeAndSocialResilience.pdf.
99. Turner M.D. Livelihood transitions and the changing nature of farmer-herder conflict in Sahelian West Africa. J. Dev. Stud. 2011, 47(2):183-206.
100. Vincent K. Uncertainty in adaptive capacity and the importance of scale. Global Environ. Change 2007, 17:12-24.
101. Watts M.J. Silent Violence: Food, Famine, and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria 1983, University of California Press.
102. Woodke J. Water and climate linkages among pastoralists in Niger, A supplemental report from JEMED. Tearfund 2008, June.
103. The World Initiative for Sustainable Pastoralism (WISP) Policies that Work for Pastoral Environments: A Six-country Review of Positive Policy Impacts on Pastoral Environments 2008, A Project of the Global Environment Facility, Implemented by UNDP and Executed by IUCN, Nairobi.
104. Yohe G., Tol R.S.J. Indicators for social and economic coping capacity - moving toward a working definition of adaptive capacity. Global Environ. Change 2002, 12:25-40.
105. Zeitoun M., Mirumachi N. Transboundary water interaction: reconsidering conflict and cooperation. Int. Environ. Agreem. Polit. Law Econ. 2008, 8(4):297-316.