A bioarchaeological approach to the reconstruction of changes in military organization among iron age samnites (Vestini) From Abruzzo, Central Italy

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

Volumn 156, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 305-316

  Sparacello, Vitale Stefano ^a,b   D'Ercole, Vincenzo ^c   Coppa, Alfredo ^d  

^a DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

^c Ministero Beni Attivita Culturali   (Italy)

^d SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cross sectional geometry; Humeral asymmetry; Proto history; State formation; Warfare

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARCHEOLOGY; ARMY; ARTICLE; CHRONOLOGY; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; CROSS SECTIONAL GEOMETRY; GEOMETRY; HISTORICAL PERIOD; HUMAN; IRON AGE; ITALY; MALE; MECHANICAL TORSION; PALEOPATHOLOGY; SENESCENCE; SEX DETERMINATION; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL STRUCTURE; SOCIETY; WEAPON; ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; HISTORY; HUMERUS; PROCEDURES; SOLDIER; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ARCHAEOLOGY; HISTORY, ANCIENT; HUMANS; HUMERUS; ITALY; MALE; MILITARY PERSONNEL; ROMAN WORLD;

EID: 84923464794     PISSN: 00029483     EISSN: 10968644     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22650     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Acsadi G, Nemeskeri J. 1970. History of human life span and mortality. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado.
2. Barker G, Suano M, Clark G., Giorgi J, Webley D. 1996. Iron Age chiefdoms, c. 1000-500 be. In: Barker G, editor. A Mediterranean valley-landscape archaeology and annales history in the Biferno Valley. Leicester: University of Leicester, p 160-180.
3. Bass SL, Saxon L, Daly R.M., Turner CH, Rohling AG, Seeman E, Stuckey S. 2002. The effect of mechanical loading on the size and shape of bone in pre-, peri-, and postpubertal girls: a study in tennis players. J Bone Min Res 17:2274-2280.
4. Bernabei M, Bondioli L, Guidi A. 1995. Social order of Sauro-matian nomads. In: Genito B, Moskova MG, editors. Statistical analyses of burial customs of the Sauromatian Period in Asian Sarmata (6th-4th Centuries BC). Napoli: Istituto Uni-versitario Orientale. P 161-195.
5. Bestetti F. 2002. La necropoli di Bazzano-Aq-(VIII-VI Sec a.C): ricostruzione della struttura demografica e delle condizioni di vita in base all'analisi dei reperti scheletrici. MA Thesis, Université di Bologna.
6. Bietti-Sestieri AM, Ruggeri M, Faustoferri A. 2000. Principi europei dell'età del ferro: Chieti, Museo archeologico nazio-nale dell'Abruzzo, Villa Comunale, 21 Giugno-3 Settembre. Roma: De Luca.
7. Binford L. 1971. Mortuary practices: their study and their potential. Am Antiq 36:6-29.
8. Boatwright MT, Gargola DJ, Talbert RJA. 2004. The Romans-from village to empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9. Bondioli L, Corruccini RS, Macchiarelli R. 1986. Familial segregation in the Iron Age community of Alfedena, Abruzzo, Italy, based on osteodental trait analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol 71:393-400.
10. Bradley G. 2000. Ancient Umbria. State, culture, and identity in centrally Italy from the Iron Age to the Augustan era. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
11. Brown JA. 1995. On mortuary analysis-with special reference to the Saxe-Binford research program. In: Beck LA, editor. Regional approaches to mortuary analysis. New York: Plenum Press, p 3-26.
12. Bruzek J. 2002. A method for visual determination of sex using the human hip bone. Am J Phys Anthrop 117:157-168.
13. Buikstra JE, Ubelaker DH. 1994. Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Fayetteville: Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series No 44.
14. Burr DB, Milgrom C, Fyhrie D., Forwood M, Nyska M, Finestone A., Hoshaw S, Saiag E, Simkin A. 1996. In vivo measurement of human tibial strains during vigorous activity. Bone 18:405-410.
15. Burr DB, Robling AG, Turner CH. 2002. Effects of biomechani-cal stress on bones in animals. Bone 30:781-786.
16. Calderini A, Neri S, Ruggeri M. 2007. L'iscrizione sul "Guerriero di Capestrano." In: Ruggeri M, editor. Guerrieri e re dell'Abruzzo antico. Pescara: Carsa Edizioni. p 46-48.
17. Churchill SE, Formicola V, Holliday T.W., Holt B., Schumann BA. 2000. The Upper Paleolithic population of Europe in an evolutionary perspective. In: Roebroeks W, Mussi M, Svoboda J, Fennema K, editors. Hunters of the golden age - the midup-per Palaeolithic of Eurasia 30, 000-20, 000 bp. Leiden: University of Leiden, p 31-57.
18. Churchill SE, Rhodes J. 2009. The evolution of the human capacity for "killing at a distance": the human fossil evidence for the evolution of projectile weaponry. In: Hublin J-J, Richards MP, editors. The evolution of hominin diets. New York: Springer, p 201-210.
19. Churchill SE, Weaver AH, Niewoehner WA. 1996. Late Pleistocene human technological and subsistence behavior: functional interpretations of upper limb morphology. Quat Nova 6:413-447.
20. Cianfarani V, Franchi Dell'Orto L, La Regina A. 1978. Culture Adriatiche antiche di Abruzzo e Molise. Roma: De Luca Editore.
21. Ciaessen HJM. 2006. War and state formation: what is the connection? In: Otto T, Thrane H, Vandkilde H, editors. Warfare and society: archaeological and social anthropological perspectives. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, p 217-226.
22. Claessen HJM, Skalnik P. 1978. The early state. The Hague: Mouton.
23. Copersino MR, d'Ercole V 2003. La necropoli di Fossa. L'età ellenistico-romana. Pescara: Carsa Edizioni.
24. Coppa A, Macchiarelli R, Salvadei L. 1981. Craniologia della popolazione dell'età del Ferro di Alfedena (Abruzzo, Area Medio-Adriatica). Riv Antropol 61:275-290.
25. Cosentino S, d'Ercole V, Mieli G. 2001. La necropoli di Fossa. Le testimonianze più antiche. Pescara: Carsa Edizioni.
26. Cunliffe B. 1994. The Oxford illustrated prehistory of Europe. New York: Oxford University Press.
27. Cunliffe B. 2008. Europe between the oceans. New Haven: Yale University Press.
28. Cuozzo M. 2003. Reinventando la tradizione-Immaginario sociale, ideologie e rappresentazione nelle necropoli orientaliz-zanti di Pontecagnano. Paestum: Pandemos.
29. D'Andrea A. 2006. Documentazione archeologica, standard e trattamento informatico. Napoli: Archaeolingua.
30. d'Ercole V. 1990. Dalle "société rette da capi" alle monarchie ereditarie e alle repubbliche dell'Età del Ferro: la nascita dello stato. In: d'Ercole V, Papi R, Grossi G, editors. Antica Terra d'Abruzzo, dalle origini alla nascita delle repubbliche italiche, Vol. 1. L'Aquila: Editoriale Abruzzese. p 65-106.
31. d'Ercole V., Benelli E. 2004. La necropoli di Fossa. I corredi Ori-entalizzanti e Arcaici. Pescara: Carsa Edizioni.
32. d'Ercole V., Cella E. 2007a. Il Guerriero di Capestrano. In: Ruggeri M, editor. Guerrieri e re dell'Abruzzo antico. Pescara: Carsa Edizioni. p 32-46.
33. d'Ercole V., Cella E. 2007b. Le ultime indagini archeologiche a Capestrano. In: Clementi A, editor. I campi aperti di Peltuinum. L'Aquila: Edizioni Libreria Colacchi. p 123-133.
34. d'Ercole V., Cosentino S, Mieli G. 2003. Alcune riflessoni sulle necropoli protostoriche dell'Abruzzo interno appenninico: il caso di Bazzano a L'Aquila. In: Atti della XXXVI Riunione Scientifica. Firenze: Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protosto-ria. p 533-547.
35. d'Ercole V., Faustoferri A, Ruggeri M. 2003. L'età del Ferro in Abruzzo. In: Piccione M, editor. Atti della XXXVI riunione scientifica: preistoria e protostoria dell'Abruzzo: Chieti-Celano. Pisa: Pacini Editore, p 451-486.
36. Ducher G, Courteix D, Même S, Magni C., Viala JF, Benhamou CL. 2005. Bone geometry in response to long-term tennis playing and its relationship with muscle volume: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study in tennis players. Bone 37:457-466.
37. Earle T 1997. How chiefs come to power. The political economy in prehistory. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
38. Glencross BA. 2011. Skeletal injury across the Life Course: towards understanding social agency. In: Agarwal SC, Glencross BA, editors. Social bioarchaeology. New York: Wiley-Blackwell. p 390-410.
39. Guidi A. 2000. Preistoria della complessità sociale. Bari: Laterza.
40. Guilaine J, Zammit, J. 2005. The origins of war. Oxford: Black-well Publishing.
41. Haapasalo H, Kontulainen S, Sievanen H., Kannus P, Jarvinen M, Vuori I. 2000. Exercise-induced bone gain is due to enlargement in bone size without a change in volumetric bone density: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study of the upper arms of male tennis players. Bone 27:351-357.
42. Hammond JA. 1959. A history of Greece to 322 BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
43. Hanson VD. 1989. The Western way of war: infantry battle in classical Greece. New York: Alfred A Knopf.
44. Harke H. 1997. The nature of burial data. In: Jensen CK, Nielsen KH, editors. Burial and society - the chronological and social analysis of archaeological burial data. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, p 19-27.
45. Hodder I. 1980. Social structures and cemeteries: a critical appraisal. In: Rahtz P, Dickinson T, Eatts, L, editors. Anglo-Saxon cemeteries 1979: the fourth Anglo-Saxon symposium at Oxford. Oxford: BAR British Series, p 161-169.
46. Hodder I. 1982. The identification and interpretation of ranking in prehistory: a contextual approach. In: Renfrew C, Shennan S, editors. Ranking, resource, and exchange. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p 150-154.
47. Holt BM. 2003. Mobility in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europe: evidence from the lower limb. Am J Phys Anthropol 122:200-215.
48. Humphreys SC. 1980. Death and time. In: Humphreys SC, King H, editors. Mortality and immortality: the anthropology and archaeology of death. London: Academic Press, p 261-283.
49. Jones HH, Priest JD, Hayes W.C., Tichenor CC, Nagel DA. 1977. Humeral hypertrophy in response to exercise. J Bone Joint Surg Am 59:204-208.
50. Jurmain R, Alves Cardoso F, Henderson C, Villotte S. 2012. Bio-archaeology's Holy Grail: the reconstruction of activity. In: Grauer AL, editor. A companion to paleopathology. New York: Wiley-Blackell. p 531-552.
51. Keegan J. 1993. A history of warfare. London: Pimlico.
52. Keeley LH. 1996. War before civilization: the myth of the peaceful savage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
53. Kelly RC. 2000. Warless societies and the origin of war. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
54. Kniisel C, Smith MJ. 2014a. Introduction: the bioarchaeology of conflict. In: Kniisel C, Smith MJ, editors. The Routledge handbook of the bioarchaeology of human conflict. London: Routledge. p 3-25.
55. Kniisel C, Smith MJ. 2014b. The osteology of conflict: what does it all mean? In: Kniisel C, Smith MJ, editors. The Routledge handbook of the bioarchaeology of human conflict. London: Routledge. p 656-695.
56. Kristiansen K. 1998. Chiefdom, states, and systems of social evolution. In: Kristiansen K, Rowlands M, editors. Social transformations in archaeology-global and local perspectives. New York: Routledge. p 236-259.
57. Kristiansen K. 1999. The emergence of warrior aristocracies in later European prehistory and their long-term history. In: Carman J, Harding A, editors. Ancient warfare: archaeological perspectives. Trowbridge: Sutton Publishing, p 175-189.
58. Langdon S. 2005. Views of wealth, a wealth of views: grave goods in Iron Age Attica. In: Lyons D, Westbrook R, editors. Women and property in ancient near Eastern and Mediterranean societies. Harvard: Center for Hellenic Studies, p 1-27.
59. La Regina A. 1968. Ricerche sugli insediamenti vestini. Atti della Accademia nazionale dei Lincei 8(13). Roma: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
60. La Regina A. 1989. I Sanniti. In: Pugliese Carratelli G, editor. Italia Omnium Terrarum Parens. Torino: UTET
61. Larsen CS. 1995. Biological changes in human populations with agriculture. Ann Rev Anthropol 24:185-213.
62. Larsen CS. 1997. Bioarchaeology. Cambridge: University Press.
63. Lazenby RA. 1990. Continuing periosteal apposition II: the significance of peak bone mass, strain equilibrium, and age-related activity differentials for mechanical compensation in human tubular bones. Am J Phys Anthropol 82:473-484.
64. Lepore E. 1989. Origini e strutture della Campania antica. Bologna: II Mulino.
65. Lepore E. 1992. Le strutture economiche e sociali. In: AA.W, editors. La Campania fra il VI e il III secolo a.C. Galatina: Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali. p 175-186.
66. Lovejoy CO, Burstein H, Heiple K. 1976. The biomechanical analysis of bone strength: a method and its application to Pla-tycnemia. Am J Phys Anthropol 44:489-506.
67. Macchiarelli R, Salvadei L, Dazzi M. 1981. Paleotraumatologia cranio-celebrale nella comunità protostorica di Alfedena (VI-V sec. a.c, area medio-adriatica). Anthropol Contemp 4:239-243.
68. Macintosh AA, Davies TG, Ryan T.M., Shaw CN, Stock JT 2013. Periosteal versus true Cross-Sectional Geometry: a comparison along humeral, femoral, and tibial diaphysis. Am J Phys Anthropol 150:442-452.
69. Marchi D, Sparacello VS. 2006. Cross-sectional geometry of the humerus of a Western Liguria Neolithic sample. Atti del XVI Congresso degli Antropologi Italiani. Genova: Edicolors.
70. Marchi D, Sparacello VS, Holt B.M., Formicola V 2006. Biomechanical approach to the reconstruction of activity patterns in Neolithic Western Liguria, Italy. Am J Phys Anthropol 131: 447-455.
71. Marchi D, Sparacello VS, Shaw CN. 2011. Mobility and lower limb robusticity of a pastoralist Neolithic population from North-Western Italy. In: Pinhasi R, Stock J, editors. Human bioarchaeology of the Transition to Agriculture. New York: Wiley-Liss. p 317-346.
72. Martin DL, Harrod RP, Pérez VR, editors. 2012. The bioarch-aeology of violence. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
73. Melandri G. 2005. Un esempio di aggregazione spaziale nella necropoli vestina di Bazzano (AQ). MA Thesis, Université di Milano.
74. Melandri G. 2010. L'Età del Ferro a Capua. PhD Dissertation, University "Sapienza" in Rome.
75. Meyer C, Nicklisch N, Held P., Fritsch B, Alt KW. 2011. Tracing patterns of activity in the human skeleton: an overview of methods, problems, and limits of interpretation. J Comp Hum Biol 62:202-217.
76. Morris I. 1992. Death-ritual and social structure in classical antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
77. Napolitano S. 2012. Testimonianze sulla frequentazione del ter-ritorio vestino. II caso delle necropoli di Barisciano and San Pio delle Camere (AQ). MA Thesis, Université di Napoli "L'Orientale.".
78. O'Neill MC, Ruff CB. 2004. Estimating human long bone cross-sectional geometric properties: a comparison of noninvasive methods. J Hum Evol 47:221-235.
79. O'Shea J. 1981. Social configurations and the archeological study of mortuary practices: a case study. In: Chapman R, Kinnes I, Ransborg K, editors. Archaeology of death. New York: Cambridge University Press, p 63-88.
80. O'Shea JM. 1984. Mortuary variability. New York: Academic Press.
81. Otterbein KF. 1970. The evolution of war: a cross-cultural study. New Haven: Human Relations Area files Press.
82. Otterbein KF. 2004. How war began. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
83. Paine R, Mancinelli D, Ruggieri M., Coppa A. 2007. Cranial Trauma in Iron Age Samnite Agriculturists, Alfedena, Italy: implications for biocultural and economic stress. Am J Phys Anthropol 132:48-58.
84. Parise Badoni F, Ruggeri Giove M. 1980. Alfedena. La necropoli di Campo Consolino. Scavi 1974-1979. Chieti: Soprintendenza Archeologica dell'Abruzzo.
85. Parker Pearson M. 1982. Mortuary practices, society and ideology: an ethnoarchaeological study. In: Hodder I, editor. Symbolic and structural archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p 99-113.
86. Pauketat TR. 2007. Chiefdoms and other archaeological delusions. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
87. Pearson OM, Lieberman DE. 2004. The aging of Wolff's "Law": ontogeny and response to mechanical loading in cortical bone. Am J Phys Anthropol 47:63-99.
88. Peebles CS. 1971. Moundville and surrounding sites: some structural considerations of mortuary practices. Am Antiq 36: 68-91.
89. Pérez VR. 2012. The politicization of the dead: violence as performance, politics as usual. In: Martin DL, Harrod RP, Pérez VR, editors. The bioarchaeology of violence. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, p 13-29.
90. Peroni R. 1989. Protostoria dell'Italia continentale. La penisola italiana nelle età del Bronzo e del Ferro. Popoli e Civiltà dell'Italia Antica Vol. 9. Roma: Biblioteca di Storia Patria.
91. Peroni R. 1992. Preistoria e Protostoria. La vicenda degli studi in Italia. In: AA.W, editors. Le vie della Preistoria. Roma: Manifestolibri. p 9-70.
92. Piccirilli E. 1999. La necropoli protostorica di Fossa (IX sec a.C. - I sec d.C): aspetti antropologici di un antica popolazione abruzzese. MA Thesis, Università de L'Aquila.
93. Rhodes JA, Knüsel CJ. 2005. Activity-related skeletal change in medieval humeri: cross-sectional and architectural alterations. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:536-546.
94. Ridolfi F. 2002. Analisi paleodemografica della popolazione elle-nistica di Bazzano nella piana dell'Aquila (IV sec a.C. - I sec d.C). MA Thesis, Université di Bologna.
95. Robb J. 1997. Violence and gender in early Italy. In: Martin D, Frayer D, editors. Troubled times: violence and warfare in the past. Toronto: Gordon and Breach, p 111-144.
96. Robbins Schug G, Gray K, Mushrif-Tripathy V, Sankhyan AR. 2012. A peaceful realm? Trauma and social differentiation at Harappa. Int J Paleopath 2:136-147.
97. Robling AG, Hinant FM, Burr D.B., Turner CH. 2002. Improved bone structure and strength after long-term mechanical loading is greatest if loading is separated into short bouts. J Bone Miner Res 17:1545-1554.
98. Rubini M. 1996. Biological homogeneity and familial segregation in the Iron Age population of Alfedena (Abruzzo, Italy), based on cranial discrete traits analysis. Int J Osteoarchaeol 6:454-462.
99. Ruff CB. 2002. Long bone articular and diaphyseal structure in Old World monkeys and apes. I: locomotor effects. Am J Phys Anthropol 119:305-342.
100. Ruff CB. 2008. Biomechanical analyses of archeological human skeletal samples. In: Katzenberg MA, Saunders SR, editors. Biological anthropology of the human skeleton, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Liss. p 183-206.
101. Ruff CB, Holt B, Trinkaus E. 2006. Who's afraid of the big bad Wolff? "Wolff's law" and bone functional adaptation. Am J Phys Anthropol 129:484-498.
102. Sabick M, Torry M, Kim Y., Hawkins R. 2004. Humeral torque in professional baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med 32:892-898.
103. Salmon ET 1967. Samnium and the Samnites. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
104. Samson R. 1987. Social structures from Reihengräber: mirror or mirage? Scott Archaeol Rev 4:116-126.
105. Saxe AA. 1970. Social dimensions of mortuary practices. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan.
106. Shanks M, Tilley C. 1982. Ideology, symbolic power and ritual communication. A reinterpretation of Neolithic mortuary practices. In: Hodder I, editor. Symbolic and structural archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p 129-154.
107. Shaw C, Stock J. 2009. Habitual throwing and swimming correspond with upper limb diaphyseal strength and shape in modern human athletes. Am J Phys Anthropol 140:160-172.
108. Sládek V, Berner M, Galeta P., Friedl L, Kudrnovâ 2010. Technical note: the effect of midshaft location on the error ranges of femoral and tibial cross-sectional parameters. Am J Phys Anthropol 141:325-332.
109. Sparacello V 2013. The bioarchaeology of changes in social stratification, warfare, and habitual activities among Iron Age Samnites of Central Italy. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of New Mexico.
110. Sparacello VS, Marchi D. 2008. Mobility and subsistence economy: a diachronic comparison between two groups settled in the same geographical area (Liguria, Italy). Am J Phys Anthropol 136:485-495.
111. Sparacello VS, Pearson OM. 2010. The importance of accounting for the area of the medullary cavity in cross-sectional geometry: a test based on the femoral midshaft. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:612-624.
112. Sparacello VS, Pearson OM, Coppa A, Marchi D. 2011. Changes in skeletal robusticity in an Iron Age agropastoral group: the Samnites from the Alfedena necropolis (Abruzzo, Central Italy). Am J Phys Anthropol 144:119-130.
113. Statsoft. 2011. Statistica. Tulsa: Statsoft.
114. Stein GJ. 2001. Understanding ancient state societies in the Old World. In: Feinman GM, Price TD, editors. Archaeology at the Millennium. New York: Springer, p 353-379.
115. Stock J. 2006. Hunter-gatherer postcranial robusticity relative to patterns of mobility, climatic adaptation, and selection for tissue economy. Am J Phys Anthropol 131:194-204.
116. Stock JT, Shaw CN. 2007. Which measures of skeletal robusticity are robust? A comparison of external methods of quantifying diaphyseal strength to cross-sectional geometric properties. Am J Phys Anthropol 134:412-423.
117. Tagliamonte G. 1994. I figli di Marte-mobilité, mercenari e mercenariato italici in Magna Grecia e Sicilia. Rome: Giorgio Bretschneider Editore.
118. Tagliamonte G. 1997. I Sanniti: Caudini, Irpini, Pentri, Carri-cini, Frentani. Milano: Longanesi.
119. Tagliamonte G. 1999. Le Armi: Lo sviluppo di una societa aris-tocratica; il ruolo delle armi. In: AA.W, editors. Piceni Popolo d'Europa. Roma: Editrice De Luca. p 112-114.
120. Tagliamonte G. 2009. Arma Samnitium. MEFRA 121:381-394.
121. Tiesler V, Cucina A. 2012. Where are the warriors? Cranial trauma patterns and conflict among the ancient Maya. In: Martin DL, Harrod RP, Pérez VR, editors. The bioarchaeology of violence. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, p 160-180.
122. Trinkaus E, Churchill SE, Ruff CB. 1994. Postcranial robustic-ity in Homo. II. humeral bilateral asymmetry and bone plasticity. Am J Phys Anthropol 93:1-34.
123. Ucko P. 1969. Ethnography and archaeological interpretation of funerary remains. World Archaeol 1:262-280.
124. Walker PL. 2001. A bioarchaeological perspective on the history of violence. Ann Rev Anthropol 30:573-596.
125. Weidig J. 2014. Bazzano-ein Gräberfeld bei L'Aquila (Abruz-zen). I-Die Bestattungen des 8.-5. Jh. v. Chr. Untersuchungen zu Chronologie, Bestattungsbräuchen und Sozialstruk turen im apenninischen Mittelitalien. Mainz: Monographien des RGZM.