The use of imaging radars for ecological applications - A review

Remote Sensing of Environment

Volumn 59, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 141-156

  Kasischke, Eric S ^a,d   Melack, John M ^b   Dobson, M Craig ^c  

^a ALTARUM INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c University of Michigan   (United States)

^d DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APPLICATION REVIEW; BIIOMASS ESTIMATION; ECOLOGY; LAND COVER; MONITORING; RADAR; RADAR IMAGERY; REMOTE SENSING; SAR; SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR;

BIOMASS; DATA REDUCTION; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEMS; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE POLARIZATION; FLOODS; MOISTURE; MULTISPECTRAL SCANNERS; SOILS; SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR;

MULTICHANNEL RADAR DATA; SOIL MOISTURE; TROPICAL FOREST CANOPIES;

RADAR IMAGING;

EID: 0030613497     PISSN: 00344257     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00148-4     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Ahern, F. J., Leckie, D. G., and Drieman, J. A. (1993), Seasonal changes in relative C-band backscatter of northern forest cover types. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 31:668-680.
2. Aselmann, I., and Crutzen, P. J. (1989), Global distribution of natural freshwater wetlands and rice paddies, their net primary productivity, seasonality, and possible methane emissions. J. Atmos. Chem. 8:307-358.
3. Bartlett, K. B., and Harriss, R. C. (1993), Review and assessment of methane emissions from wetlands. Chemosphere 26:261-320.
4. Beaudoin, A., LeToan, T., Goze, S., et al. (1994), Retrieval of forest biomass from SAR data. Int. J. Remote Sens. 15:2777-2796.
5. Bonan, G. B., and VanCleve, K. (1992), Soil temperature, nitrogen mineralization and carbon source-sink relationships in boreal forests. Can. J. For. Res. 22:629-639.
6. Bourgeau-Chavez, L. L., and Kasischke, E. S. (1997), Monitoring wetland vegetation type and inundation in southern Florida using ERS-1 SAR imagery. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens., in press.
7. Bourgeau-Chavez, L. L., Kasischke, E. S., Harrell, P., and French, N. H. F. (1996), Observing the effects of fire in Alaskan boreal forests using spaceborne radar imagery. Int. J. Remote Sens. in press.
8. Brown, W. M., and Porcello, L. (1969), An introduction to synthetic aperture radar. IEEE Spectrum 6:52-66.
9. Cahoon, D. R., Jr., Stocks, B. J., Levine, J. S., Cofer, W. R., III, and Pierson, J. M. (1994), Satellite analysis of the severe 1987 forest fires in northern China and southeastern Siberia. J. Geophys. Res. 99:18,627-18,638.
10. Chauhan, N. R., Lang, R. H., and Ranson, K. J. (1991), Radar modeling of a boreal forest. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 29:627-638.
11. Davies, F. G., Linthicum, K. J., and James, A. D. (1985), Rainfall and epizootic Rift Valley Fever, Bull WHO 63:941-953.
12. de Grandi, G. F., Lemoine, G. C., de Groof, H., Lavalle, C., and Sieber, A. J. (1994) Fully polarimetric classification of the Black Forest MAESTRO 1 AIRSAR data, Int. J. Remote Sens. 15:2755-2775.
13. Dixon, R. K., Brown, S., Houghton, R. A., Solomon, A. M., Trexler, M. C., and Wisniewski, J. (1994), Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science 263:185-190.
14. Dobson, M. C., Ulaby, F. T., Le Toan, T., Beaudoin, A., Kasischke, E. S., and Christensen, N. C. (1992), Dependence of radar backscatter on conifer forest biomass. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 30:412-415.
15. Dobson, M. C., Ulaby, F. T., and Pierce, L. E. (1995a), Landcover classification and estimation of terrain attributes using synthetic aperture radar. Remote Sens. Environ. 51:199-214.
16. Dobson, M. C., Ulaby, F. T., Pierce, L. E., et al. (1995b), Estimation of forest biomass characteristics in northern Michigan with SIR-C/XSAR data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 33:877-894.
17. Dobson, M. C., Pierce, L. E., and Ulaby, F. T. (1996), Knowledge-based land-cover classification using ERS-1/JERS-1 SAR composites. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 34:83-99.
18. Drieman, J. A. (1994), Forest cover typing and clearcut mapping in Newfoundland with C-band SAR. Can. J. Remote Sens. 20:11-16.
19. Dubois, P. C., Van Zyl, J., and Engman, T. (1995), Measuring soil moisture with imaging radars. IEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 33:915-926.
20. Durden, S. L., VanZyle, J. J., and Zebker, H. A. (1989), Modeling and observation of the radar polarization signature of forested areas. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 27:290-301.
21. Elachi, C. (1987), Spaceborne Radar Remote Sensing: Applications and Techniques, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, 255 pp.
22. Evans, D. L., Apel, J., Arvidson, R., et al. (1995), Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar: current status and future directions, Report to the Committee on Earth Sciences, Space Studies Board, National Research Council, NASA Technical Memorandum 4679, Washington, D.C., pp. 2-1-2-31.
23. Foody, G. M., McCulloch, M. B., and Yates, W. B. (1994), Crop classification from C-band polarimetric radar data. Int. J. Remote Sens. 15:2871-2885.
24. French, N. H. F., Kasischke, E. S., Bourgeau-Chavez, L. L., Harrell, P. and Christensen, N. L., Jr. (1996a), Monitoring variations in soil moisture on fire disturbed sites in Alaska using ERS-1 SAR imagery. Int. J. Remote Sens. 17:3037-3053.
25. French, N. H. F., Kasischke, E. S., Johnson, R. D., Bourgeau-Chavez, L. L. Frick, A. L., and Ustin, S. L. (1996b), Using multi-sensor satellite data to monitor carbon flux in Alaskan boreal forests, in Biomass Burning and Climate Change (J. L. Levine, Ed.), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, in press.
26. Fung, I., John, J., Lerner, J., et al. (1991), Three-dimensional model synthesis of the global methane cycle. J. Geophy. Res. 96:13,033-13,065.
27. Hall, F. G., Botkin, D. B., Strebel, D. E., Woods, K. D., and Goetz, S. J. (1991), Large-scale patterns of forest succession as determined by remote sensing. Ecology 72:628-640.
28. Harrell, P., Bourgeau-Chavez, L. L., Kasischke, E. S., French, N. H. F., and Christensen, N. L., Jr. (1995), Sensitivity of ERS-1 and JERS-1 radar data to biomass and stand structure in Alaskan boreal forest. Remote Sens. Environ. 54:247-253.
29. Harrell, P., Kasischke, E. S., Bourgeau-Chavez, L. L., Koran, I., Haney, E., and Christensen, N. L., Jr. (1997) Estimation of aboveground and belowground biomass in southern pine forests using SIR-C/X-SAR data. Remote Sens. Environ. 59:223-233.
30. Hess, L. L., and Melack, J. M. (1994) Mapping wetland hydrology with synthetic aperture radar, in Proc. Int. Wetlands Conf.
31. Hess, L. L., Melack, J. M., and Simonette, D. S. (1990), Radar detection of flooding beneath the forest canopy: a review. Int. J. Remote Sens. 5:1313-1325.
32. Hess, L. L., Melack, J. M., Filoso, S., and Wang, Y. (1995), Delineation of inundated area and vegetation along the Amazon floodplain with the SIR-C synthetic aperture radar. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 33:896-904.
33. Hoogstraal, H., Meegan, H. M., Khalil, G. M., and Adham, F. K. (1979), The Rift Valley Fever epizootic in Egypt 1977-1978. 2. Ecological and entomological studies. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73:623-629.
34. Hussin, Y. A., Reich, R. M., and Hoffer, R. M. (1991), Estimating slash pine biomass using radar backscatter. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 29:427-431.
35. Imhoff, M. L. (1995), Radar backscatter and biomass saturation: ramifications for global biomass inventory. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 33:511-518.
36. Kasischke, E. S. (1996), Fire, climate change, and carbon cycling in Alaskan boreal forests, in Biomass Burning and Climate Change (J. L. Levine, Ed.), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, in press.
37. Kasischke, E. S., and French, N. H. F. (1995), Locating and estimating the areal extent of wildfires in Alaskan boreal forests using multiple season AVHRR NDVI composite data. Remote Sens. Environ. 51:263-275.
38. Kasischke, E. S., Bourgeau-Chavez, L. L., French, N. H. F., Harrell, P., and Christensen, N. L., Jr. (1992), Initial observations on the use of SAR imagery to monitor wildfires in boreal forests. Int. J. Remote Sens. 13:3495-3501.
39. Kasischke, E. S., French, N. H. F., Harrell, P., Christensen, N. L., Jr., Ustin, S. L., and Barry, D. (1993). Monitoring of wildfires in boreal forests using large area AVHRR NDVI composite image data. Remote Sens. Environ. 45:61-71.
40. Kasischke, E. S., Christensen, N. L., Jr., Haney, E., and Bourgeau-Chavez, L. L. (1994a), Observations on the sensitivity of ERS-1 SAR image intensity to changes in aboveground biomass in young loblolly pine forests. Int. J. Remote Sens. 15:3-16.
41. Kasischke, E. S., Bourgeau-Chavez, L. L., and French, N. H. F. (1994b), Observations of variations in ERS-1 SAR image intensity associated with forest fires in Alaska. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 32:206-210.
42. Kasischke, E. S., Christensen, N. L., Jr., and Haney, E. (1994c), Modeling of geometric properties of loblolly pine tree and stand characteristics for use in radar backscatter models. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 32:800-822.
43. Kasischke, E. S., French, N. H. F., Bourgeau-Chavez, L. L., and Christensen, N. L., Jr., (1995a), Estimating release of carbon from 1990 and 1991 forest fires in Alaska, J. Geophys. Res. 100:2941-2951.
44. Kasischke, E. S., Christensen, N. E., Jr., and Bourgeau-Chavez, L. L. (1995b), Correlating radar backscatter with components of biomass in loblolly pine forests. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 33:643-659.
45. Kasischke, E. S., Morrissey, L., Way, J. B., et al. (1995c), Monitoring seasonal variations in boreal ecosystems using multitemporal spaceborne SAR data. Can. J. Remote Sens. 21:96-109.
46. Kasischke, E. S., Christensen, N. E., Jr., and Stocks, B. J. (1995d), Fire, global warming and the mass balance of carbon in boreal forests. Ecol. Appl. 5:437-451.
47. Kwok, R., Rignot, E., Way, J. B., Freeman, A., and Holt, J. (1994), Polarization signatures of frozen and thawed forests of varying environmental state. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 32:371-381.
48. Lemoine, G. G., de Grandi, G. F., and Sieber, A. J. (1994), Polarimetric contrast classification of agricultural fields using MAESTRO 1 AIRSAR data. Int. J. Remote Sens. 15:2851-2869.
49. Le Toan, T., Beaudoin, A., Riom, J., and Guyon, D. (1992), Relating forest biomass to SAR data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 30:403-411.
50. Linthicum, K. J., Bailey, C. L., Davies, F. G., and Tucker, C. J. (1987), Detection of Rift Valley Fever viral activity in Kenya by satellite remote sensing imagery. Science 235:1656-1659.
51. Linthicum, K. J., Bailey, C. L., Tucker, C. J., et al. (1990), Applications of polar-orbiting, meteorological satellite data to detect indirectly flooding of Rift Valley Fever virus vector mosquito habitats in Kenya. Med. Vet. Entomol. 4:433-4138.
52. Luvall, J. C., and Holbo, H. R. (1989), Measurements of short-term thermal responses of coniferous forest canopies using thermal scanner data. Remote Sens. Environ. 27:1-10.
53. Lopes, A., Nezry, E., Touzi, R., and Laur, H. (1993), Structure detection and statistical adaptive filtering in SAR images. Int. J. Remote. Sens. 14:1735-1758.
54. Lozano-Garcia, D. F., and Hoffer, R. M. (1993) Synergistic effects of combined Landsat-TM and SIR-B data for forest resources assessment. Int. J. Remote Sens. 14:2677-2694.
55. Matson, P., Johnson, L., Billow, C., Miller, J., and Pu, R. (1994), Seasonal patterns and remote spectral estimation of canopy chemistry across the Oregon Transect. Ecol. Appl. 4:280-298.
56. McDonald, K. C., and Ulaby, F. T. (1993), Radiative transfer modeling of discontinuous tree canopies at microwave frequencies. Int. J. Remote Sens. 28:477-491.
57. McDonald, K. C., Dobson, M. C., and Ulaby, F. T. (1990), Using MIMICS to model L-band multiangle and multitemporal backscatter for a walnut orchard. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 28:477-491.
58. McDonald, K. C., Dobson, M. C., and Ulaby, F. T. (1991), Modeling multifrequency diurnal backscatter from a walnut orchard. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 29:852-863.
59. Melack, J. M., Hess, L. L., and Sippel, S. (1994), Remote sensing of lakes and floodplains in the Amazon Basin. Remote Sens. Rev. 10:127-142.
60. Moghaddan, M., Durden, S., and Zebker, H. (1994), Radar measurements of forested areas during OTTER. Remote Sens. Environ. 47:154-166.
61. Morrissey, L. A., Livingston, G. P., and Durden, S. L. (1994), Use of SAR in regional methane exchange studies. Int. J. Remote Sens. 15:1337-1342.
62. Nuesch, D. R., and Kasischke, E. S. (1989), Imaging radar fundamentals, in Applications of Remote Sensing to Agrometeorlogy (F. Toselli, Ed.), Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 157-180.
63. Ormsby, J. P., Blanchard, B., and Blanchard. A. J. (1985), Detection of lowland flooding using microwave systems. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. 51:317-328.
64. Pierce, L. L., Running, S. W., and Walker, J. (1994a), Regional-scale relationships in leaf area index to specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen content. Ecol. Appl. 4:313-321.
65. Pierce, L. E., Ulaby, F. T., Sarabandi, K., and Dobson, M. C. (1994b), Knowledge-based classification of polarimetric SAR images. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 31:1081-1086.
66. Pope, K. O., Sheffner, E. J., Linthicum, K. J., et al. (1992), Identification of Central Kenyan Rift Valley Fever virus vector habitats with Landsat TM and evaluation of their flooding status with airborne imaging radar. Remote Sens. Environ. 40:185-196.
67. Pope, K. O., Rey-Benayas, J. M., and Paris, J. F. (1994). Radar remote sensing of forest and wetland ecosystems in the Central American tropics. Remote Sens. Environ. 48: 205-219.
68. Pope, K. O., Rejmankova, E., Paris, J. F., and Woodruff, R. (1997), Detecting seasonal flooding cycles in marshes of the Yucatan with SIR-C polarimetric radar imagery. Remote Sens. Environ. 59:157-166.
69. Porcello, L. W., Massey, N. G. Innes, R. B. and Marks, J. M. (1976), Speckle reduction in synthetic aperture radars. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 66:1305-1311.
70. Post, W. M. (1993), Uncertainties in the terrestrial carbon cycle, in Vegetation Dynamics and Global Change (A. M. Solomon and H. H. Shugart, Ed.), Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 116-132.
71. Ramsey, E. W., III (1995), Monitoring flooding in coastal wetlands by using radar imagery and ground-based instruments. Int. J. Remote Sens. 16:2495-2502.
72. Ranson, K. J., and Sun, G. (1994a), Northern forest classification using temporal multifrequency and multipolarimetric SAR images. Remote Sens. Environ. 47:142-153.
73. Ranson, K. J., and Sun, G. (1994b), Mapping biomass of a northern forest using multifrequency SAR data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 32:388-396.
74. Ranson, K. J., and Sun, G. (1997), An evaluation of AIRSAR and SIR-C/XSAR images for northern forest attributes in Maine, USA. Remote Sens. Environ 59:203-222.
75. Ranson, K. J., Saatchi, S., and Sun, G. (1995), Boreal forest ecosystem characterization with SIR-C/XSAR. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens. 33:867-877.
76. Rejmankova, E., Roberts, D. R., Harbach, R. E., et al. (1993), Environmental and regional determinants of Anopheles larval distribution in northern Belize. Environ. Entomol. 22:978-992.
77. Richards, J. A,. Sun, G.-Q., and Simonett, D. S. (1987), L-band radar backscatter modeling of forest stands. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 25:487-498.
78. Rignot, E., and Way, J. B. (1994), Monitoring freeze-thaw cycles along north-south Alaskan transects using ERS-1 SAR. Remote Sens. Environ. 49:131-137.
79. Rignot, E., Way, J. B., McDonald, K., et al. (1994a), Monitoring of environmental conditions in taiga forests using ERS-1 SAR. Remote Sens. Environ. 49:145-154.
80. Rignot, E., Williams, C., Way, J. B., and Viereck, L. (1994b), Mapping of forest types in Alaskan boreal forests using SAR imagery. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 32:1051-1059.
81. Rignot, E., Way, J. B., Williams, C., and Viereck, L. (1994c), Radar estimates of aboveground biomass in boreal forests of interior Alaska. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 32: 1117-1124.
82. Rignot, E., Zimmerman, R., and van Zyl, J. J. (1995), Spaceborne applications of P band imaging radars for measuring forest biomass. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 33: 1162-1169.
83. Rignot, E., Salas, W. A., and Skole, D. L. (1997), Deforestation and secondary growth in Rondonia, Brazil from SIR-C SAR and Landsat/SPOT Data. Remote Sens. Environ. 59: 167-179.
84. Running, S. W., and Nemani, R. R. (1988), Relating seasonal patterns of the AVHRR vegetation index to simulated photosynthesis and transpiration of forests in different climates. Remote Sens. Environ. 24:347-367.
85. Saatchi, S. S., Soares, J. V., and Alves, S. A. (1997), Mapping deforestation and land use in Amazon rain forest using SIR-C Imagery. Remote Sens. Environ. 59:191-202.
86. 2 evolution from soil, substrate temperature and substrate moisture in four mature forest types in interior Alaska. Can. J. For. Res. 15:97-106.
87. 2-induced climate change: comparison of four scenarios based upon general circulation models. Clim. Change 21:367-384.
88. Smith, T. M., Cramer, W. P., Dixon, R. K., Leemans, R., Nielson, R. P., and Solomon, A. P. (1993), The global terrestrial carbon cycle. Water Air Soil Pollut. 70:19-37.
89. Solomon, A. M., and Cramer, W. (1993), Biospheric implications of global environmental change, in Vegetation Dynamics and Global Change (A. M. Solomon and H. H. Shugart, Eds.), Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 25-52.
90. Sun, G., and Simonett, D. S. (1988a), A composite L-band HH radar backscattering model for coniferous forest stands. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. 54:1195-1201.
91. Sun, G., and Simonett, D. S. (1988b), Simulation of L-band HH microwave backscattering from coniferous forest stands: a comparison with SIR-B data. Int. J. Remote Sens. 9: 907-925.
92. Sun, G., Simonett, D. S., and Strahler, A. H. (1991), A radar backscatter model for discontinuous forest canopies. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 29:639-650.
93. Tanis, F. J., Bourgeau-Chavez, L. L., and Dobson, M. C. (1994), Applications of ERS-1 SAR for coastal inundation, in Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Pasadena, California, 8-12 August, IEEE Catalog No. 94CH3378-7, IEEE, New York, pp. 1481-1483.
94. Tucker, C. J., Dregne, H. E., and Newcomb, W. W. (1991), Expansion and contraction of the Sahara Desert from 1980 to 1990. Science 253:299-301.
95. Ulaby, F. T., Brisco, B., and Dobson, M. C. (1983). Improved spatial mapping of rainfall events with spaceborne SAR imagery. IEEE Trans. Remote Sens. 21:118-121.
96. Ulaby, F. T., Sarabandi, K., McDonald, K., Whitt, M., and Dobson, M. C. (1990), Michigan microwave canopy scattering model. Int. J. Remote Sens. 11:1223-1253.
97. Ustin, S. L., Wessman, C. A., Curtiss, B., Kasischke, E., Way, J., and Vanderbilt, V. (1991), Opportunities for using the EOS imaging spectrometers and synthetic aperture radar in ecological models. Ecology 72:1934-1945.
98. van Zyle, J. J. (1989), Unsupervised classification of scattering behavior using radar polarimetry data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 27:36-45.
99. van Zyl, J. J., and Burnette, C. F. (1992), Baysian classification of polarimetric SAR images using adaptive a priori probabilities. Int. J. Remote Sens. 13:835-840.
100. Wang, Y., Davis, F. W., and Melack, J. M. (1993a), Simulated and observed backscatter at P-, L-, and C-bands from ponderosa pine stands. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 31:871-879.
101. Wang, Y., Day, J. L., Davis, F. W., and Melack, J. M. (1993b), Modeling L-band radar backscatter from Alaskan boreal forest. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 31:1146-1154.
102. Wang, Y., Kasischke, E. S., Davis, F. W., Melack, J. M., and Christensen, N. L., Jr. (1994), The effects of changes in loblolly pine biomass and soil moisture variations on ERS-1 SAR backscatter - a comparison of observations with theory. Remote Sens. Environ. 49:25-31.
103. Wang, Y., Davis, F. W., Melack, J. M., Kasischke, E. S., and Christensen, N. L. Jr., (1995a), The effects of changes in forest biomass on radar backscatter from tree canopies. Int. J. Remote Sens. 16:503-513.
104. Wang, Y., Hess, L. L., Filoso, S., and Melack, J. M. (1995b), Canopy penetration studies: modeled radar backscatter from Amazon floodplain forests at C-, L-, and P-band. Remote Sens. Environ. 55:324-332.
105. Waring, R. H., Way, J. B., Hunt, E. R., Jr., et al. (1995), Imaging radar for ecosystem studies. Bioscience 45:715-723.
106. Warrick, R., and Oerlemans, J. (1990), Sea level rise, in Climate Change - The IPCC Scientific Assessment (J. T. Houghton, G. J. Jenkins, and J. J. Ephraums, Eds.), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 257-281.
107. Way, J. B., Paris, J., Kasischke, E., et al. (1990), The effect of changing environmental conditions on microwave signatures of forest ecosystems: preliminary results of the March 1988 Alaskan aircraft SAR experiment. Int. J. Remote Sens. 11:1119-1144.
108. Way, J. B., Rignot, E., McDonald, K. C., et al. (1994), Evaluating the type and state of Alaska taiga forests with imaging radar for use in ecosystem models. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 32:353-370.
109. Wivell, C. E., Steinwand, D. R., Kelly, G. G., and Meyer, D. J. (1992), Evaluation of terrain models for the geocoding and terrain correction of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 30:1137-1144.
110. Yanasse, C. C. F., Sant'Anna, S. J. S., Frery, A. C., Renno, C. D., Soares, J. V., and Luckman, A. J. (1997), SIR-C dependence on tropical forest regeneration stages. Remote Sens. Environ. 59:180-190.