LiDAR remote sensing of vegetation biomass

Remote Sensing of Natural Resources

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 399-420

  Chen, Qi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; CARBON; DEFORESTATION; ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS; GLOBAL WARMING; LAND USE; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS; VEGETATION;

BIOGEOCHEMICAL MODELS; BIOMASS DENSITY; FOREST DEGRADATION; LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGE; LIDAR REMOTE SENSING; REDUCING EMISSIONS; UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGES; VEGETATION BIOMASS;

REMOTE SENSING;

EID: 84923312587     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b15159     Document Type: Chapter

References (138)

1. Abdalati, W., H. Zwally, R. Bindschadler, B. Csatho, S. Farrell, H. Fricker, D. Harding, et al. 2010. “The ICESat-2 Laser Altimetry Mission.” Proceedings of the IEEE 98(5):735-51.
2. Anderson, J., M. E. Martin, M. L. Smith, R. O. Dubayah, M. A. Hofton, P. Hyde, B. E. Blair, J. B. Peterson, and R. G. Knox. 2006. “The Use of Waveform Lidar to Measure Northern Temperate Mixed Conifer and Deciduous Forest Structure in New Hampshire.” Remote Sensing of Environment 105:248-61.
3. Anderson, J. E., L. C. Plourde, M. E. Martin, B. H. Braswell, M. L. Smith, R. O. Dubayah, M. A. Hofton, and J. B. Blair. 2008. “Integrating Waveform Lidar with Hyperspectral Imagery for Inventory of a Northern Temperate Forest.” Remote Sensing of Environment 112:1856-70.
4. Asner, G. P. 2009. “Tropical Forest Carbon Assessment:Integrating Satellite and Airborne Mapping Approaches.” Environmental Research Letters 4:11. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/1084/1083/034009.
5. Asner, G. P., R. F. Hughes, T. A. Varga, D. E. Knapp, and T. Kennedy-Bowdoin. 2009. “Environmental and Biotic Controls over Aboveground Biomass throughout a Tropical Rain Forest.” Ecosystems 12:261-78.
6. Asner, G. P., J. Mascaro, H. C. Muller-Landau, G. Vieilledent, R. Vaudry, M. Rasamoelina, J. S. Hall, and M. van Breugel. 2012. “A Universal Airborne LiDAR Approach for Tropical Forest Carbon Mapping.” Oecologia 168:1147-60.
7. Ballhorn, U., J. Jubanski, and F. Siegert. 2011. “ICESat/GLAS Data as a Measurement Tool for Peatland Topography and Peat Swamp Forest Biomass in Kalimantan, Indonesia.” Remote Sensing 3:1957-82.
8. Balzter, H., C. S. Rowland, and P. Saich. 2007. “Forest Canopy Height and Carbon Estimation at Monks Wood National Nature Reserve, UK, Using Dual-Wavelength SAR Interferometry.” Remote Sensing of Environment 108:224-39.
9. Banskota, A., R. H. Wynne, P. Johnson, B. Emessiene. 2011. “Synergistic Use of Very High-Frequency Radar and Discrete-Return Lidar for Estimating Biomass in Temperate Hardwood and Mixed Forests.” Annals of Forest Science 68:347-56.
10. Blackard, J. A., M. V. Finco, E. H. Helmer, G. R. Holden, M. L. Hoppus, D. M. Jacobs, A. J. Lister, et al. 2008. “Mapping US Forest Biomass Using Nationwide Forest Inventory Data and Moderate Resolution Information.” Remote Sensing of Environment 112:1658-77.
11. Blair, J. B., D. B. Coyle, J. L. Bufton, and D. J. Harding. 1994. “Optimization of an Airborne Laser Altimeter for Remote Sensing of Vegetation and Tree Canopies.” In International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 939-41. Pasadena, CA.
12. Blair, J. B., D. L. Rabine, and M. A. Hofton. 1999. “The Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor: A Medium-Altitude, Digitisation-Only, Airborne Laser Altimeter for Mapping Vegetation and Topography.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 54:115-22.
13. Bortolot, Z. J. 2006. “Using Tree Clusters to Derive Forest Properties from Small Footprint Lidar Data.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 72:1389-97.
14. Bortolot, Z. J., and R. H. Wynne. 2005. “Estimating Forest Biomass Using Small Footprint LiDAR Data: An Individual Tree-Based Approach that Incorporates Training Data.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 59:342-60.
15. Boudreau, J., R. F. Nelson, H. A. Margolis, A. Beaudoin, L. Guindon, and D. S. Kimes. 2008. “Regional Aboveground Forest Biomass Using Airborne and Spaceborne LiDAR in Quebec.” Remote Sensing of Environment 112:3876-90.
16. Brown, S. 1997. “Estimating Biomass and Biomass Change of Tropical Forests: A Primer.” Food and Agriculture Organization. http://www.fao.org/docrep/w4095e/w4095e00.HTM. Accessed on March 13, 2013.
17. Brown, S., and G. Gaston. 1995. “Use of Forest Inventories and Geographic Information Systems to Estimate Biomass Density of Tropical Forests: Application to Tropical Africa.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 38:157-68.
18. Brown, S., L. R. Iverson, A. Prasad, and D. Liu. 1993. “Geographical Distributions of Carbon in Biomass and Soils of Tropical Asian Forests.” Geocarto International 8:45-59.
19. Brown, C. G., K. Sarabandi, and L. E. Pierce. 2010. “Model-Based Estimation of Forest Canopy Height in Red and Austrian Pine Stands Using Shuttle Radar Topography Mission and Ancillary Data: A Proof-of-Concept Study.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 48:1105-18.
20. Brown, S. L., and P. E. Schroeder. 1999. “Spatial Patterns of Aboveground Production and Mortality of Woody Biomass for Eastern US Forests.” Ecological Applications 9:968-80.
21. Brown, J. H., G. B. West, and B. J. Enquist. 2005. “Yes, West, Brown and Enquist’s Model of Allometric Scaling Is Both Mathematically Correct and Biologically Relevant.” Functional Ecology 19: 735-38.
22. Chave, J., C. Andalo, S. Brown, M. A. Cairns, J. Q. Chambers, D. Eamus, H. Folster, et al. 2005. “Tree Allometry and Improved Estimation of Carbon Stocks and Balance in Tropical Forests.” Oecologia 145:87-99.
23. Chave, J., H. C. Muller-Landau, T. R. Baker, T. A. Easdale, H. Ter Steege, and C. O. Webb. 2006. “Regional and Phylogenetic Variation of Wood Density Across 2456 Neotropical Tree Species.” Ecological Applications 16:2356-67.
24. Chen, Q. 2007. “Airborne Lidar Data Processing and Information Extraction.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 73:109-12.
25. Chen, Q. 2009. “Improvement of the Edge-Based Morphological (EM) Method for Lidar Data Filtering.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 30:1069-74.
26. Chen, Q. 2010a. “Assessment of Terrain Elevation Derived from Satellite Laser Altimetry over Mountainous Forest Areas Using Airborne Lidar Data.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 65:111-22.
27. Chen, Q. 2010b. “Retrieving Canopy Height of Forests and Woodlands over Mountainous Areas in the Pacific Coast Region Using Satellite Laser Altimetry.” Remote Sensing of Environment 114:1610-17.
28. Chen, Q., D. Baldocchi, P. Gong, and M. Kelly. 2006. “Isolating Individual Trees in a Savanna Woodland Using Small Footprint Lidar Data.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 72:923-32.
29. Chen, Q., P. Gong, D. Baldocchi, and Y. Q. Tian. 2007a. “Estimating Basal Area and Stem Volume for Individual Trees from Lidar Data.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 73:1355-65.
30. Chen, Q., P. Gong, D. Baldocchi, and G. Xie. 2007b. “Filtering Airborne Laser Scanning Data with Morphological Methods.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 73:175-85.
31. Chen, Q., G. Vaglio Laurin, J. Battles, and D. Saah. 2012. “Integration of Airborne Lidar and Vegetation Types Derived from Aerial Photography for Mapping Aboveground Live Biomass.” Remote Sensing of Environment 121:108-17.
32. Clark, D. B., and J. R. Kellner. 2012. “Tropical Forest Biomass Estimation and the Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness.” Journal of Vegetation Science 23:1191-6.
33. Clark, D. B., J. M. Read, M. L. Clark, A. M. Cruz, M. F. Dotti, and D. A. Clark. 2004. “Application of 1-M and 4-M Resolution Satellite Data to Ecological Studies of Tropical Rain Forests.” Ecological Applications 14:61-74.
34. Clark, M. L., D. R. Roberts, J. J. Ewel, and D. B. David. 2011. “Estimation of Tropical Rain Forest Aboveground Biomass with Small-Footprint Lidar and Hyperspectral Sensors.” Remote Sensing of Environment 115:2931-42.
35. Cloude, S. R., and K. P. Papathanassiou. 1998. “Polarimetric SAR Interferometry.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 36:1551-65.
36. Dolan, K., J. G. Masek, C. Q. Huang, and G. Q. Sun. 2009. “Regional Forest Growth Rates Measured by Combining ICESat GLAS and Landsat Data.” Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences 114:G00E05. doi:10.1029/2008JG000893.
37. Drake, J. B., R. O. Dubayah, D. B. Clark, R. G. Knox, J. B. Blair, M. A. Hofton, R. L. Chazdon, J. F. Weishampel, and S. D. Prince. 2002a. “Estimation of Tropical Forest Structural Characteristics Using Large-Footprint Lidar.” Remote Sensing of Environment 79:305-19.
38. Drake, J. B., R. O. Dubayah, R. G. Knox, D. B. Clark, and J. B. Blair. 2002b. “Sensitivity of Large-Footprint Lidar to Canopy Structure and Biomass in a Neotropical Rainforest.” Remote Sensing of Environment 81:378-92.
39. Drake, J. B., R. G. Knox, R. O. Dubayah, D. B. Clark, R. Condit, J. B. Blair, and M. Hofton. 2003. “Above-Ground Biomass Estimation in Closed Canopy Neotropical Forests using Lidar Remote Sensing: Factors Affecting the Generality of Relationships.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 12:147-59.
40. Dubayah, R. O., S. L. Sheldon, D. B. Clark, M. A. Hofton, J. B. Blair, G. C. Hurtt, and R. L. Chazdon. 2010. “Estimation of Tropical Forest Height and Biomass Dynamics Using Lidar Remote Sensing at La Selva, Costa Rica.” Journal of Geophysical Research 115:G00E09. doi:10.1029/2009JG000933.
41. Duncanson, L. I., K. O. Niemann, and M. A. Wulder. 2010. “Integration of GLAS and Landsat TM Data for Aboveground Biomass Estimation.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 36(2):129-41.
42. Fearnside, P. M. 1997. “Greenhouse Gases from Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: Net Committed Emissions.” Climatic Change 35:321-60.
43. Feng, X., G. Liu, J. M. Chen, M. Chen, J. Liu, W. M. Ju, R. Sun, and W. Zhou. 2007. “Net Primary Productivity of China’s Terrestrial Ecosystems from a Process Model Driven by Remote Sensing.” Journal of Environmental Management 85:563-73.
44. Foody, G. M., D. S. Boyd, and M. E. J. Cutler. 2003. “Predictive Relations of Tropical Forest Biomass from Landsat TM Data and Their Transferability between Regions.” Remote Sensing of Environment 85:463-74.
45. Garestier, F., P. C. Dubois-Fernandez, and I. Champion. 2008. “Forest Height Inversion Using High-Resolution P-Band Pol-InSAR Data.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 46:3544-59.
46. Gaston, G., S. Brown, M. Lorenzini, and K. D. Singh. 1998. “State and Change in Carbon Pools in the Forests of Tropical Africa.” Global Change Biology 4:97-114.
47. Gibbs, H. K., S. Brown, J. O. Niles, and J. A. Foley. 2007. “Monitoring and Estimating Tropical Forest Carbon Stocks: Making REDD a Reality.” Environmental Research Letters 2:045023. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/045023.
48. Gleason, C., and J. Im. 2011. “A Review of Remote Sensing of Forest Biomass and Biofuel: Options for Small-Area Applications.” GIScience and Remote Sensing 48(2):141-70.
49. Gleason, C., and J. Im. 2012. “Forest Biomass Estimation from Airborne LiDAR Data Using Machine Learning Approaches.” Remote Sensing of Environment 125:80-91.
50. Gobakken, T., and E. Naesset. 2005. “Weibull and Percentile Models for Lidar-Based Estimation of Basal Area Distribution.” Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 20:490-502.
51. Hall, S. A., I. C. Burke, D. O. Box, M. R. Kaufmann, and J. M. Stoker. 2005. “Estimating Stand Structure Using Discrete-Return Lidar: An Example from Low Density, Fire Prone Ponderosa Pine Forests.” Forest Ecology and Management 208:189-209.
52. Harding, D. J., M. A. Lefsky, G. G. Parker, and J. B. Blair. 2001. “Laser Altimeter Canopy Height Profiles: Methods and Validation for Closed-Canopy, Broadleaf Forests.” Remote Sensing of Environment 76:283-97.
53. Hollaus, M., W. Wanger, B. Nmaier, and K. Schadauer. 2007. “Airborne Laser Scanning of Forest Stem Volume in a Mountainous Environment.” Sensors 7:1559-77.
54. Holmgren, J., M. Nilsson, and H. Olsson. 2003. “Estimation of Tree Height and Stem Volume on Plots-Using Airborne Laser Scanning.” Forest Science 49:419-28.
55. Houghton, R. A. 2005. “Aboveground Forest Biomass and the Global Carbon Balance.” Global Change Biology 11:945-58.
56. Houghton, R. A., F. Hall, and S. J. Goetz. 2009. “Importance of Biomass in the Global Carbon Cycle.” Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences 114:G00E03. doi:10.1029/2009JG000935.
57. Houghton, R. A., K. T. Lawrence, J. L. Hackler, and S. Brown. 2001. “The Spatial Distribution of Forest Biomass in the Brazilian Amazon: A Comparison of Estimates.” Global Change Biology 7:731-46.
58. Hurtt, G. C., J. Fisk, R. Q. Thomas, R. O. Dubayah, P. R. Moorcroft, and H. H. Shugart. 2010. “Linking Models and Data on Vegetation Structure.” Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences 115:G00E10. doi:10.1029/2009JG000937.
59. Hyde, P., R. Dubayah, B. Peterson, J. B. Blair, M. Hofton, C. Hunsaker, R. Knox, and W. Walker. 2005. “Mapping Forest Structure for Wildlife Habitat Analysis Using Waveform Lidar: Validation of Montane Ecosystems.” Remote Sensing of Environment 96:427-37.
60. Hyde, P., R. Dubayah, W. Walker, J. B. Blair, M. Hofton, and C. Hunsaker. 2006. “Mapping Forest Structure for Wildlife Habitat Analysis using Multi-sensor (LiDAR, SAR/InSAR, ETM plus, Quickbird) Synergy.” Remote Sensing of Environment 102:63-73.
61. Hyde, P., R. Nelson, D. Kimes, and E. Levine. 2007. “Exploring LIDAR-RaDAR Synergy: Predicting Aboveground Biomass in a Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forest Using LiDAR, SAR and InSAR.” Remote Sensing of Environment 106:28-38.
62. Iverson, L. R., S. Brown, A. Prasad, H. Mitasova, A. J. R. Gillespie, and A. E. Lugo. 1994. “Use of GIS for Estimating Potential and Actual Forest Biomass for Continental South and Southeast Asia.” Ecological Studies 101:67-116.
63. Jenkins, J. C., R. A. Birdsey, and Y. Pan. 2001. “Biomass and NPP Estimation for the Mid-Atlantic Region (USA) Using Plot-Level Forest Inventory Data.” Ecological Applications 11:1174-93.
64. Jenkins, J. C., D. C. Chojnacky, L. S. Heath, and R. A. Birdsey. 2004. Comprehensive Database of Diameter-Based Biomass Regressions for North American Tree Species. General Technical Report NE-319. Newtown Square, PA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station.
65. Kasischke, E. S., J. M. Melack, and M. C. Dobson. 1997. “The Use of Imaging Radars for Ecological Applications: A Review.” Remote Sensing of Environment 59:141-56.
66. Kim, Y., Z. Q. Yang, W. B. Cohen, D. Pflugmacher, C. L. Lauver, and J. L. Vankat. 2009. “Distinguishing between Live and Dead Standing Tree Biomass on the North Rim of Grand Canyon National Park, USA Using Small-Footprint Lidar Data.” Remote Sensing of Environment 113:2499-510.
67. Koch, B. 2010. “Status and Future of Laser Scanning, Synthetic Aperture Radar and Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data for Forest Biomass Assessment.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 65(6):581-90.
68. Kozlowski, J., and M. Konarzewski. 2004. “Is West, Brown and Enquist’s Model of Allometric Scaling Mathematically Correct and Biologically Relevant?" Functional Ecology 18:283-89.
69. Kronseder, K., U. Ballhorn, V. Bohm, and F. Siegert. 2012. “Above Ground Biomass Estimation across Forest Types at Different Degradation Levels in Central Kalimantan Using LiDAR Data.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 18:37-48.
70. Ku, N., S. Popescu, R. Ansley, H. Perotto-Baldivieso, and A. Filippi. 2012. “Assessment of Available Rangeland Woody Plant Biomass with a Terrestrial Lidar System.” Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 78(4):349-61.
71. Lambert, M. C., C. H. Ung, and F. Raulier. 2005. “Canadian National Tree Aboveground Biomass Equations.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35:1996-2018.
72. Latifi, H., F. Fassnacht, and B. Koch. 2012. “Forest Structure Modeling with Combined Airborne Hyperspectral and LiDAR Data.” Remote Sensing of Environment 121:10-25.
73. Le Toan, T., A. Beaudoin, J. Riom, and D. Guyon. 1992. “Relating Forest Biomass to SAR Data.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 30:403-11.
74. Le Toan, T., Quegan, S., Woodward, I., Lomas, M., Delbart, N. and Picard, G. 2004. “Relating Radar Remote Sensing of Biomass to Modelling of Forest Carbon Budgets.” Climatic Change 67:379-402.
75. Lefsky, M. A., W. B. Cohen, S. A. Acker, G. G. Parker, T. A. Spies, and D. Harding. 1999a. “Lidar Remote Sensing of the Canopy Structure and Biophysical Properties of Douglas-Fir Western Hemlock Forests.” Remote Sensing of Environment 70:339-61.
76. Lefsky, M. A., W. B. Cohen, D. J. Harding, G. G. Parker, S. A. Acker, and S. T. Gower. 2002. “LiDAR Remote Sensing of Above-Ground Biomass in Three Biomes.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 11:393-99.
77. Lefsky, M. A., W. B. Cohen, and T. A. Spies. 2001. “An Evaluation of Alternate Remote Sensing Products for Forest Inventory, Monitoring, and Mapping of Douglas-Fir Forests in Western Oregon.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31:78-87.
78. Lefsky, M. A., D. Harding, W. B. Cohen, G. Parker, and H. H. Shugart. 1999b. “Surface Lidar Remote Sensing of Basal Area and Biomass in Deciduous Forests of Eastern Maryland, USA.” Remote Sensing of Environment 67:83-98.
79. Lefsky, M. A., D. J. Harding, M. Keller, W. B. Cohen, C. C. Carabajal, F. D. Espirito-Santo, M. O. Hunter, and R. de Oliveira. 2005a. “Estimates of Forest Canopy Height and Aboveground Biomass Using ICESat.” Geophysical Research Letters 32:L22S02. doi:10.1029/2005gl023971.
80. Lefsky, M. A., A. T. Hudak, W. B. Cohen, and S. A. Acker. 2005b. “Geographic Variability in Lidar Predictions of Forest Stand Structure in the Pacific Northwest.” Remote Sensing of Environment 95:532-48.
81. Lim, K. S., and P. M. Treitz. 2004. “Estimation of Above Ground Forest Biomass from Airborne Discrete Return Laser Scanner Data Using Canopy-Based Quantile Estimators.” Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 19:558-70.
82. Lim, K., P. Treitz, K. Baldwin, I. Morrison, and J. Green. 2003. “Lidar Remote Sensing of Biophysical Properties of Tolerant Northern Hardwood Forests.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 29:658-78.
83. Litton, C. M., and J. B. Kauffman. 2008. “Allometric Models for Predicting Aboveground Biomass in Two Widespread Woody Plants in Hawaii.” Biotropica 40:313-20.
84. Liu, W. and Q. Chen. 2013. “Synergistic Use of Satellite Laser Altimetry and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission DEM for Estimating Ground Elevation over Mountainous Vegetated Areas.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters. 10:481-5.
85. Loudermilk, E. L., J. K. Hiers, J. J. O’Brien, R. J. Mitchell, A. Singhania, J. C. Fernandez, W. P. Cropper, and K. C. Slatton. 2009. “Ground-Based LIDAR: A Novel Approach to Quantify Fine-Scale Fuelbed Characteristics.” International Journal of Wildland Fire 18:676-85.
86. Lu, D., Q. Chen, G. Wang, E. Moran, M. Batistella, M. Zhang, G. Vaglio Laurin, and D. Saah. 2012. “Aboveground Forest Biomass Estimation with Landsat and LiDAR Data and Uncertainty Analysis of the Estimates.” International Journal of Forestry Research. 2012:16. doi:10.1155/2012/436537.
87. Lucas, R. M., N. Cronin, A. Lee, M. Moghaddam, C. Witte, and P. Tickle. 2006. “Empirical Relationships between AIRSAR Backscatter and LiDAR-Derived Forest Biomass, Queensland, Australia.” Remote Sensing of Environment 100:407-25.
88. Maclean G. A. and W. B. Krabill. 1986. “Gross-Merchantable Timber Volume Estimation using an Airborne LIDAR System.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 12(1):7-18.
89. Magnussen, S., E. Nasset, T. Gobakken, and G. Frazer. 2012. “A Fine-Scale Model for Area-Based Predictions of Tree-Size-Related Attributes Derived from LiDAR Canopy Heights.” Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 27:312-22.
90. Malhi, Y., D. Wood, T. R. Baker, J. Wright, O. L. Phillips, T. Cochrane, P. Meir, et al. 2006. “The Regional Variation of Aboveground Live Biomass in Old-Growth Amazonian Forests.” Global Change Biology 12:1107-38.
91. Mallet, C., and F. Bretar. 2009. “Full-Waveform Topographic Lidar: State-of-the-Art.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 64:1-16.
92. Means, J. E., S. A. Acker, D. J. Harding, J. B. Blair, M. A. Lefsky, W. B. Cohen, M. E. Harmon, and W. A. McKee. 1999. “Use of Large-Footprint Scanning Airborne Lidar to Estimate Forest Stand Characteristics in the Western Cascades of Oregon.” Remote Sensing of Environment 67:298-308.
93. Mette, T., I. Hajnsek, K. Papathanassiou, and D. Center. 2003. “Height-Biomass Allometry in Temperate Forests Performance Accuracy of Height-Biomass Allometry.” In IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1942-44. Toulouse, France.
94. Mitchard E. T. A., S. S. Saatchi, L. J. T. White, K. A. Abernethy, K. J. Jeffery, S. L. Lewis, M. Collins, M. A. Lefsky, M. E. Leal, I. H. Woodhouse, and P. Meir. 2012. “Mapping Tropical Forest Biomass with Radar and Spaceborne LiDAR in Lopé National Park, Gabon: Overcoming Problems of High Biomass and Persistent Cloud.” Biogeosciences 9:179-91.
95. Myneni, R. B., J. Dong, C. J. Tucker, R. K. Kaufmann, P. E. Kauppi, J. Liski, L. Zhou, V. Alexeyev, and M. K. Hughes. 2001. “A Large Carbon Sink in the Woody Biomass of Northern Forests.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98:14784-89.
96. Naesset, E., and T. Gobakken. 2008. “Estimation of Above-and Below-Ground Biomass across Regions of the Boreal Forest Zone Using Airborne Laser.” Remote Sensing of Environment 112:3079-90.
97. Nelson, R., J. Boudreau, T. G. Gregoire, H. Margolis, E. Naesset, T. Gobakken, and G. Stahl. 2009. “Estimating Quebec Provincial Forest Resources Using ICESat/GLAS.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39:862-81.
98. Nelson, R., P. Hyde, P. Johnson, B. Emessiene, M. Imhoff, R. Campbell, and W. Edwards. 2007. “Investigating RaDAR-LiDAR Synergy in a North Carolina Pine Forest.” Remote Sensing of Environment 110:98-108.
99. Nelson, R., J. Jimenez, C. E. Schnell, G. S. Hartshorn, T. G. Gregoire, and R. Oderwald. 2000. “Canopy Height Models and Airborne Lasers to Estimate Forest Biomass: Two Problems.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 21:2153-62.
100. Nelson, R., W. Krabill, and G. Maclean. 1984. “Determining Forest Canopy Characteristics using Airborne Laser Data.” Remote Sensing of Environment 15:201-12.
101. Nelson, R., W. Krabill, and J. Tonelli. 1988a. “Estimating Forest Biomass and Volume Using Airborne Laser Data.” Remote Sensing of Environment 24:247-67.
102. Nelson, R., R. Oderwald, and T. G. Gregoire. 1997. “Separating the Ground and Airborne Laser Sampling Phases to Estimate Tropical Forest Basal Area, Volume, and Biomass.” Remote Sensing of Environment 60:311-26.
103. Nelson, R., G. Parker, and M. Hom. 2003. “A Portable Airborne Laser System for Forest Inventory.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 69:267-73.
104. Nelson, R., A. Short, and M. Valenti. 2004. “Measuring Biomass and Carbon in Delaware Using an Airborne Profiling LiDAR.” Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 19:500-11.
105. Nelson, R., R. Swift, and W. Krabill. 1988b. “Using Airborne Lasers to Estimate Forest Canopy and Stand Characteristics.” Journal of Forestry 86:31-38.
106. Nelson, R., W. Krabill, and G. Maclean. 1984. “Determining forest canopy characteristics using air-borne laser data.” Remote Sensing of Environment 15:201-212.
107. Neumann, M., L. Ferro-Famil, and A. Reigber. 2010. “Estimation of Forest Structure, Ground, and Canopy Layer Characteristics from Multibaseline Polarimetric Interferometric SAR Data.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 48:1086-104.
108. Niklas, K. J. 1995. “Size-Dependent Allometry of Tree Height, Diameter and Trunk-Taper.” Annals of Botany 75:217-27.
109. Ni-Meister, W., S. Lee, A. H. Strahler, C. E. Woodcock, C. Schaaf, T. Yao, J. Ranson, G. Sun, and J. B. Blair. 2010. “Assessing General Relationships between Aboveground Biomass and Vegetation Structure Parameters for Improved Carbon Estimate from Lidar Remote Sensing.” Journal of Geophysical Research 115:G00E11. doi:10.1029/2009JG000936.
110. Olson, J. S., J. A. Watts, and L. J. Allison. 1983. Carbon in Live Vegetation of Major World Ecosystems. Report ORNL-5862. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
111. Omasa, K., G. Y. Qiu, K. Watanuki, K. Yoshimi, and Y. Akiyama. 2003. “Accurate Estimation of Forest Carbon Stocks by 3-D Remote Sensing of Individual Trees.” Environmental Science & Technology 37:1198-201.
112. Patenaude, G., R. A. Hill, R. Milne, D. L. A. Gaveau, B. B. J. Briggs, and T. P. Dawson. 2004. “Quantifying Forest Above Ground Carbon Content Using LiDAR Remote Sensing.” Remote Sensing of Environment 93:368-80.
113. Popescu, S. C. 2007. “Estimating Biomass of Individual Pine Trees Using Airborne Lidar.” Biomass & Bioenergy 31:646-55.
114. Potter, C. S. 1999. “Terrestrial Biomass and the Effects of Deforestation on the Global Carbon Cycle.” Bioscience 49:769-78.
115. Potter, C., V. Brooks Genovese, S. Klooster, M. Bobo, and A. Torregrosa. 2001. “Biomass Burning Losses of Carbon Estimated from Ecosystem Modeling and Satellite Data Analysis for the Brazilian Amazon Region.” Atmospheric Environment 35:1773-81.
116. Reitberger, J., C. Schnorr, P. Krzystek, and U. Stilla. 2009. "3D Segmentation of Single Trees Exploiting Full Waveform LIDAR Data.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 64:561-74.
117. Riano, D., E. Meier, B. Allgower, E. Chuvieco, and S. L. Ustin. 2003. “Modeling Airborne Laser Scanning Data for the Spatial Generation of Critical Forest Parameters in Fire Behavior Modeling.” Remote Sensing of Environment 86:177-86.
118. Rosette, J., J. Suarez, R. Nelson, S. Los, B. Cook, and P. North. 2012. “Lidar Remote Sensing for Biomass Assessment.” In Remote Sensing of Biomass:Principles and Applications, edited by T. Fatoyinbo, 3-21. InTech. ISBN 978-953-51-0313-4.
119. Saatchi, S., N. Harris, S. Brown, M. Lefsky, E. Mitchard, W. Salas, B. Zutta, et al. 2011. “Benchmark Map of Forest Carbon Stocks in Tropical Regions across Three Continents.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108(24):9899-04.
120. Sarrazin, M., J. van Aardt, G. Asner, J. McGlinchy, D. Messinger, and J. Wu. 2011. “Fusing Small-Footprint Waveform LiDAR and Hyperspectral Data for Canopy-Level Species Classification and Herbaceous Biomass Modeling in Savanna Ecosystems.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 37(6):653-65.
121. Seidel, D., F. Beyer, D. Hertel, S. Fleck, and C. Leuschner. 2011. "3D-Laser Scanning: A Non-Destructive Method for Studying Above-Ground Biomass and Growth of Juvenile Trees.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 151:1305-11.
122. Shukla, J., C. Nobre, and P. Sellers. 1990. “Amazon Deforestation and Climate Change.” Science 247:1322-25.
123. Skowronski, N., K. Clark, R. Nelson, J. Hom, and M. Patterson. 2007. “Remotely Sensed Measurements of Forest Structure and Fuel Loads in the Pinelands of New Jersey.” Remote Sensing of Environment 108:123-29.
124. Stephens, P. R., M. O. Kimberley, P. N. Beets, T. S. Paul, N. Searles, A. Bell, C. Brack, and J. Broadley. 2012. “Airborne Scanning LiDAR in a Double Sampling Forest Carbon Inventory.” Remote Sensing of Environment 117:348-57.
125. St-Onge, B., Y. Hu, and C. Vega. 2008. “Mapping the Height and Above-Ground Biomass of a Mixed Forest Using Lidar and Stereo Ikonos Images.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 29:1277-94.
126. Swatantran, A., R. Dubayah, D. Roberts, M. Hofton, and J. B. Blair. 2011. “Mapping Biomass and Stress in the Sierra Nevada Using Lidar and Hyperspectral Data Fusion.” Remote Sensing of Environment 115:2917-30.
127. Tan, K., S. L. Piao, C. H. Peng, and J. Y. Fang. 2007. “Satellite-Based Estimation of Biomass Carbon Stocks for Northeast China’s Forests between 1982 and 1999.” Forest Ecology and Management 240:114-21.
128. TerMikaelian, M. T., and M. D. Korzukhin. 1997. “Biomass Equations for Sixty-Five North American Tree Species.” Forest Ecology and Management 97:1-24.
129. Thenkabail, P. S., E. A. Enclona, M. S. Ashton, C. Legg, and M. J. De Dieu. 2004. “Hyperion, IKONOS, ALI, and ETM Plus Sensors in the Study of African Rainforests.” Remote Sensing of Environment 90:23-43.
130. Thomas, V., P. Treitz, J. H. McCaughey, and I. Morrison. 2006. “Mapping Stand-Level Forest Biophysical Variables for a Mixedwood Boreal Forest Using Lidar: An Examination of Scanning Density.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36:34-47.
131. Treuhaft, R. N., B. D. Chapman, J. R. dos Santos, F. G. Goncalves, L. V. Dutra, P. Graca, and J. B. Drake. 2009. “Vegetation Profiles in Tropical Forests from Multibaseline Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, Field, and Lidar Measurements.” Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 114(D23110). doi:10.1029/2008JD011674.
132. Tsui, O. W., N. C. Coops, M. A. Wulder, P. L. Marshall, and A. McCardle. 2012. “Using Multi-frequency Radar and Discrete-Return LiDAR Measurements to Estimate Above-Ground Biomass and Biomass Components in a Coastal Temperate Forest.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 69:121-33.
133. van Aardt, J. A. N., R. H. Wynne, and R. G. Oderwald. 2006. “Forest Volume and Biomass Estimation Using Small-Footprint Lidar-Distributional Parameters on a Per-Segment Basis.” Forest Science 52:636-49.
134. Waring, R. H., J. B. Way, E. R. Hunt, L. Morrissey, K. J. Ranson, J. F. Weishampel, R. Oren, and S. E. Franklin. 1995. “Imaging Radar for Ecosystem Studies.” Bioscience 45:715-23.
135. Yao, T., X. Yang, F. Zhao, Z. Wang, Q. Zhang, D. Jupp, J. Lovell, et al. 2011. “Measuring Forest Structure and Biomass in New England Forest Stands Using Echidna Ground-Based Lidar.” Remote Sensing of Environment 115:2965-74.
136. Zhao, F., Q. Guo, and M. Kelly. 2012. “Allometric Equation Choice Impacts Lidar-Based Forest Biomass Estimates: A Case Study from the Sierra National Forest, CA.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 165:64-72.
137. Zhao, K. G., S. Popescu, and R. Nelson. 2009. “Lidar Remote Sensing of Forest Biomass: A Scale-Invariant Estimation Approach Using Airborne Lasers.” Remote Sensing of Environment 113:182-96.
138. Zwally, H. J., B. Schutz, W. Abdalati, J. Abshire, C. Bentley, A. Brenner, J. Bufton, et al. 2002. “ICESat’s Laser Measurements of Polar Ice, Atmosphere, Ocean, and Land.” Journal of Geodynamics 34:405-45.