메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 140, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 160-172

Habitual throwing and swimming correspond with upper limb diaphyseal strength and shape in modern human athletes

Author keywords

Athlete; Diaphyseal cross section; Diaphysis; Human; Humerus; Peripheral quantitative computed tomography; Ulna

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANTHROPOMETRY; ARM; ARTICLE; ATHLETE; BODY SIZE; BONE STRENGTH; BONE STRUCTURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAPHYSIS; HABIT; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HUMERUS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; RIGIDITY; SWIMMING; TRAINING; ULNA;

EID: 68949142985     PISSN: 00029483     EISSN: 10968644     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21063     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (189)

References (68)
  • 1
    • 32044452186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limb bone bilateral asymmetry: Variability and commonality among modern humans
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.09.004, PII S004724840500165X
    • Auerbach B, Ruff C. 2006. Limb bone bilateral asymmetry: variability and commonality among modern humans. J Hum Evol 50:203-218. (Pubitemid 43192370)
    • (2006) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.50 , Issue.2 , pp. 203-218
    • Auerbach, B.M.1    Ruff, C.B.2
  • 2
    • 0141864667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The science and medicine of cricket: An overview and update
    • DOI 10.1080/0264041031000140257
    • Bartlett R. 2003. The science and medicine of cricket: an overview and update. J Sports Sci 21:733-752. (Pubitemid 37210007)
    • (2003) Journal of Sports Sciences , vol.21 , Issue.9 , pp. 733-752
    • Bartlett, R.M.1
  • 5
    • 0025908495 scopus 로고
    • The "law of bone transformation": A case for crying Wolff?
    • Bertram J, Swartz S. 1991. The "law of bone transformation": a case for crying Wolff? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 66:245-273.
    • (1991) Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc , vol.66 , pp. 245-273
    • Bertram, J.1    Swartz, S.2
  • 6
    • 2342545304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost and consequences of sedentary living: New battleground for an old enemy
    • Booth F. 2002. Cost and consequences of sedentary living: new battleground for an old enemy. Res Dig: President's Council Phys Fitness Sports 3:1-8.
    • (2002) Res Dig: President's Council Phys Fitness Sports , vol.3 , pp. 1-8
    • Booth, F.1
  • 9
    • 34948905803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased non-linear locomotion alters diaphyseal bone shape
    • DOI 10.1242/jeb.006544
    • Carlson K, Judex S. 2007. Increased non-linear locomotion alters diaphyseal bone shape. J Exp Biol 210:3117-3125. (Pubitemid 47522706)
    • (2007) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.210 , Issue.17 , pp. 3117-3125
    • Carlson, K.J.1    Judex, S.2
  • 10
    • 0002786394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Case of Marked Bilateral Asymmetry in the Upper Limbs of an Upper Palaeolithic Male from Barma Grande (Liguria), Italy
    • Churchill SE, Formicola V. 1997. A case of marked bilateral asymmetry in the upper limbs of an upper paleolithic male from Barma Grande (Liguria), Italy. Int J Osteoarchaeol 7:18-38. (Pubitemid 127448755)
    • (1997) International Journal of Osteoarchaeology , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 18-38
    • Churchill, S.E.1    Formicola, V.2
  • 11
    • 0004454354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Pleistocene human technological and subsistence behavior: Functional interpretations of upper limb morphology
    • Churchill SE, Weaver AH, Niewoehner WA. 1996. Late Pleistocene human technological and subsistence behavior: functional interpretations of upper limb morphology. Quaternaria Nova 6:413-447.
    • (1996) Quaternaria Nova , vol.6 , pp. 413-447
    • Churchill, S.E.1    Weaver, A.H.2    Niewoehner, W.A.3
  • 12
    • 0034528067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Throwing in cricket
    • Cook D, Strikes S. 2000. Throwing in cricket. J Sport Sci 18:965-973.
    • (2000) J Sport Sci , vol.18 , pp. 965-973
    • Cook, D.1    Strikes, S.2
  • 13
    • 0034064513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of anterior translation of the humeral head in the throwing shoulder
    • Ellenbecker TS, Mattalino AJ, Elam E, Caplinger R. 2000. Quantification of anterior translation of the humeral head in the throwing shoulder. Am J Sports Med 28:161-167.
    • (2000) Am J Sports Med , vol.28 , pp. 161-167
    • Ellenbecker, T.S.1    Mattalino, A.J.2    Elam, E.3    Caplinger, R.4
  • 15
    • 0033847014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exercise-induced bone gain is due to enlargement in bone size without a change in volumetric bone density: A peripheral quantitative computed tomography study of the upper arms of male tennis players
    • DOI 10.1016/S8756-3282(00)00331-8, PII S8756328200003318
    • Haapasalo H, Kontulainen S, Sievanen H, Kannus P, Jarvinen M, Vuori I. 2000. Exercise-induced bone gain is due to enlargement in bone size without a change in volumetric bone density: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study of the upper arms of male tennis players. Bone 27:351-357. (Pubitemid 30658117)
    • (2000) Bone , vol.27 , Issue.3 , pp. 351-357
    • Haapasalo, H.1    Kontulainen, S.2    Sievanen, H.3    Kannus, P.4    Jarvinen, M.5    Vuori, I.6
  • 17
    • 0036596097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Site-specific skeletal response to long-term weight training seems to be attributable to principal loading modality: A pQCT study of female weightlifters
    • DOI 10.1007/s00223-001-1019-9
    • Heinonen A, Sievanen H, Kannus P, Oja O, Vuori I. 2002. Site-specific skeletal response to long-term weight training seems to be attributable to principal loading modality: a pQCT study of female weightlifters. Calcif Tissue Int 70:469-474. (Pubitemid 36929584)
    • (2002) Calcified Tissue International , vol.70 , Issue.6 , pp. 469-474
    • Heinonen, A.1    Sievanen, H.2    Kannus, P.3    Oja, P.4    Vuori, I.5
  • 18
    • 0142245581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mobility in upper paleolithic and mesolithic Europe: Evidence from the lower limb
    • Holt BM. 2003. Mobility in upper paleolithic and mesolithic Europe: evidence from the lower limb. Am J Phys Anthropol 122:200-215.
    • (2003) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.122 , pp. 200-215
    • Holt, B.M.1
  • 20
    • 0036894599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of long-term impact-loading on mass, size, and estimated strength of humerus and radius of female racquet-sports players: A peripheral quantitative computed tomography study between young and old starters and controls
    • Kontulainen S, Sievanen H, Kannus P, Pasanen M, Vuori I. 2002. Effect of long-term impact-loading on mass, size, and estimated strength of humerus and radius of female racquet-sports players: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study between young and old starters and controls. J Bone Miner Res 17:2281-2288. (Pubitemid 35416763)
    • (2002) Journal of Bone and Mineral Research , vol.17 , Issue.12 , pp. 2281-2289
    • Kontulainen, S.1    Sievanen, H.2    Kannus, P.3    Pasanen, M.4    Vuori, I.5
  • 22
    • 0036407909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skeletal biology, functional asymmetry and the origins of "handedness"
    • Lazenby R. 2002. Skeletal biology, functional asymmetry and the origins of "handedness". J Theor Biol 218:129-138.
    • (2002) J Theor Biol , vol.218 , pp. 129-138
    • Lazenby, R.1
  • 23
    • 0141789708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimization of bone growth and remodeling in response to loading in tapered mammalian limbs
    • DOI 10.1242/jeb.00514
    • Lieberman DE, Pearson OJ, Polk JD, Demes B, Crompton A. 2003. Optimization of bone growth and remodeling in response to loading in tapered mammalian limbs. J Exp Biol 206:3125-3138. (Pubitemid 37181412)
    • (2003) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.206 , Issue.18 , pp. 3125-3138
    • Lieberman, D.E.1    Pearson, O.M.2    Polk, J.D.3    Demes, B.4    Crompton, A.W.5
  • 24
    • 0004445385 scopus 로고
    • On the aboriginal inhabitants of the Andaman Islands
    • Man E. 1883. On the aboriginal inhabitants of the Andaman Islands. J R Anthropol Inst 12:69-434.
    • (1883) J R Anthropol Inst , vol.12 , pp. 69-434
    • Man, E.1
  • 25
    • 0004414428 scopus 로고
    • On the Andaman Islands and their inhabitants
    • Man E. 1885. On the Andaman Islands and their inhabitants. J R Anthropol Inst 14:253-272.
    • (1885) J R Anthropol Inst , vol.14 , pp. 253-272
    • Man, E.1
  • 27
    • 0034493580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The revolution that wasn't: A new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior
    • DOI 10.1006/jhev.2000.0435
    • McBearty S, Brooks A. 2000. The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behaviour. J Hum Evol 39:453-563. (Pubitemid 32103145)
    • (2000) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.39 , Issue.5 , pp. 453-563
    • Mcbrearty, S.1    Brooks, A.S.2
  • 28
    • 28744454203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes of the mineralization pattern in the subchondral bone plate of the glenoid cavity in the shoulder joints of the throwing athletes
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2005.02.016, PII S1058274605000959
    • Mochizuki Y, Natsu K, Kashiwagi K, Yasunaga Y, Ochi M. 2005. Changes of the mineralization pattern in the subchondral bone plate of the glenoid cavity in the shoulder joints of the throwing athletes. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 14:616-619. (Pubitemid 41758116)
    • (2005) Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery , vol.14 , Issue.6 , pp. 616-619
    • Mochizuki, Y.1    Natsu, K.2    Kashiwagi, K.3    Yasunaga, Y.4    Ochi, M.5
  • 29
    • 33748331202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loading modalities and bone structures at nonweight-bearing upper extremity and weight-bearing lower extremity: A pQCT study of adult female athletes
    • DOI 10.1016/j.bone.2006.04.005, PII S8756328206004285
    • Nikander R, Sievanen H, Uusi-Rasi K, Heinon A, Kannus P. 2006. Loading modalities and bone structure at nonweight-bearing upper extremity and weight-bearing lower extremity: a pQCT study of adult female athletes. Bone 39:886-894. (Pubitemid 44322072)
    • (2006) Bone , vol.39 , Issue.4 , pp. 886-894
    • Nikander, R.1    Sievanen, H.2    Uusi-Rasi, K.3    Heinonen, A.4    Kannus, P.5
  • 30
    • 0025453310 scopus 로고
    • Fatigue fractures in thoroughbred racehorses: Relationships with age, peak bone strain, and training
    • Nunamaker D, Butterweck D, Provost M. 1990. Fatigue fractures in thoroughbred racehorses: relationships with age, peak bone strain, and training. J Orthop Res 8:604-611. (Pubitemid 20319517)
    • (1990) Journal of Orthopaedic Research , vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp. 604-611
    • Nunamaker, D.M.1    Butterweck, D.M.2    Provost, M.T.3
  • 31
    • 0031919810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Throwing fracture of the humeral shaft: An analysis of 90 patients
    • Ogawa K, Yoshida A. 1998. Throwing fracture of the humeral shaft: an analysis of 90 patients. Am J Sports Med 26:242-246. (Pubitemid 28157980)
    • (1998) American Journal of Sports Medicine , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 242-246
    • Ogawa, K.1    Yoshida, A.2
  • 32
    • 0036099453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retroversion of the humerus in the throwing shoulder of college baseball pitchers
    • Osbahr DC, Cannon DL, Speer KP. 2002. Retroversion of the humerus in the throwing shoulder of college baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med 30:347-353.
    • (2002) Am J Sports Med , vol.30 , pp. 347-353
    • Osbahr, D.C.1    Cannon, D.L.2    Speer, K.P.3
  • 33
    • 33745190701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The aging of Wolff 's "law": Ontogeny and responses to mechanical loading in cortical bone
    • Pearson OJ, Lieberman DE. 2004. The aging of Wolff 's "law": ontogeny and responses to mechanical loading in cortical bone. Yearb Phys Anthropol 47:63-99.
    • (2004) Yearb Phys Anthropol , vol.47 , pp. 63-99
    • Pearson, O.J.1    Lieberman, D.E.2
  • 34
    • 11344262496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of modified-implement training on fast bowling in cricket
    • DOI 10.1080/02640410410001729973
    • Petersen C, Wilson B, Hopkins W. 2004. Effects of modified-implement training on fast bowling in cricket. J Sports Sci 22:1035-1039. (Pubitemid 40074183)
    • (2004) Journal of Sports Sciences , vol.22 , Issue.11-12 , pp. 1035-1039
    • Petersen, C.J.1    Wilson, B.D.2    Hopkins, W.G.3
  • 37
    • 56349169388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Throwing in the middle and upper paleolithic: Inferences from an analysis of humeral retroversion
    • Rhodes J, Churchill SE. 2009. Throwing in the middle and upper paleolithic: inferences from an analysis of humeral retroversion. J Hum Evol 56:1-10.
    • (2009) J Hum Evol , vol.56 , pp. 1-10
    • Rhodes, J.1    Churchill, S.E.2
  • 38
    • 59949098266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomechanical analyses of archaeological human skeletal samples
    • Katzenberg M, Saunders A, editors. New York: Wiley
    • Ruff C. 2008. Biomechanical analyses of archaeological human skeletal samples. In: Katzenberg M, Saunders A, editors. Biological anthropology of the human skeleton. New York: Wiley. p. 183-206.
    • (2008) Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton , pp. 183-206
    • Ruff, C.1
  • 39
    • 33645235979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who's afraid of the big bad Wolff? "Wolffs law" and bone functional adaptation
    • Ruff CB, Holt BM, Trinkaus E. 2006. Who's afraid of the big bad Wolff? "Wolffs law" and bone functional adaptation. Am J Phys Anthropol 129:484-498.
    • (2006) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.129 , pp. 484-498
    • Ruff, C.B.1    Holt, B.M.2    Trinkaus, E.3
  • 40
    • 0027195461 scopus 로고
    • Postcranial robusticity in Homo. I. Temporal trends and mechanical interpretation
    • Ruff CB, Trinkaus E, Walker A, Larsen CS. 1993. Postcranial robusticity in Homo. I. Temporal trends and mechanical interpretation. Am J Phys Anthropol 91:21-53.
    • (1993) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.91 , pp. 21-53
    • Ruff, C.B.1    Trinkaus, E.2    Walker, A.3    Larsen, C.S.4
  • 44
    • 0037245623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental evidence concerning spear use in Neandertals and early modern humans
    • DOI 10.1006/jasc.2001.0814
    • Schmitt D, Churchill SE, Hylander WL. 2003. Experimental evidence concerning spear use in neandertals and early modern humans. J Archaeol Sci 30:103-114. (Pubitemid 36137728)
    • (2003) Journal of Archaeological Science , vol.30 , Issue.1 , pp. 103-114
    • Schmitt, D.1    Churchill, S.E.2    Hylander, W.L.3
  • 45
    • 34247614883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional variation in the postcranial robusticity of late upper paleolithic humans
    • DOI 10.1002/ajpa.20567
    • Shackelford L. 2007. Regional variation in the postcranial robusticity of Late Upper Palaeolithic humans. Am J Phys Anthropol 133:655-668. (Pubitemid 46668471)
    • (2007) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.133 , Issue.1 , pp. 655-668
    • Shackelford, L.L.1
  • 46
    • 68949136877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensity, repetitiveness, and directionality of habitual adolescent mobility patterns influence the tibial diaphysis morphology of athletes
    • in press
    • Shaw CN, Stock JT. 2009. Intensity, repetitiveness, and directionality of habitual adolescent mobility patterns influence the tibial diaphysis morphology of athletes. Am J Phys Anthropol, in press.
    • (2009) Am J Phys Anthropol
    • Shaw, C.N.1    Stock, J.T.2
  • 47
    • 0024892630 scopus 로고
    • The effect of swimming activity on bone architecture in growing rats
    • Simkin A, Leichter I, Swissa A, Samueloff S. 1989. The effect of swimming activity on bone architecture in growing rats. J Biomech 22:845-851. (Pubitemid 20087385)
    • (1989) Journal of Biomechanics , vol.22 , Issue.8-9 , pp. 845-851
    • Simkin, A.1    Leichter, I.2    Swissa, A.3    Samueloff, S.4
  • 48
    • 0036892548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent throwing fracture of the humerus in a baseball player
    • Soeda T, Nakagawa Y, Suzuki T, Nakamura T. 2002. Recurrent throwing fracture of the humerus in a baseball player. Am J Sports Med 90:900-902.
    • (2002) Am J Sports Med , vol.90 , pp. 900-902
    • Soeda, T.1    Nakagawa, Y.2    Suzuki, T.3    Nakamura, T.4
  • 49
    • 47749101694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mobility and subsistence economy: A diachronic comparison between two groups settled in the same geographical area (Liguria, Italy)
    • DOI 10.1002/ajpa.20832
    • Sparacello V, Marchi D. 2008. Mobility and subsistence economy: a diachronic comparison between two groups settled in the same geographic area (Liguria, Italy). Am J Phys Anthropol 136:485-495. (Pubitemid 352032328)
    • (2008) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.136 , Issue.4 , pp. 485-495
    • Sparacello, V.1    Marchi, D.2
  • 50
    • 0033914406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Handedness in past human populations: Skeletal markers
    • DOI 10.1080/135765000406067
    • Steele J. 2000. Handedness in past human populations: skeletal markers. Laterality 5:193-220. (Pubitemid 30483964)
    • (2000) Laterality , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 193-220
    • Steele, J.1
  • 51
    • 33748657999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hunter-gatherer postcranial robusticity relative to patterns of mobility, climatic adaptation, and selection for tissue economy
    • DOI 10.1002/ajpa.20398
    • Stock J. 2006. Hunter-gatherer postcranial robusticity relative to patterns of mobility, climatic adaptation, and selection for tissue economy. Am J Phys Anthropol 131:194-204. (Pubitemid 44387498)
    • (2006) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.131 , Issue.2 , pp. 194-204
    • Stock, J.T.1
  • 52
    • 0034903537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking structural variability in long bone diaphyses to habitual behaviors: Foragers from the southern African Later Stone Age and the Andaman Islands
    • DOI 10.1002/ajpa.1090
    • Stock J, Pfeiffer S. 2001. Linking structural variability in long bone diaphyses to habitual behaviors: foragers from the southern African Later Stone Age and the Andaman Islands. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:337-348. (Pubitemid 32729934)
    • (2001) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.115 , Issue.4 , pp. 337-348
    • Stock, J.1    Pfeiffer, S.2
  • 53
    • 3042781251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long bone robusticity and subsistence behaviour among Later Stone Age foragers of the forest and fynbos biomes of South Africa
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jas.2003.12.012, PII S0305440304000068
    • Stock JT, Pfeiffer S. 2004. Long bone robusticity and subsistence behavior among Later Stone Age foragers of the forest and fynbos biomes of South Africa. J Archaeol Sci 31:999-1013. (Pubitemid 38809740)
    • (2004) Journal of Archaeological Science , vol.31 , Issue.8 , pp. 999-1013
    • Stock, J.T.1    Pfeiffer, S.K.2
  • 54
    • 35348901506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Which measures of diaphyseal robusticity are robust? a comparison of external methods of quantifying the strength of long bone diaphyses to cross-sectional geometric properties
    • DOI 10.1002/ajpa.20686
    • Stock JT, Shaw C. 2007. Which measures of diaphyseal robusticity are robust? A comparison of external methods of quantifying the strength of long bone diaphyses to cross-sectional geometric properties. Am J Phys Anthropol 134:412-423. (Pubitemid 47587480)
    • (2007) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.134 , Issue.3 , pp. 412-423
    • Stock, J.T.1    Shaw, C.N.2
  • 56
    • 0028917223 scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of swimming versus weight-bearing activity on bone mineral status of eumenorrheic athletes
    • Taaffe D, Snow-Harter C, Connolly D, Robinson T, Brown M, Marcus R. 1995. Differential effects of swimming versus weight-bearing activity on bone mineral status of eumenorrheic athletes. J Bone Miner Res 10:586-593.
    • (1995) J Bone Miner Res , vol.10 , pp. 586-593
    • Taaffe, D.1    Snow-Harter, C.2    Connolly, D.3    Robinson, T.4    Brown, M.5    Marcus, R.6
  • 57
    • 0031049120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower Paleolithic hunting spears from Germany
    • Theime H. 1997. Lower Paleolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature 385:807-810.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.385 , pp. 807-810
    • Theime, H.1
  • 58
    • 0026501352 scopus 로고
    • Biomechanics of competitive front crawl swimming
    • Toussaint H, Beek P. 1992. Biomechanics of competitive front crawl swimming. Sports Med 13:8-24.
    • (1992) Sports Med , vol.13 , pp. 8-24
    • Toussaint, H.1    Beek, P.2
  • 60
    • 0033081910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diaphyseal cross-sectional geometry of Near Eastern Middle Palaeolithic humans: The humerus
    • DOI 10.1006/jasc.1998.0314
    • Trinkaus E, Churchill SE. 1999. Diaphyseal cross-sectional geometry of near eastern Middle Palaeolithic humans: the humerus. J Archaeol Sci 26:173-184. (Pubitemid 29224074)
    • (1999) Journal of Archaeological Science , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 173-184
    • Trinkaus, E.1    Churchill, S.E.2
  • 61
    • 0028115659 scopus 로고
    • Postcranial robusticity in Homo. II. Humeral bilateral asymmetry and bone plasticity
    • Trinkaus E, Churchill SE, Ruff CB. 1994. Postcranial robusticity in Homo. II. Humeral bilateral asymmetry and bone plasticity. Am J Phys Anthropol 93:1-34.
    • (1994) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.93 , pp. 1-34
    • Trinkaus, E.1    Churchill, S.E.2    Ruff, C.B.3
  • 63
    • 0032932120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The physiology and biomechanics of competitive swimming
    • Troup J. 1999. The physiology and biomechanics of competitive swimming. Clin Sports Med 18:267-285.
    • (1999) Clin Sports Med , vol.18 , pp. 267-285
    • Troup, J.1
  • 65
    • 34250800329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lifestyle, occupation, and whole bone morphology of the pre-hispanic Maya coastal population from Xcambo, Yucatan, Mexico
    • Wanner I, Sierra-Sosa T, Alt K, Blos V. 2007. Lifestyle, occupation, and whole bone morphology of the pre-hispanic Maya coastal population from Xcambo, Yucatan, Mexico. Int J Osteoarchaeol 17:253-268.
    • (2007) Int J Osteoarchaeol , vol.17 , pp. 253-268
    • Wanner, I.1    Sierra-Sosa, T.2    Alt, K.3    Blos, V.4
  • 66
    • 0012187876 scopus 로고
    • Bone growth and physicl activity in young males
    • Mazess R, Cameron J, editors. Washington, DC: U.S. Department HEW. Publ. NIH 75-683
    • Watson R. 1974. Bone growth and physicl activity in young males. In: Mazess R, Cameron J, editors. International Conference on Bone Mineral Measurement. Washington, DC: U.S. Department HEW. Publ. NIH 75-683. p 380-385.
    • (1974) International Conference on Bone Mineral Measurement , pp. 380-385
    • Watson, R.1
  • 67
    • 0042591547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of rowing on humeral strength
    • Weiss E. 2003. Effects of rowing on humeral strength. Am J Phys Anthropol 121:293-302.
    • (2003) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.121 , pp. 293-302
    • Weiss, E.1
  • 68
    • 0026555287 scopus 로고
    • Morphological effects of mechanical forces on the human humerus
    • X Q
    • X Q. 1992. Morphological effects of mechanical forces on the human humerus. Br J Sports Med 26:51-53.
    • (1992) Br J Sports Med , vol.26 , pp. 51-53


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.